...Caffeine Ingestion: Its Effect on Muscle Metabolism Business Statistics/BUS3020 Caffeine Ingestion: Its effect on RER Coffee Pot --- It’s already ubiquitous that a perfect start for our day is to have a cup of hot and fresh coffee. Coffee has already earned its spot in our “daily-important-things” to have, and even have defined a space on our diet. These drinks are classified as a beverage with a different stimulating aroma and a substance known as caffeine that drives one away from the world for a second at least. Speaking of caffeine, the common belief that it improves both mental and physical performance, combined with the removal of caffeine from the banned substances list on the January 1, 2004 by the World Anti-Doping Agency, has led to its widespread use amongst athletes competing in many sports. Research updated that acute ingestion of caffeine before exercise has been shown to prolong exercise endurance, increase plasma epinephrine and serum free fatty acids (ffa’s), and spare muscle glycogen. Henceforth, it is clear that caffeine can be employed as an ergogenic agent or that it enhance athletic performance or facilitate physical exercise for a wide range of exercise conditions (Graham, 1997) and it is often proposed that this effect is mediated by enhancing fat oxidation and decreasing carbohydrate use in the active muscles. However, not only does caffeine enhance exercise capacity when endogenous carbohydrates are not limiting metabolism (Anselme et al. 1992)...
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...It has been long hypothesized that the frequency and timing of meals eaten, or more specifically protein, determine body composition. It is common to hear fitness enthusiasts ranting and raving about eating every two to three hours in order to “stoke the metabolism” and spread protein intake throughout the day. With the fitness industry becoming more popular, the scientific community has become more open to investigating these claims. While the mainstream “bodybuilding” side tends to believe in anecdotal evidence over science, new research is showing that it may not be necessary to pre-cook six or seven meals and carry them around all day. According to this new research the most important factor in body composition is not meal timing or frequency, but the overall consumption of food averaged out for multiple days. One of the most stressed ideas in bodybuilding or fitness is to make sure and eat protein within a certain “anabolic window” after exercise. It is speculated that this myth was perpetuated by the supplement companies of the 90s trying to boost protein sales. Open any fitness magazine and one will see multiple advertisements on protein powder urging the consumer to constantly ingest protein to look like the bodybuilder in the ad. There are protein powders for the morning, for directly after a workout, and even “slow-acting” protein to ingest pre-bed. These are all barely legal marketing attempts based on nothing. “Protein timing is a popular dietary strategy designed...
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...that of diabetics. Sports and energy drinks are composed of two main ingredients, caffeine and sugar. Carbohydrates including glucose, fructose, and sucrose make up the most common types of sugars which...
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...Despite the extreme contrast in these characteristics, all athletes share some common nutrition goals (see Table 6-1). This chapter will briefly explore these goals. Table 6-1. The athlete’s nutrition goals. Characteristic Everyday eating or training diet The athlete’s nutrition-related goals • Achieve and maintain a physique that is suited to the event • Eat to stay healthy and injury-free • Train hard and promote optimal adaptations and recovery from the training programme • Practice competition eating in training to fine tune strategies • Prepare adequate fuel stores for the event • Eat and drink well on competition day to prepare for an event and to recover between multiple events • During prolonged events (> 1 hour), replace fluid and carbohydrate to enhance performance • Achieve competition strategies when traveling • Make use of specialised sports foods to meet nutritional goals when it is impractical to eat everyday foods • Make wise decisions about the use of nutritional ergogenic aids based on cost: benefit analysis Competition eating Sports foods and dietary supplements A. The Training Diet 1. Achieving Energy Needs Energy needs vary according to body size, the energy cost of training (volume, frequency, and intensity of workouts) and requirements for growth or changes in body physique. As a result, energy needs vary not only amongst athletes, but vary between phases of the season and over the athlete’s career. It is important for each athlete to achieve a suitable...
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...THE HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF MAKOPA FRUIT EXTRACT (Syzygium malaccense) TO DIABETIC RATS Chapter I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Malay Apple or commonly known as Makopa in the Philippines (Syzygium malaccense) is a very common plant in typical barrios. Most often, the Makopa fruit is swept after they fall in the ground during rainy seasons and it is easily spoiled. The waste material is biodegradable. However, the process of decomposition is slow and it gives an unpleasant view on the surrounding during this process. Hence, the wasted plant material adds up to a pile of garbage. Therefore, it is better to use the fruit of the Makopa to produce a product out of it in the form of anti-diabetic for every household. Most often, this tree is usually used as shade and the fruit of it is sometimes useless for when it falls to the ground, they are just swept and thrown away. Makopa trees when full grown, can serve as shelter to animals, like the gecko, or bugs and they may eat the fruits. To avoid wasting these fruit, it could be utilized as an anti-diabetic. Makopa should be used in a way that will benefit us. This observation gave the researchers the idea of using the Makopa as an effective treatment to diabetes which is very expensive nowadays. Statement of the Problem This study was conducted to produce sweetener out of the Makopa fruit. Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What are the active components of makopa extract? 2. What...
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...accept and process assignments without a completed assignment cover sheet. PLEASE READ THE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE REVERSE OF THIS FORM. Due date* | Posting date * | Semester | 10/04/14 | 10/04/14 | X Semester 1 Semester 2 Summer Semester Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Term 4 | Have you applied for an extension? Yes X No Student Comments | | | | | | | Lecturer Comments | | | | | | | Biochemistry Experiment Pre-workout Exercise Enhancement & Weight Cutting Stack Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a blend of supplements that could be used as a pre-workout and weight cutting stack for an individual who often undergoes weight cutting programs for competition purposes. The time taken to complete exercises, the recovery time, the number of repetitions performed of each exercise and levels of resistance in kg were measured before and after consuming the pre-workout drink. The...
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...Western diets and lifestyles Name University Affiliation Introduction Nourishing our bodies does not mean just giving the body anything in the form of food, but it is the giving the body various foods that have the major three nutrients; the vitamins, proteins, and carbohydrates in the required quantity. There is a common statement that states that too much of something is poisonous.” This also applies to the food nutrients we normally eat in our diets (Bunyamin, Spaderna, & Weidner, 2013). When we eat too much of certain food nutrients without balancing the ratio that is required can be so dangerous to our body health. Nourishing our bodies well involve every aspect of our life; physical, emotional and even spiritual. When one of these aspects is unbalanced, our eating behaviors change, and this affects our body health. A healthy diet provides the body with the necessary nutrients that are required to function physically, and also fight diseases (Colditz, 1999). Many studies have proved that the rate of lifestyle disease occurrences has risen sharply in the last few decades mostly in developed nations than the developing nations. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in 2005 that 61% of global death occurrences are as a result of lifestyle disease. It further predicted that by the year 2030, the global death rate caused by lifestyle diseases would reach 70%. This statistics is worrying because the lifestyle diseases are now proving to be the threat to the human kind(Mayo...
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...contains low concentration of threonine, serine, isoleucine, tyrosine, arginine, phenylalanine, and lysine, the methionine and histidine have at very low concentration. Other than Eman opinion, there is other research that reported that dates as a source of carbohydrates, dietary fibres, protein, lipids, some vitamins, minerals and bioactive compound (Barreveled, 1993; Hussein et al., 1998; Hamada et al., 2002; Al-Farsi & Lee, 2008b; Besbes et al., 2004b; Nehdi et al., 2010). Based on (Eman Abdul Rahman Assirey, 2015), he stated that the main sugars in flesh dates are sucrose, fructose and glucose. The major sugars are glucose and fructose which are reducing sugar. Minerals in dates such as calcium, potassium and phosphorus are good to human metabolism. (W.N. Sawaya, 1983). Calcium and magnesium are important in skeletal system and for energy metabolism, iron production also can help in production of red blood cells. For hypertension person, dates are suitable fruits because it contains high potassium and low content of sodium. (L. J et al., 1997). Date- pits is one of the part of dates fruit, it is the by-product and waste. Actually, based on (Mohammad Zakir Hossain, 2014), there are many nutrients which are carbohydrate content (70.9g-86.9g/100g date-pits), protein content (2.3g-6.9g/ 100g date-pits), fat content (5.0g – 12.5g/100g date-pits), ash content (0.91g-1.20g/100g date-pits). It is benefit to health because it contains low concentration of oleic fatty acids which it...
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...| | Book 1.(ed), Howard Frumkin. "Chapter Eighteen - Food Safety".Environmental Health: From Global to Local, Second Edition.Jossey-Bass. © 2010 Food safety professionals protect and promote public health by investigating foodborne disease outbreaks to learn about their causes and by implementing foodsafety strategies to prevent future outbreaks from occurring. They also inspect production facilities, food-processing plants, and retail food establishments to ensure that products are safe, wholesome, and suitable for human consumption. Food safety professionals work in a variety of settings including private industries, governmental agencies, health care facilities, and academic institutions. 2. Wheeler, Cass. You've Gotta Have Heart: Achieving Purpose Beyond Profit in the Social Sector. AMACOM. © 2009. People often ask me how the American Heart Association came to the idea of the heart-check seal of approval found on over 800 products on grocery store shelves. This program is a significant piece of the American Heart Association brand, and it is a good example of how we do things in nontraditional ways. There is a certain amount of risk in any program, and in this case we ran into quite a few roadblocks. I believe that in every crisis lies an opportunity, and that was certainly the case with the AHA's food certification program. 3. Rosinski, Philippe. ( 2010). Global coaching: an integrated approach for long-lasting results. Serious research findings...
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...2-19-15 BISC 220 Lab Report 1 TA: Anh Nguyet Vu Activity of the Porcine Pancreas α-Amylase Enzyme Under Different Concentration Introduction: Enzymes are specialized protein structures that increase the rate of reactions without changing chemical equilibrium between reactants and products (Cooper, 2000). These enzymes have a distinct chemical composition that constructs an active site for substrates to bind to; this is the location where the substances come together to from an enzyme-substrate complex, which makes forming a product possible. The shape of the molecule is extremely important to its function. Enzymes are composed of unique three-dimensional conformations, due to the complex folding during the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, stages of protein production. Extreme pH levels, heat, concentration, and other factors can easily denature these exclusive structures. α-amylase is a biological catalyst found in the saliva of various organisms, including humans. It functions as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of starch products located in consumed foods. Chemically, starch is comprised of two different molecules, amylose and amylopectin. The glucose molecules in amylose are connected in a liner/straight manner, whereas, the glucose in amylopectin are arranged in a spiral shape. These unique linkages are what give this molecule its overall shape, and ultimately, its function. Starches produced in plants are normally a combination of both these molecules at a 30:70...
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...What type of we should eat ENG 135 10/23/2013 What Food Should We Eat The question about the kind of food we should eat attracts multiple answers and this manifests clearly from the various news information published on nutritional studies and individuals diets. In many cases, the best nutritional recommendation regarding what to eat daily is relatively straight forward. Nutritionist from all over the world advise individuals to eat diets that are rich in vegetables and fruits and whole grains as they play a crucial role in building the body and providing protection against diseases(Andersen, 2010). This work is going to cover the importance of eating healthy diets among young children. It will evaluate the nutritional value and how it helps in the development and finally the types of food children eat and how it influences their physical and intellectual development. General outlook The main importance of eating health diets is associated with the many problems of weight control. Following a balanced and health diet normally helps individual to lose weight in an easier way or it plays a crucial role in maintain a person’s healthy standards. Study has it that those who strictly follow a well- balanced and healthy diet have high chances of decreasing the chances of being affected by the chronic diseases. Chronic diseases in most cases relates to poor healthy conditions because of eating poor balanced diets that cannot sustain their bodies. The occurrence of heart...
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...www.asbiology101.wordpress.com An introduction to the chemistry behind biomolecules What is biochemistry? Well, it’s the study of biology at a molecular level. So the emphasis of this unit is the biological significance of chemical molecules. As part of the course, there are six biological molecules that you need to know about: CH2OH Carbohydrates O H H OH OH These molecules are one of many vital to life. They are used for energy (for both storing and supplying energy), and in some cases can be used structurally, such as cellulose Lipids H O H H C H H C H H C O C O O C O O These come in many varieties: fats, oils, cholesterol, steroids, and more, and have uses in cellular membranes, insulating and protecting, and also act as a minor energy supply C H Proteins Proteins have several uses, such as for transport and structure; but they are also the basic components of all enzymes, hormones, antibodies, haemoglobin, ribosomes, and many more materials Water H O H Another essential life component, this is the most important content of many reactions forming most of these molecules, and also metabolic reactions; water is also an essential structural component in plants, and in the diet of animals Nucleic acids These are responsible for the formation of both DNA and all forms of RNA molecules, consisting of individual nucleotides www.asbiology101.wordpress.com Enzymes ...
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...CB28CH03-Tu ARI 3 May 2012 18:6 E R V I E W A D V A N C E Review in Advance first posted online on May 11, 2012. (Changes may still occur before final publication online and in print.) S I N Driving the Cell Cycle Through Metabolism Ling Cai and Benjamin P. Tu Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2012.28. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Ecole Polytechnique Federal Lausanne on 06/20/12. For personal use only. Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038; email: benjamin.tu@utsouthwestern.edu Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2012. 28:3.1–3.29 The Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology is online at cellbio.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154010 Copyright c 2012 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved 1081-0706/12/1110-0001$20.00 Keywords cell growth, cell proliferation, metabolic cycle, growth control, nutrients, yeast Abstract For unicellular organisms, the decision to enter the cell cycle can be viewed most fundamentally as a metabolic problem. A cell must assess its nutritional and metabolic status to ensure it can synthesize sufficient biomass to produce a new daughter cell. The cell must then direct the appropriate metabolic outputs to ensure completion of the division process. Herein, we discuss the changes in metabolism that accompany entry to, and exit from, the cell cycle for the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae...
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...An experiment to show effect of the temperature on the action of an enzyme Abstract The experiment was to analyse what reaction temperature would have on Amylase enzyme. We heated alpha amylase solution to set temperatures then tested for the presents starch with iodine solution. Any starch would turn the iodine black. Once the starch had broken down the iodine would remain brown to suggest the presents of maltose. Usually I would expect to find that the reactions would increase as the temperature increased. After it reached its optimum temperature then the reaction would slow down rapidly or stop all together. However throughout the experiment we uncovered a number of flaws, the flaws would have contributed to the failure of this experiment and the rejection of my hypothesis. Introduction Enzymes are proteins that were made during protein synthesis. They are globular in shape and of a tertiary structure that has an active site. The protein molecules act as a catalyse biochemical reaction in living organisms. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). A catalyse is something that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without itself being changed. This means that enzymes can be re-used. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy necessary to start a reaction. As less energy is necessary, biochemical reactions can take place at the temperatures and pressures found in living cells. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). ...
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...What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. Originally, emphasis was placed on harmful micro organisms which cause disease or spoilage of beverages and food, but it is now recognized that many microbes have essential roles in our ecosystem or can be used to accomplish beneficial tasks. Human history is full of examples of major devastations caused by bacteria and viruses. Some of these historically important diseases still occur, such tuberculosis and yellow fever. Microorganisms are evolving to cause new infectious disease problems such as Lyme disease and AIDS, which capture public attention. Control and eradication of infectious diseases remain important goals of many microbiologists. The recognition that microorganisms were responsible for what was earlier thought to be "spontaneous generation" opened the door to industrial (pharmaceutical, chemical, energy) and food microbiology, technologies which contribute substantially to today's way of life. Microorganisms in soil and water are essential in the transformation of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and iron to products needed by plants and animals. In various ways, microbes participate in environmental cycling and degradation and global change. In the last few decades, microorganisms have been recognized as ideal model systems for the study of basic biological processes. More recently, microbiologists have brought an exciting dimension to the study of biology...
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