...Abstract: Gears which are most widely used for transmission of power from one shaft to the shaft are considered in this paper for analysis and hence predict the stresses in them using the most versatile numerical techniques in practice, the Finite Element Method (FEM). In all spur gears are the most preferred type of gear because of simplicity of use & manufacturing with high degree of transmission efficiency. They develop high stress concentration at the root and the point of contact...
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...Introduction to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics. Useful for problems with complicated geometries, loadings, and material properties where analytical solutions can not be obtained. The Purpose of FEA Analytical Solution • • Stress analysis for trusses, beams, and other simple structures are carried out based on dramatic simplification and idealization: – mass concentrated at the center of gravity – beam simplified as a line segment (same cross-section) Design is based on the calculation results of the idealized structure & a large safety factor (1.5-3) given by experience. FEA • Design geometry is a lot more complex; and the accuracy requirement is a lot higher. We need – To understand the physical behaviors of a complex object (strength, heat transfer capability, fluid flow, etc.) – To predict the performance and behavior of the design; to calculate the safety margin; and to identify the weakness of the design accurately; and – To identify the optimal design with confidence Brief History Grew out of aerospace industry Post-WW II jets, missiles, space flight Need for light weight structures Required accurate stress analysis Paralleled growth of computers Common FEA Applications Mechanical/Aerospace/Civil/Automotive ...
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... To achieve a satisfactory performance, the construction of a chassis is the result of careful design and rigorous testing. Various manufacturers have individual design concepts and different methods of achieving the desired performance standards for the complete chassis, not all chassis components are interchangeable between various makes and models of vehicles. So, there is no standard design for chassis frame. Even though start with the chassis frame design start with selection of the section for side rails and cross members. In this paper we have designed a chassis for storage cum resting fixture. Storage cum resting fixture is a structure of length 11000mm & width 2300mm, used to store cylindrical specimens of various sizes and weights in horizontal configuration. The storage cum resting fixture is used to carry the propellant stored in the cylindrical specimens. The trolley fixture should be designed for a maximum pay load of 60 tons. The Objective of my project is to design a chassis for a pay load of 60 Tons. The design process involves manual design calculations, 3d modeling using UNIGRAPHICS software and analysis to validate the design. Ansys package has been implemented to perform the structural analysis. INTRODUCTION The storage cum resting fixture is used to carry the propellant stored in the cylindrical specimens. During storage, these specimens are also required to be rotated periodically. The...
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...Chapter 2 Introduction to Rotor Dynamics Rotor dynamics is the branch of engineering that studies the lateral and torsional vibrations of rotating shafts, with the objective of predicting the rotor vibrations and containing the vibration level under an acceptable limit. The principal components of a rotor-dynamic system are the shaft or rotor with disk, the bearings, and the seals. The shaft or rotor is the rotating component of the system. Many industrial applications have flexible rotors, where the shaft is designed in a relatively long and thin geometry to maximize the space available for components such as impellers and seals. Additionally, machines are operated at high rotor speeds in order to maximize the power output. The first recorded supercritical machine (operating above first critical speed or resonance mode) was a steam turbine manufactured by Gustav Delaval in 1883. Modern high performance machines normally operates above the first critical speed, generally considered to be the most important mode in the system, although they still avoid continuous operating at or near the critical speeds. Maintaining a critical speed margin of 15 % between the operating speed and the nearest critical speed is a common practice in industrial applications. The other two of the main components of rotor-dynamic systems are the bearings and the seals. The bearings support the rotating components of the system and provide the additional damping needed to stabilize the system and contain...
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...[pic] ENGD3016 Solid Mechanics Assignment 1: Finite Element Analysis Name: Wei Zhang ID: P14021978 Date: Dec17th 2015 Abstract 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Matlab 4.0 Solidworks 4.1 Model of truss 1 4.2 Model of truss 2 5.0 Comparison of the two trusses 6.0 Comparison between MATLAB and SOLIDWORKS 6.1 Comparison of results 6.2 Advantages and disadvantages 7.0 Conclusion Appendix Abstract The purpose of this report is to based on two different 2D pictures of trusses to finite element analysis from two ways. First carried out the selection of materials, and choosing the size of the pipe. Two methods were used two different software for finite element analysis, solidworks and MATLAB. By comparing the simulation results with two software to make sure which is the better way. It was found that the results of MATLAB are more accurate, solidworks results more intuitive. According to the calculation results of the two methods, truss 2 is more reliable. 1.0 Introduction Finite element analysis method using a mathematical approximation of the real physical system to simulation. Also use simple and interacting elements, namely unit, you can use a limited number of unknown quantities to approximate the infinite unknowns real system.The engineering is relying on the...
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...1. Introduction Initially, the encryption of message was based on symmetric key cryptography where sender and receiver of message use the same key for encryption and decryption.But, to use the same key, sender and receiver must share the key in advance. And if their locations are different than there is risk in transmission of the key. Later in 1976,a cryprosystem,which is known as Diffie-hellman key-exchange, was published by Whitefield Diffie and Martin Hellman and concept behind the cryptosystem is known as public key encryption. In public key cryptosystem, each one gets a pair of keys, public key and private key. The pubic key is freely available to everyone while the private key remains secret. The sender, who wants to send a message securely to someone, use public key of receiver to encrypt the message and receiver use his private key to decrypt the message.This system doesn’t require secure key transmission.So, it resolves the one of the problem faced by symmetric key cryptosystem. If someone is able to compute respective private key from a given public key, then this system is no more secure. So, Public key cryptosystem requires that calculation of respective private key is computationally impossible from given public key. In most of the Public key cryptosystem, private key is related to public key via Discrete Logarithm. Examples are Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), Elgamal which are based on DLP in finite multiplicative group. 1 2. Discrete...
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...ABSTRACT Several classes of computational methods are available for computer simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering at optical frequencies: Discrete Dipole Approximation, the T-matrix − Extended Boundary Condition methods, the Multiple Multipole Method, Finite Difference (FD) and Finite Element (FE) methods in the time and frequency domain, and others. The paper briefly reviews the relative advantages and disadvantages of these simulation tools and contributes to the development of FD methods. One powerful tool – FE analysis − is applied to optimization of plasmon-enhanced AFM tips in apertureless near-field optical microscopy. Another tool is a new FD calculus of “Flexible Local Approximation MEthods” (FLAME). In this calculus, any desirable local approximations (e.g. scalar and vector spherical harmonics, Bessel functions, plane waves, etc.) are seamlessly incorporated into FD schemes. The notorious ‘staircase’ effect for slanted and curved boundaries on a Cartesian grid is in many cases eliminated – not because the boundary is approximated geometrically on a fine grid but because the solution is approximated algebraically by suitable basis functions. Illustrative examples include problems with plasmon nanoparticles and a photonic crystal with a waveguide bend; FLAME achieves orders of magnitude higher accuracy than the standard FD methods, and even than FEM. Keywords: wave propagation, computational methods, flexible approximation, photonic crystals...
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...LINEAR PROGRAMING AND SIMPLEX METHOD Devharajan Rangarajan Department of Electronic Engineering National University of Ireland, Maynooth devharajan.rangarajan.2016@mumail.ie Abstract— An optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. This pays way to a new world of constrained optimization. This paper focuses on one such optimization technique known as Linear programming and one of its method known as Simplex method in detail with examples. cTx = c1x1 + · · · + cnxn The subject of linear programming can be defined quite concisely. It is concerned with the problem of maximizing or minimizing a linear function whose variables are required to satisfy a system of linear constraints, a constraint being a linear equation or inequality. The subject might more appropriately be called linear optimization. Problems of this sort come up in a natural and quite elementary way in many contexts but especially in problems of economic planning. (or Ax ≤ b) I. INTRODUCTION Linear programming is the process of taking various linear inequalities relating to some situation, and finding the "best" value obtainable under those conditions. A typical example would be taking the limitations of materials and labour, and then determining the "best" production levels for maximal profits under those conditions. In "real life", linear...
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...A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL FOR THE BEHAVIOUR OF COLD-FORMED STEEL CHANNEL COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL THRUST MASTURA BINTI RAFEK Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA 2010 A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL FOR THE BEHAVIOUR OF COLD-FORMED STEEL CHANNEL COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL THRUST By MASTURA BINTI RAFEK This report is submitted as a requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA MARCH 2010 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I (Mastura Binti Rafek, 2007121693) confirm that the work in this report is my own work and the appropriate credit has been given where references have been made to the work of other researchers. (………………………………………….) Student Name : Mastura Binti Rafek Student ID : 2007121693 Date : 31st MARCH 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to ALLAH S.W.T for giving me the guidance and strength in making this research project proposal a success. I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to all those who helped me navigate this long and fruitful journey. Sincerest thanks go to my supervisor Mr. Mohd. Raizamzamani Bin Md. Zain for his guidance, knowledge, patience, supervision and encouragement towards me in preparation of this study. His are ever dynamic and also his dedication in encourage of young researcher. Not forget, great appreciation go to my friends for their co- operation in completion this project. Finally, to my family...
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...FLUX: Design Education in a Changing World DEFSA International Design Education Conference 2007 Use of Technical Drawing Methods to Generate 3-Dimensional Form & Design Ideas Raja Gondkar Head of Design Department Indian Institute of Gems & Jewellery (IIGJ) Mumbai, India Address: 502, ‘A’ Wing, Tulsi Tower Plot 44, RSC 6, MHADA Layout Malvani, Malad-West Mumbai 400 095, India Tel.: 95-21-28817705 Cell: 95-9821794119 Email: rajagondkar@gmail.com ******************************************************************************************** Use of Technical Drawing Methods to Generate 3-Dimensional Form & Design Ideas Abstract Problem being addressed: Generally speaking technical drawing methods e.g. isometric and orthographic views are used for presentation of form and design idea. Systematically used these methods can yield fantastic results serving as a tool in the form and design generation / development process. In various product domains, especially where sheer aesthetic appeal or plurality of form is more important than functionality or utility; development of form family, variations on theme, etc. are the main design activity. This way of working will serve as an effective tool in cases where the design development process is confined mostly to the paperwork only but the product demands or has a scope for 3Dimensional thinking e.g. industrial jewelry design. Approach: Viewed individually, orthographic views could be interpreted in more then one way; using this...
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...Memorandum To: Andy Theiss From: Kevin Geohegan (Seat 9), Karthik Pillalamarri (Seat 16), Sam Reifsteck (Seat 3), Justin Sikkema (Seat 6) Date: 11/4/2015 Re: Materials Testing 1. Introduction The arm supports for Office Spaces’ newest chairs need to be strong, yet not overly heavy or overly expensive. There were four combinations of materials and cross-section designs for the arm supports available to us for testing: rectangular steel, brass, and aluminum, as well as hollow, square aluminum. The purpose of the first part of the experiment was to directly analyze these options and determine which one would work the best in the chairs. There were three other materials not available, but still considered for use: Titanium, pure gold, and...
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...The multicriterion rapid assessment method of techno-economic parameters of new articles is developed. It avoids expensive engineering changes during the operational phases through the analysis of external and internal factors at an early stage in the design that affect the maintainability and manufacturability of the article. The expert selection of the initial multitude of indicators from the five enlarged criteria groups and their subsequent pair-wise comparison point to the complex criteria for compliance with the average and optimum values of operational effectiveness of the article design. Comparison provides an opportunity to decide on...
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...Recent survey on Image segmentation Methods Linda Paul and Dr.M.sangeetha Professor Ece dept. Bharath University Chennai lindarejoe@gmail.com Sang_gok@yahoo.com Abstract: Image segmentation plays a significant role in medical image processing. The researchers has got a lot of opportunities to do their research work in the area of segmentation. It is the process of splitting or partitioning the whole image into segments. With respect to features the entire image is divided into subparts. The objects, the lines, curves and boundaries are located easily by using this image segmentation. The main aim of this segmentation is to change the representation of an image and also to simplify the image which will be easy to analyze. The applications of image segmentation are as follows. They are used in medical field, in scientific fields, engineering and technology, face recognition, iris recognition object tracking and object detection....
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...com/journal/energies Article A Novel Cogging Torque Simulation Method for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines Chun-Yu Hsiao *, Sheng-Nian Yeh and Jonq-Chin Hwang Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; E-Mails: snyeh@mail.ntust.edu.tw (S.-N.Y.); jchwang@ee.ntust.edu.tw (J.-C.H.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: D9607101@mail.ntust.edu.tw; Tel.: +886-921135781; Fax: +886-2-27376699. Received: 16 September 2011; in revised form: 22 November 2011 / Accepted: 30 November 2011 / Published: 6 December 2011 Abstract: Cogging torque exists between rotor mounted permanent magnets and stator teeth due to magnetic attraction and this is an undesired phenomenon which produces output ripple, vibration and noise in machines. The purpose of this paper is to study the existence and effects of cogging torque, and to present a novel, rapid, half magnet pole pair technique for forecasting and evaluating cogging torque. The technique uses the finite element method as well as Matlab research and development oriented software tools to reduce numerous computing jobs and simulation time. An example of a rotor-skewed structure used to reduce cogging torque of permanent magnet synchronous machines is evaluated and compared with a conventional analysis method for the same motor to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The novel method is proved valuable and suitable for large-capacity machine...
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...How satisfied are you with Wikipedia? Your feedback is important to us! As a token of appreciation for your support you get a chance of winning a Wikipedia T-shirt. Click here to learn more! Calculus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the branch of mathematics. For other uses, see Calculus (disambiguation). | It has been suggested that Infinitesimal calculus be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2011. | Topics in Calculus | Fundamental theorem Limits of functions Continuity Mean value theorem [show]Differential calculus | Derivative Change of variables Implicit differentiation Taylor's theorem Related rates Rules and identities:Power rule, Product rule, Quotient rule, Chain rule | [show]Integral calculus | IntegralLists of integrals Improper integrals Integration by: parts, disks, cylindrical shells, substitution, trigonometric substitution, partial fractions, changing order | [show]Vector calculus | Gradient Divergence Curl Laplacian Gradient theorem Green's theorem Stokes' theorem Divergence theorem | [show]Multivariable calculus | Matrix calculus Partial derivative Multiple integral Line integral Surface integral Volume integral Jacobian | | Calculus (Latin, calculus, a small stone used for counting) is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes...
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