...TIME VALUE OF MONEY Chapter 1 Single Cash Flow 1.1 Present Value 1.2 Future Value Problems Chapter 2 Annuity 2.1 Present Value 2.2 Future Value 2.3 System of Four Annuity Variables Problems Chapter 3 Net Present Value 3.1 Constant Discount Rate 3.2 General Discount Rate Problems Chapter 4 Real and Inflation 4.1 Constant Discount Rate 4.2 General Discount Rate Problems Chapter 5 Loan Amortization 5.1 Basics 5.2 Sensitivity Analysis Problems PART 2 VALUATION Chapter 6 Bond Valuation 6.1 Basics 6.2 By Yield To Maturity 6.3 System Of Five Bond Variables 6.4 Dynamic Chart Problems Chapter 7 Stock Valuation 7.1 Two Stage 7.2 Dynamic Chart Problems Chapter 8 The Yield Curve 8.1 Obtaining It From Bond Listings 8.2 Using It To Price A Coupon Bond 8.3 Using It To Determine Forward Rates Problems Chapter 9 U.S. Yield Curve Dynamics 9.1 Dynamic Chart Problems PART 3 CAPITAL BUDGETING Chapter 10 Project NPV 10.1 Basics 10.2 Forecasting Cash Flows 10.3 Working Capital 10.4 Sensitivity Analysis Problems Chapter 11 Cost-Reducing Project 11.1 Basics 11.2 Sensitivity Analysis Problems Chapter 12 Break-Even Analysis 12.1 Based On Accounting Profit 12.2 Based On NPV Problems Chapter 13 Three Valuation Methods 13.1 Adjusted Present Value 13.2 Flows To Equity 13.3 Weighted Average Cost of Capital Problems PART 4 FINANCIAL PLANNING Chapter 14 Corporate Financial Planning 14.1 Actual 14.2 Forecast 14.3 Cash Flow 14.4 Ratios...
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...preexisting financial documents, an assessment has been made to determine what business decision will provide the greatest return for Mr. Navallez, owner of Guillermo Furniture. Presently, Mr. Navallez needs to re-strategize his business endeavors, because there is now new competition in the furniture manufacturing industry. The competition uses high-tech, automated machinery to mass-produce furniture at an end-price cheaper than Mr. Navallez can offer his clientele (Guillermo Furniture Scenario). Additionally, the competition has very little labor costs, as most work is done by machine; conversely, Navallez is projected to pay $44,065 in wages for the year of 2011 (Guillermo Furniture Financial Data Sheets). Although expensive, an option available to Mr. Navallez is to invest in high-end equipment and remain in the furniture manufacturing industry. In order to explore the possibility a potentially lucrative investment opportunity capital budget must be estimated and compared to the expected cash inflow. Capital budgeting techniques can be used to determine if the investment in high-tech machinery will provide a sufficient return on investment. Two methods commonly used are net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). Additionally, the amount of time it will require to recuperate the initial amount of money invested can be estimated using a method referred to as payback period, where the amount of the initial investment is divided by the annual net cash inflow (Edmonds...
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...ž¸¸£·¸ú¡¸ ¹£{¸¨¸Ä ¤¸ÿˆÅ ____________RESERVE BANK OF INDIA________________ www.rbi.org.in RBI/2013-14/70 DBOD.No.BP.BC.2 /21.06.201/2013-14 July 1, 2013 All Scheduled Commercial Banks (Excluding Local Area Banks and Regional Rural Banks) Madam / Sir, Master Circular – Basel III Capital Regulations Please refer to the Master Circular No.DBOD.BP.BC.16/21.06.001/2012-13 dated July 2, 2012, consolidating therein the prudential guidelines issued to banks till that date on Capital Adequacy and Market Discipline - New Capital Adequacy Framework (NCAF). 2. As you are aware, Basel III Capital Regulations is being implemented in India with effect from April 1, 2013 in a phased manner. Accordingly, instructions contained in the aforesaid Master Circular have been suitably updated / amended by incorporating relevant guidelines, issued up to June 30, 2013 and is being issued as Master Circular on ‘Basel III Capital Regulations’. 3. The Basel II guidelines as contained in the Master Circular DBOD.No.BP.BC.9/21.06.001/2013-14 dated July 1, 2013 on ‘Prudential Guidelines on Capital Adequacy and Market Discipline- New Capital Adequacy Framework (NCAF)’ may, however, be referred to during the Basel III transition period for regulatory adjustments / deductions up to March 31, 2017. Yours faithfully, (Chandan Sinha) Principal Chief General Manager Encl.: As above Department of Banking Operations and Development, Central Office, 12th Floor, Central Office Building, SBS Marg...
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...Financial Analysis using Excel Function Information requirements for function Dates Prices and par values Frequency, and related Yields and interest/ discount rates Discount Any amount paid at maturity ? Frequency of payme nts pa First coupon Redemption amount Investment amount # of periods Settlement Par/coupon Maturity COUPDAYBS COUPDAYS COUPDAYSNC COUPNCD COUPPCD COUPNUM DURATION MDURATION PRICE PRICEDISC PRICEMAT RECEIVED YIELD YIELDDISC YIELDMAT ACCRINT ACCRINTM INTRATE DISC Excel for Professionals 2002 VJ Books. All rights reside with the author. Interest Basis Issue Yield Price Financial Analysis using Excel Financial Analysis using Excel Financial Analysis using Excel Volume 6 in the series Excel for Professionals Excel for Professionals Volume 1: Excel For Beginners Volume 2: Charting in Excel Volume 3: Excel-- Beyond The Basics Volume 4: Managing & Tabulating Data in Excel Volume 5: Statistical Analysis with Excel Volume 6: Financial Analysis using Excel Published by VJ Books Inc All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in reviews, articles, and research papers. Making copies of any part of this book for any purpose other than personal use is a violation of United States and international copyright...
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...CLASSIFICATION OF COSTS: Manufacturing We first classify costs according to the three elements of cost: a) Materials b) Labour c) Expenses Product and Period Costs: We also classify costs as either 1 Product costs: the costs of manufacturing our products; or 2 Period costs: these are the costs other than product costs that are charged to, debited to, or written off to the income statement each period. The classification of Product Costs: Direct costs: Direct costs are generally seen to be variable costs and they are called direct costs because they are directly associated with manufacturing. In turn, the direct costs can include: • Direct materials: plywood, wooden battens, fabric for the seat and the back, nails, screws, glue. • Direct labour: sawyers, drillers, assemblers, painters, polishers, upholsterers • Direct expense: this is a strange cost that many texts don't include; but (International Accounting Standard) IAS 2, for example, includes it. Direct expenses can include the costs of special designs for one batch, or run, of a particular set of tables and/or chairs, the cost of buying or hiring special machinery to make a limited edition of a set of chairs. Total direct costs are collectively known as Prime Costs and we can see that Product Costs are the sum of Prime costs and Overheads. Indirect Costs: Indirect costs are those costs that are incurred in the factory but that cannot...
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...When you are considering any type of long-term investment – whether you are making the investment in a project, or making an investment in a long-term asset, or attempting to get long-term financing for your own projects or investments – it is not OK to consider the cash flows in terms of current dollars. The existence of inflation means that a dollar today will buy more than that same dollar next year. The year-to-year effect may be small when inflation is low, as it is now, but when your investment horizon is measured in decades instead of months, that inflation effect can get very large. If you are not sure what I mean by “large” – just ask your parents (or aunts, uncles, friends who are 15-20 years older than you) how much they paid for a gallon of gas when they were in college. For me, I graduated from college in 1996, and in that year, I usually paid about $1.30 for the gallon of gas that now costs me $3.50. I paid about $1.00 per pound for a whole chicken. Now that same chicken costs $1.35 per pound. That’s a 30% increase for the chicken, over the last 16 years…and for the gas? It’s a 169% increase over the same period. You can see from this example that inflation is not the only thing that makes prices go up over time, because if it was, then the bread would increase by 30% and so would the gas. This is not the case (30% vs 169%). So there are other factors under consideration. With the gas, the “other factors” have to do with long-term supply of the commodity...
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...Performance Economic Moat Financials Key Ratios Valuations 1. About the Company The Coca-Cola Company was founded in 1886 and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It engages in the manufacturing, marketing, and selling of nonalcoholic sparkling and still beverages and beverage concentrates. The Company’s segments include Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and Latin America. Among its main brands are Coca-Cola, Sprite, Fanta, Diet Coke, PowerAde, Dasani, and Vitamin Water. Across the beverages and concentrates market, Coca-Cola competes with PepsiCo, Inc., Nestle, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., Groupe Danone, Kraft Foods Inc. and Unilever. 2. Q2 Performance Inclement weather conditions within the US, India, and Central Europe, stagnant European, Chinese, and Brazilian economies, and declines in carbonated soft drink consumption in North America adversely impacted Coca-Cola’s quarterly figures. These elements contributed to a 3% fall in reported revenue in the second quarter compared to a year earlier, or $12.75B from $13.09B. Analysts’ expectations were $12.96B. In the face of these negative factors, the Company saw a 1% increase in volumes globally, a 2% increase in comparable constant currency sales (excluding structural changes), a 4% increase in comparable constant currency operating income, and a 3.3% increase in adjusted earnings per share in the second quarter. 3. Economic Moat There are a number of factors that have a great influence...
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................................................................ x Conventions Used In This Book .......................................................................xi Craig’s Challenge ........................................................................................... xiii The Excel Modeling and Estimation Series .................................................. xiii Suggestions for Faculty Members ..................................................................xiv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... xv About The Author ................................................................. xvi PART 1 TIME VALUE OF MONEY ..... 1 Chapter 1 Single Cash Flow ....................................................1 1.1 Present Value ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Future Value ................................................................................................ 2 Problems .............................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2 Annuity ...................................................................4 2.1 Present Value...
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...A tutorial in managerial accounting concepts and financial modeling using Excel Assignment 1: Introduction We will begin our work this semester with a case called Caribbean Internet Café [hereafter, CIC]. In the CIC case, David Grant wants to open an Internet Café in Kingston, Jamaica. This simple business setting is familiar; how many coffee shops, drive-up or otherwise, can you think of that are within walking distance of campus? Even if you are not a coffee-holic, the operation of one of these places should be fairly self-evident. This assignment will help to fulfill a number of major objectives of the course: 1. The CIC case makes use of a relatively familiar context in which to introduce many of the managerial accounting concepts we will deal with this semester. The familiarity of the context should enable you to associate managerial accounting terminology with real world phenomena. 2. The structure of this series of exercises also provides an opportunity to develop your skills in using Excel to do financial modeling. Irrespective of your preferences for a career choice, financial modeling will be a critical skill in your professional life. Marketers and HR specialists take note: there is no avoiding the numbers. 3. The majority of you are still relatively early in your path through the School of Business program. Case analyses will be an important element in several of your subsequent courses. One key to successful case analysis is meticulous organization of relevant...
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...available at http://www.kgaction.com/financial-statement-analysis The Kaplan Group Commercial Collection Agency Superior Results Since 1991! www.kgaction.com! 805-541-2639 More Videos and downloads at © The Kaplan Group! http://www.kgaction.com/financial-statement-analysis © The Kaplan Group! The Kaplan Group | Introduction to The Income Statement Hi. This is Dean Kaplan. The Kaplan Group is a commercial collection agency specializing in debt collection of large business to business claims. CREDIT MANAGER SEMINARS This video series introducing you to financial statement analysis is based on the dozens of training seminars I have given to credit industry groups organized by Dun & Bradstreet, the National Association of Credit Management and Riemer Reporting Services. It is applicable to anyone wanting to learn about this topic, although on occasion I will highlight information from the perspective of credit management. 3 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Cash Flow Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2011 (000s) Cash Flows From Operating Activities Net Income 397 Depreciation and amortization 318 Unrealized gain on marketable securities Decrease (increase) in deferred taxes (12) Balance Sheet (44) As of December 31, 2011 (000s) Net increase (decrease) in receivables, inventories, prepaids, payables Total Cash Flows From Operating Activities Assets Cash Cash Flows From Investing Activities ...
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...weighted average cost of capital for Microsoft at different debt levels. This study shows the impact of increasing financial leverage on WACC. As financial leverage increases, the WACC decreases until the optimal debt ratio is reached, after which, the WACC begins to rise. At this debt ratio, the value of Microsoft will be maximized. Our results indicate the optimal debt ratio for Microsoft is 37.5 percent. Introduction One of the most difficult concepts for finance students to learn and for faculty to teach is how a firm determines its optimal capital structure. While most corporate finance textbooks stress the importance of maximizing the value of the firm by minimizing its opportunity cost of capital, how a firm can actually achieve the appropriate debt–to–capital ratio is often a mystery. Brigham and Ehrhardt (2008) in Financial Management: Theory and Practice outline a framework that can be used by financial practitioners to determine a firm’s optimal capital structure. Modigliani and Miller (1958 and 1963) provide the basis for the trade-off theory which is how firms can conceptually determine their optimal capital structure. What is lacking in these expositions, however, is a systematic demonstration of the process through which an actual corporation might apply these concepts. This paper provides such a demonstration. According to the trade-off theory of financial leverage, a firm’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC)...
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...hostile takeover? What rows/categories in Exhibit 2 will become critically important in 1993? What should Pan-Europa do now that they have won the price war? Who should lead the way for Pan-Europa? Pan-Europa’s ball and chain is its debt. With a debt-to-equity ratio of 125%, the company is leveraged more than its competitors. Pan-Europa’s bankers have become unwilling to provide additional credit, which is unfavorable if conditions call for the purchase of a large block of common stock to prevent a hostile takeover. As a preventative measure, Pan-Europa must bolster shareholder confidence by continuing to pay the dividend and driving up earnings, which should drive stock price up. Showing annual revenue growth through wise capital investment is crucial in 1993. Exhibit 2 below shows the company’s flat trend in gross sales, declining net income and earnings per share. Clearly these are signs of an overleveraged organization. Investment firms are already recommending selling Pan-Europa stock, driving the market price down. Fiscal Year Ending December 31 | | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | Gross sales | 1,076 | 1,072 | 1,074 | Net income | 51 | 49 | 37 | Earnings per share | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.54 | Dividends | 20 | 20 | 20 | Total assets | 477 | 580 | 656 | Shareholders' equity (book value) | 182 | 206 | 235 | Shareholders' equity (market value) | 453 | 400 | 229 | To remedy this situation, Pan-Europa must leverage their existing market share. The existing financial condition is due to...
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...Journal of Financial Economics 61 (2001) 000-000 The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field John R. Grahama, Campbell R. Harveya,b,* aFuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA bNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02912, USA (Received 2 August 1999; final version received 10 December 1999) Abstract We survey 392 CFOs about the cost of capital, capital budgeting, and capital structure. Large firms rely heavily on present value techniques and the capital asset pricing model, while small firms are relatively likely to use the payback criterion. A surprising number of firms use firm risk rather than project risk in evaluating new investments. Firms are concerned about financial flexibility and credit ratings when issuing debt, and earnings per share dilution and recent stock price appreciation when issuing equity. We find some support for the pecking-order and trade-off capital structure hypotheses but little evidence that executives are concerned about asset substitution, asymmetric information, transactions costs, free cash flows, or personal taxes. JEL classification: G31, G32, G12 Key words: Capital structure; Cost of capital; Cost of equity; Capital budgeting; Discount rates; Project valuation; Survey *Corresponding author, Tel: 919 660 7768, Fax: 919 660 7971 E-mail address: cam.harvey@duke...
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...Journal of Financial Economics 53 (1999) 409 }437 Valuing IPOs Moonchul Kim , Jay R. Ritter * Department of Accounting, KyungHee University, C1 Hoegie-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, South Korea Department of Finance, School of Business Administration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7168, USA Received 3 June 1997; received in revised form 18 August 1998 Abstract The use of accounting information in conjunction with comparable "rm multiples is widely recommended for valuing initial public o!erings (IPOs). We "nd that the price}earnings (P/E), market-to-book, and price-to-sales multiples of comparable "rms have only modest predictive ability without further adjustments. This is largely due to the wide variation of these ratios for young "rms within an industry. P/E multiples using forecasted earnings result in much more accurate valuations than multiples using trailing 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. earnings. JEL classixcation: G24 Keywords: Initial public o!erings; Valuation; Comparable "rms * Corresponding author. Tel.: #1-352-846-2837; fax: #1-352-392-0301. E-mail addresses: kimc@nms.kyunghee.ac.kr (M. Kim), jritter@dale.cba.u#.edu (J.R. Ritter) This paper is based on Moonchul Kim's University of Illinois Ph.D. dissertation. We would like to thank seminar participants at Boston, Emory, Georgetown, Humboldt (Berlin), and Vanderbilt Universities, the Universities of Miami and Texas, the Stockholm School of Economics, the Chinese University...
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...Journal of Financial Economics 53 (1999) 409 }437 Valuing IPOs Moonchul Kim , Jay R. Ritter * Department of Accounting, KyungHee University, C1 Hoegie-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, South Korea Department of Finance, School of Business Administration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7168, USA Received 3 June 1997; received in revised form 18 August 1998 Abstract The use of accounting information in conjunction with comparable "rm multiples is widely recommended for valuing initial public o!erings (IPOs). We "nd that the price}earnings (P/E), market-to-book, and price-to-sales multiples of comparable "rms have only modest predictive ability without further adjustments. This is largely due to the wide variation of these ratios for young "rms within an industry. P/E multiples using forecasted earnings result in much more accurate valuations than multiples using trailing 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. earnings. JEL classixcation: G24 Keywords: Initial public o!erings; Valuation; Comparable "rms * Corresponding author. Tel.: #1-352-846-2837; fax: #1-352-392-0301. E-mail addresses: kimc@nms.kyunghee.ac.kr (M. Kim), jritter@dale.cba.u#.edu (J.R. Ritter) This paper is based on Moonchul Kim's University of Illinois Ph.D. dissertation. We would like to thank seminar participants at Boston, Emory, Georgetown, Humboldt (Berlin), and Vanderbilt Universities, the Universities of Miami and Texas, the Stockholm School of Economics, the Chinese University...
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