1. Case Structure:
A multiple alternative decision structure: It allows you to test the value of a variable or an expression and then use that value to determine which statement or set of statements to execute. 2. Logical Operators:
Boolean expressions used to create a compound expression. Logical operators AND and OR allow you to connect multiple Boolean expressions. The logical operator NOT reverses the truth of a Boolean expression. Expression (AND) | Value | True AND false | False | False AND true | False | False AND false | False | True AND true | true |

Expression (OR) | Value | True OR false | True | False OR true | True | False OR false | False | True OR true | true |

Expression (NOT) | Value | NOT true | false | NOT false | True | | | | |

3. Relational Operators:
A relational operator determines whether a specific relationship exists between two values.
>, <, <-, =>, <=, ==, != (not equal to)

4. Repitition structures:
A repetition structure causes a statement or set of statements to execute repeatedly. 5. Condition controlled loop:
A condition-controlled loop uses a true/false condition to control the number of times that it repeats. 6. While loop:
While loop has two parts (1) a condition that is tested for a true or false value, and (2)a statement or set of statements that is repeated as long as the condition is true. A pretest loop which means it tests a condition before performing an iteration. 7. Do While loop:
A post-test loop. Which means it performs an iteration before testing its condition. 8. Sentinel:
A special value that marks the end of a list of values. 9. For Statement:
The For statement is specifically designed to initialize, test, and increment a counter variable. 10. Condition controlled repetition:
A count controlled loop that uses a variable known as a counter variable, or simply counter, to store a number of iterations it has performed. 11. Post Test loop:
A loop condition that has been tested but not until an iteration has been completed. 12. Do Until loop:
Performs a task at least once. The Do-Until loop will repeat as long as its condition is false. 13. Three actions in a (For loop):
Initialization, Test, and Increment 14. Function header:
The first line of a function definition, the function header, specifies the data type of the v alue that is returned from the function, the name of the function, and any parameter variables used by the function to accept arguments. 15. Return value:
A statement that must be in the body of a Function is the Return statement which must have the work Return and then a variable value. The value that is returned must be the same data type as specified in the Function header. 16. Function:
A module that returns a value back to the part of the program that called it. 17. Empty input:
An error reading when an input operation attempts to read data, b ut there is no data to read. This happens when an input statement executes and the user simply presses the “Enter” key without typing a value. 18. Defense programming:
A practice of anticipating errors that can happen while a program is r unning, and designing the program to avoid those errors. 19. Error trap:
A validation loop is also known as an error trap. 20. Input Validation:
The process of validating the data that is entered as input. 21. Output file:
A file that is written to. It is called an output file because the program stores out-put in it. 22. Input file:
A file that data is read from. It is called an input file because the program gets input from the file. 23. Processing a file:
When data is either written to the file or read from the file. 24. Text file:
A file that contains text. 25. Sequential access:
Sequential access means that data is read from the beginning of a file to the end. And to access data anywhere in that file must be read from the beginning to the point where the desired data. 26. Direct access:
Also known as random access means you can go directly to any piece of data in a file without having to read from the beginning of that file. 27. Filename extension:
A short sequence of characters that appear at the end of a filename. (.txt, .jpg, .doc). The extension indicates the type of data stored in the file. For example .doc is for MS Words document. 28. Flow chart rectangle symbol:
A flowchart rectangle shows a process, action, or task. 29. File append mode:
The file append mode in programming means you can if you open a file that already exists it will not be erased and if it does not exist it will be created. Additionally when data is written to the file, it will be written at the end of the file’s current content. 30. Main function:
When a program begins running, the system calls the function MAIN, which marks the entry point of the program.