Free Essay

Introduction to Power Sytems

In:

Submitted By coursekec
Words 1089
Pages 5
Power Systems 1
Chandan Kumar Ghosh dhuls28kilo@yahoo.com B.E. (KU), 1998 M.E. (Electrical Power), NORAD/ KU, 2006 1998-2000 Lotus Energy 2000- Present Nepal Electricity Authority Distribution and Consumer Services
4/4/2007 1

Introduction
OBJECTIVE OF COEG 303
Introduce Power Systems Modeling a Transmission Line Introduce a Distribution System Introduce Insulation requirements Mechanical Design of Transmission Line High Voltage DC Transmission Cables Corona Discharges
4/4/2007 2

Introduction to Power Systems
Electrical power is a little bit like the air you breathe: You don't really think about it until it is missing. You use it for heating, cooling, cooking, refrigeration, light, sound, computation, entertainment... Without it, life can get somewhat cumbersome.

4/4/2007

3

Generation Transmission and Distribution
Power travels from the power plant to your house through an amazing system called the power distribution grid.
4/4/2007 4

Generation
The Power Plant Electrical power starts at the power plant. In almost all cases, the power plant consists of a spinning electrical generator. Mechanical Force: a water wheel in a hydropower a large diesel engine a gas turbine a steam turbine by burning coal, oil or natural gas or nuclear

No matter what it is that spins the generator, commercial electrical generators of any size generate what is called 3-phase AC power. To understand 3-phase AC power, it is helpful to understand single-phase power first.
4/4/2007 5

The Power Plant: Alternating Current

4/4/2007

Single-phase power is what you have in your house 230-volt AC service. The rate of oscillation for the sine wave is 50 cycles per second. The alternative to AC is DC, or direct current. Batteries produce DC: A steady stream of electrons flows in one direction only, from the negative to the positive terminal of the battery. AC has at least three advantages over DC in a power distribution grid: Large electrical generators happen to generate AC naturally, so conversion to DC would involve an extra step. Transformers must have alternating current to operate, and we will see that the power distribution grid depends on transformers. It is easy to convert AC to DC but expensive to convert DC to AC, so if you were going to pick one or the other AC would be the better choice. The power plant, therefore, produces AC. Most notably, it is produced in three phases. 6

The Power Plant: Three-phase Power
The power plant produces three different phases of AC power simultaneously, and the three phases are offset 120 degrees from each other. There are four wires coming out of every power plant: the three phases plus a neutral or ground common to all three. If you were to look at the three phases on a graph, they would look like this relative to ground:

There is nothing magical about three-phase power. It is simply three single phases synchronized and offset by 120 degrees.

4/4/2007

7

Why three phases? Why not one or two or four?
In 1-phase and 2-phase power, there are 120 moments per second when a sine wave is crossing zero volts. In 3-phase power, at any given moment one of the three phases is nearing a peak. High-power 3-phase motors (used in industrial applications) and things like 3-phase welding equipment therefore have even power output. Four phases would not significantly improve things but would add a fourth wire, so 3-phase is the natural settling point.

4/4/2007

8

Ground
The power company essentially uses the earth as one of the wires in the power system. The earth is a pretty good conductor and it is huge, so it makes a good return path for electrons. (Car manufacturers do something similar; they use the metal body of the car as one of the wires in the car's electrical system and attach the negative pole of the battery to the car's body.) "Ground" in the power distribution grid is literally "the ground" that's all around you when you are walking outside. It is the dirt, rocks, groundwater, etc., of the earth.

4/4/2007

9

Transmission Substation
Transmission Substation The three-phase power leaves the generator and enters a transmission substation at the power plant. This substation uses large transformers to convert the generator's voltage (which is at the thousands of volts level) up to extremely high voltages for longdistance transmission on the transmission grid. Typical voltages for long distance transmission are in the range of 132,000 to 220,000 volts in order to reduce line losses. A typical maximum transmission distance is about 300 miles (483 km). Highvoltage transmission lines are quite obvious when you see them. They are normally made of huge steel towers like this:

4/4/2007

10

4/4/2007

11

All power towers like this have three wires for the three phases. Many towers, like the ones shown above, have extra wires running along the tops of the towers. These are ground wires and are there primarily in an attempt to attract lightning. .

4/4/2007

12

The Distribution Grid
For power to be useful in a home or business, it comes off the transmission grid and is stepped-down to the distribution grid. This may happen in several phases. The place where the conversion from "transmission" to "distribution" occurs is in a power substation. A power substation typically does two or three things: It has transformers that step transmission voltages (in the tens or hundreds of thousands of volts range) down to distribution voltages (typically less than 10,000 volts). It has a "bus" that can split the distribution power off in multiple directions. It often has circuit breakers and switches so that the substation can be disconnected from the transmission grid or separate distribution lines can be disconnected from the substation when necessary.
4/4/2007 13

A typical Substation

4/4/2007

14

The box in the foreground is a large transformer. To its left (and out of the frame but shown in the next shot) are the incoming power from the transmission grid and a set of switches for the incoming power. Toward the right is a distribution bus plus three voltage regulators. The transmission lines entering the substation and passing through the switch tower The switch tower and the main transformer Now the distribution bus comes into the picture
4/4/2007 15

4/4/2007

16

4/4/2007

17

Break

4/4/2007

18

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Multiuser Wireless Sytems and Network

...Multiuser Wireless Sytems and Networks (Project Proposal) 1 Introduction MIMO communication and cognitive radios have both been two of the most productive areas of research thelast decade in the wireless communication community. Generally speaking, a cognitive radio automatically adapts its transmission and/or reception parameters in a way that it is bene_cial to him and/or to the entirewireless communication network. A typical paradigm (and the one that this project will assume) is onewhere secondary users (SUs) communicate (radios that do not \own" the wireless resources that are usingfor their communication) and coexist with the primary users (PUs) without harming their communication.MIMO technology provides a means for the SUs to adapt their transmission in a way that the PUs are not severely a_ected. In this project, my starting point will be a recent work from Yair Noam and Andrea Goldsmith [1],where the authors propose a Null-Space Learning algorithm for Spatial coexistence. In few words, the SUTransmitter learns the null-space of the PU receiver and then transmits only in this subspace so as to causeminimal interference. The goal of this project is to extend this work for time-varying channels and to proposetracking algorithms that could mitigate the e_ects of a changing wireless environment.In section 2 we are going to present the framework in which we are going to work on, and in section 3we are going to provide a detailed description of the goals and plans of...

Words: 560 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Network Proposal

...PROPOSAL FOR ABC NETWORKING AND CYBER-PHYSICAL SYTEMS SAFETY Name: Institutional Affiliation: Course: Date: Table of Contents SECTION I: CONSULTANT …………………………..............................................2-5 SECTION II: OUR UNDERSTANDING OF ABC REQUIREMENTS…………….5 SECTION III: OUR PROPOSAL……………………………………………………..6-16 SECTION IV: PROJECT RESOURCE……………………………………………..….17-18 Reference………………………………………………………………………………… I.0. Introduction BLM COMMUNICATIONS Your Ref… Our Ref: ABC/14/9 26 September 2014 Information Technology/ Systems Engineer ABC, Department of ICT Address: Dear Sir/Madam, RE: PROPOSAL FOR NETWORKING AND CYBER-PHYSICAL SYTEMS SAFETY Proposal on enterprise-wide solution for networking topology, network devices, IP infrastructure, and network security innovative safety procedures and measures for implementation to provide safer environments for networking and electronic document management software. We look forward for your favorable consideration. Sincerely, Name, LEAD CONSULTANT 1. Business Questionnaire |Company Registration No. 490998 | |PIN Number P051564540Q ...

Words: 2114 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Analysis of Colonial Girls' School

...nothing about ourselves. | “[We’re] told nothing of ourselves…nothing about us at all”Lines 12-13 | Tone | The speaker is angry. She’s angry about the fact that her mind and her thoughts are filled by these people with “northern pale eyes” and not one space is free in her mind to think about her background. | “How those pale northern eyes and aristocratic whispers once erased us…debased us”Lines 14-17 | Mood | The speaker’s mood is a very serious one. She doesn’t know why her people have been rejected and so has she. She searches for something, anything that can reassure her of herself. She looks but she finds nothing. | “Feeling nothing about ourselves…nothing about is at all”Lines 33-34 | Structure | Stanza one (1) is an 11 lined introduction to the poem. It forms a solid baseline on which the rest of the poem will be built. This stanza points to evidence of unnatural skin lightening or “bleaching”, getting rid of “kinky” hair in favor of straight, European hair and being forced to learn from a European syllabus.Stanza two (2) is a couplet, consisting of two lines, divulges deeper into the girls’ mind. They were taught nothing of their African background, nothing of their slavery roots. Instead, they were immersed in a culture where having a European knowledge and attributes was highly sought after.Stanza three (3) is a quatrain and has 4 lines. The speaker talks about being “debased”, reduced to something of lesser quality by the whites. Their personality being frowned upon...

Words: 1373 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

The Real Id Act of 2005

...Unit 4 Project: The REAL ID Act of 2005 Irik Ravenblade CM226-03: College Composition II for IT Majors Kaplan University I. INTRODUCTION The 9/11 terrorist attack changed the psyche of America. In response to the tragedy, portions of the nation's government were reorganized and many laws were altered or enacted. One such law was the REAL ID Act of 2005. Supporters of the law believe it will strengthen our nation's borders and protect us from foreign and domestic threats. Aimed at reducing fraud and improving the reliability of identification, the Act is commonly believed to be a practical and necessary step to fight terrorism and prevent illegal immigration. However, its implementation would require us to do away with many of our integral constitutional protections and rights. This well-intentioned law will cause more problems than it solves, and should be repealed. II. THE REAL ID ACT OF 2005: BACKGROUND The REAL ID Act of 2005, enacted by Congress on May 11, 2005, altered federal law regarding authentication, immigration, and issuance of licenses and ID cards. Among the policies changed were visa limits, funding for border security projects, laws regarding asylum and deportation, the waiving of laws interfering with the construction of barriers on the nation's borders, and the establishing of new standards for state-issued licenses and identification cards. In debate is the manner in which the REAL ID Act creates a de facto national ID; the system with...

Words: 1587 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Engineering 370i

...Abstract This paper entitled Stardust is about none other than the famous Stardust mission by NASA. This paper will go in depth about how the mission was conceived and who was the primary funder of the mission. After the introduction of the mission stardust we go in depth of how the spacecraft was designed. What material was used for the frame of the spacecraft and why that certain material was used instead of anything else. This paper will also go over how the spacecraft communicated back to earth when it was thousands of miles away. Another interesting thing that will be explained is how the spacecraft was powered. What was or were the technologies implemented on the spacecraft to make it active for so long. Like anything else that is unmanned and automated, there has to have been a computer on board and this paper will go through the details of what computer was on board and why that particular computer was chosen if possible. Since this was a spacecraft with a set trajectory, what else controlled it to make it stay in place? That’s when this paper talks about the attitude control and propulsion systems onboard the stardust spacecraft. The last thing that will talked about in the spacecraft design section of this paper is the scientific instruments the stardust spacecraft carried in order to fulfill its primary objective. Its primary objective was to do a fly by and collect samples from preset meteor targets. The next major body of this paper is the actual mission profile...

Words: 3288 - Pages: 14

Premium Essay

Dalits in India

...A VIEW ON DALITS AND THEIR CONDITIONS ____________________ A paper submitted to Rev. Dr. Jayraj Dasan MACS International College of Cultural Studies ____________________ In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course Dalit Theology, MACS 6 ____________________ By Lijoy Lovely Babu AP01/MA30/12 Submitted on 16 – 04 – 2013 1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION The Dalits (also known as Untouchables, Harijans, orScheduled Castes) have historically been poor, deprived of basic human rights, and treated as social inferiors in India. Dalits are a group of people, who constitute the lowest caste of the Indian Society. According to James Massey (author of the book Dalits in India) , “The term Dalit is one of the most ancient terms which has not only survived till date but also shared by a few of world’s oldest languages like Sanskrit and Hebrew”. The term "Dalit" draws its root from the Sanskrit word “Dall” which means to crack, open or split. According to Elza Tamez, a liberation theologian, this term is used in two contexts – 1 – Phisically weak or lowly, 2 – Insignificant position in the Society. In modern times it’s a Marathi word which means "suppressed", "crushed", or "broken to pieces". It was first used by Jyotirao Phule in the nineteenth century, in the context of the oppression faced by these "untouchable" castes of the twice-born Hindus. Dalits are the group of people in the society, who are economically extremely poor...

Words: 2554 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Wgu Jct2 Supply Chain Task 1

...Managing Internal Cost & Controlling – Developing & Maintaining Quality – Managing Operations JCT2 Supply Chain Task 1 Western Governor’s University Introduction My company name was Arete Sytems. Arete is an ancient Greek term meaning “excellence of any kind”. The choice of name was intended to represent the quality, high-end systems that we would produce. B1. Using Budgets and Pro-Forma Statements to Plan Production Capacity One of my key lessons from this simulation was the importance of working in teams and openly discussing decisions that need to be made before making them. I approached the simulation as the only team member because the simulation didn’t include other participants. In retrospect, I would have assigned other members, at least in my mind, to gain additional team insights. I was not careful enough in setting pricing for my two products correctly in the second quarter when we actually began sales. I priced my high end Mercedes line accidentally at the price I had planned for my mainstream Workhorse line and vice-versa. I did not look closely enough at my pro forma cash flow or income statements to recognize the forecasted loss and as a result did not dig deep enough to see the reasons and to make the adjustments in pricing. I was overly focused on cash at that point to fund production capacity. I discovered the error when evaluating second quarter actuals. Going into third quarter planning, I looked at the pro forma cash flow...

Words: 2496 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Network Security

...Network Security Abstract: To begin to understand network security it is best to look at the basic definitions. A network is defined as “a group of two or more computers linked together”. An attack is defined as “an aggressive and violent act against a person or place”. Lastly, security is defined as “the state of being free from danger or threat”. Since the beginning of networking there have been users out there with malicious intent to either gain information or disrupt it. Technicians may not be able to stop the initiation of attack but there are certainly tools and techniques to fight back. This paper will discuss the protocol layers of networking, the associated threats and applicable solutions. This research paper will include an analysis of networking and examples of attacks. While not all solutions will be touched upon, this paper will give you a basic understanding of the way forward. Many references sited in my research are scholarly, peer reviewed journals and are considered experts in their field of Information Technology Technology is the basis of many operations in society today. While technological advances have made numerous processes easier and faster, it has also introduced an equal number of negative practices. This paper will discuss the theoretical model of networking which breaks up the data transmission process into multiple layers. We will first take a look at the original networking model and its functions compared to the newer model. Next we will...

Words: 3311 - Pages: 14

Premium Essay

Operations Management - Inventory

...1.1 INTRODUCTION Inventory Management An Inventory is a Stock or Store of goods kept to meet customers expected demand. Inventory can also be defined as the stored accumulation of transformed resources in a process, and it usually applies to material resources but may also be used for inventories of information. Almost all operations keep some kind of inventory, most usually of materials but also of information and customers (Customers inventories are normally called Queues). These inventories can take various forms, which includes raw materials purchased but not processed, work- in- process (WIP) incomplete products or components nor longer considered raw materials., maintenance, repair and operating materials which are supplies necessary to keep machines running and finished goods inventory which are ready to be sold.(Anonymous, 2007) Inventories are costly, as they sometimes tie up working capital. They are also risky because items held in stock may deteriorate, become obsolete, or indeed get lost. Stocks also take up valuable space. On the other hand they provide security in uncertain environments because the operation can deliver stocks should customers demand them. Inventory management in some operations is more than just a part of their responsibility; it is the very reason for being in business (Slack et al 2007). 1.1.2 DISCUSSION The five performance objectives are Quality, Speed, Dependability, Flexibility, and Cost. Quality Many...

Words: 3966 - Pages: 16

Free Essay

Expobangla Management Information System

...Introduction Expo Freight LTD (EFL) was founded in 1982 and has emerged as Sri Lanka's leading provider of freight forwarding solutions and supply chain management solutions. Their outstanding success and wide customer acceptance as a reliable provider of world class logistics support has enabled the EXPO GROUP to venture into overseas markets with a strong focus on the Indian Sub-Continent and the Sub Saharan regions where its expertise and experience are widely recognized. Expo Group is already strongly positioned in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Mauritius and Madagascar, whilst it's more recent ventures in the U.A.E, South Africa, Kenya, Nepal, Vietnam and Tanzania are well on their way to become part of its success story. Expo Group has ventured into diverse fields of export and import operations, freight forwarding & logistics, airlines GSAs, flight Operations, travelling and etc. The Group draws its strength from a remarkable combination of factors consisting of high customer service standards, business ethics and a committed workforce - all of which contribute to the continued development and growth of the business. As the first overseas office of Expo Group, Expo Group Bangladesh Ltd started its operations in 1992 and has been providing logistics and freight management solutions for importers and exporters worldwide since then. Expo Group belongs to an active group of companies, involved in a wide range of business which includes exports, imports, travel agency,...

Words: 3167 - Pages: 13

Free Essay

Inventory System

...Student Signature: Sign: ________________________ Date: ________________________ Sign: ________________________ Date: ________________________ Supervisor’s Signature: Sign: ________________________ Date: ________________________ Abstract In today’s growing market many businesses are turning towards automated systems to perform their everyday tasks. Automated systems have proved to outdate the cost and time wasting processes that are done and completed by manually while providing most businesses with more accurate and reliable data. The system will handle the processes in a well-manner running on a specific time, reducing the overwhelming power of doing them manually taking note of the products diversity. It will allow the business to input their inventory and track products that are delivered and sold on a daily basis. At the time of arrival of new ordered stock, the goods are registered into the database and are added to the list of the current inventory. The depreciating inventory can be tracked the use of devices such as; barcodes and scanners on the goods being sold. On the sales module, products are subtracted from the inventory count the moment they are sold instead of being manually done at a later time or day. This process allows data accuracy than the manual process because the exact...

Words: 6438 - Pages: 26

Premium Essay

Riordan Manufacturing, Inc.

...Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. SR-rm-220 Michael S Black BSA 375 August 6, 2012 John Dunn Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. SR-rm-220 Introduction and Brief History “Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics manufacturer employing 550 people with projected annual earnings of $46 million. The company is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise with revenues in excess of $1 billion. Its products include plastic beverage containers produced at its plant in Albany, Georgia, custom plastic parts produced at its plant in Pontiac, Michigan, and plastic fan parts produced at its facilities in Hangzhou, China. The company's research and development is done at the corporate headquarters in San Jose. Riordan's major customers are automotive parts manufacturers, aircraft manufacturers, the Department of Defense, beverage makers and bottlers, and appliance manufacturers. The company was founded by Dr. Riordan, a professor of chemistry, who had obtained several patents relative to processing polymers into high tensile strength plastic substrates. Sensing the commercial applications for his patents, Dr. Riordan started Riordan Plastics, Inc. in 1991. Initially, the company's focus was on research and development and the licensing of its existing patents, but in 1992 Dr. Riordan obtained venture capital which he used to purchase a fan manufacturing plant in Pontiac, MI. At that time, the company's name was changed to "Riordan Manufacturing, Inc." In 1993, the company...

Words: 3367 - Pages: 14

Premium Essay

Computer

...Five Ideology's assignment Mohammad Kareem Conservatism: In Theory Communism would work and is the best way to form a government, but as this ideology was implemented in different countries and nations the reality has shown it might be very far from being perfect. This system of government as well as economy is also based on trying to create equality. Communism can be related to Socialism which creates equality by essentially sharing all profits and land with the community. Unlike socialism however,Communism believes that there is no need for a profit to be given to the worker or for land to be owned by any workers because it creates inequality and this must be done to ensure social order. A Lot of the communist ideology is totally opposite and against capitalist views. There is no competition in communism and wages and salaries are equal across all carers and work. In Communist theory, government leaders should only be temporary and used only to gear the population towards true order and then step down and let the work cycle continued. Many of the communist ideology is predominantly theory and is highly criticized by many nations. In today's day and age many countries have decided to opt out of the communist social structure because it is unpractical and does not provide true equality as theorized. Communism was a fairly modern ideology founded only about 120 years ago but has lingered throughout history. The majour man honoured with the creation of communism is Karl Marx...

Words: 5182 - Pages: 21

Free Essay

Moive and Culture

...This document is attributed to Jack Lule and Flat World Knowledge 8.2 Movies and Culture LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. Recognize how movies reflect cultural attitudes, trends, and events. Indicate how movies influence culture. Movies Mirror Culture The relationship between movies and culture involves a complicated dynamic; while American movies certainly influence the mass culture that consumes them, they are also an integral part of that culture, a product of it, and therefore a reflection of prevailing concerns, attitudes, and beliefs. In considering the relationship between film and culture, it is important to keep in mind that, while certain ideologies may be prevalent in a given era, not only is American culture as diverse as the populations that form it, but it is also constantly changing from one period to the next. Mainstream films produced in the late 1940s and into the 1950s, for example, reflected the conservatism that dominated the sociopolitical arenas of the time. However, by the 1960s, a reactionary youth culture began to emerge in opposition to the dominant institutions, and these antiestablishment views soon found their way onto screen—a far cry from the attitudes most commonly represented only a few years earlier. In one sense, movies could be characterized as America’s storytellers. Not only do Hollywood films reflect certain commonly held attitudes and beliefs about what it means to be American, but they also portray contemporary trends, issues, and...

Words: 4070 - Pages: 17

Free Essay

Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Femtocell Networks

...channel versus when standalone decisions are taken about the state of the channel. Simulation results indicate superior performance of the cooperative mode in terms of the number of observed hidden nodes and probabilities of detection and false alarm. Keywords—Femtocell; Cognitive Radio; Dynamic Spectrum Access; Energy Detection; Hidden Node Problem; Spectrum Sensing; IEEE 802.22. I. INTRODUCTION Recent surveys have shown that indoor traffic accounts for more than 50% of the total data and voice traffic carried in wireless networks with most of the traffic originating from homes, airports, and schools [1] .This skyrocketing growth of indoor traffic coupled with the increased user demand for high broad band services necessitates new solutions that will provide the required indoor coverage and bandwidth. The existing macrocells are not efficient at delivering indoor coverage due to the high penetration losses in walls during signal propagation which leads to low coverage regions (black spots) [2].The promising solution towards satisfying the user requirements lies in the deployment of the low-cost low-power Femtocell Access points (FAP) which will enhance indoor coverage, deliver the required high bandwidth and also offload traffic from the macrocell networks [3]. Due to the proximity of indoor mobile users and the femtocell Access Point (FAP), the indoor signal to interference and noise...

Words: 3980 - Pages: 16