... |Limited arbitrage | | |Investor sentiment | |Shleifer (2000) |Investor sentiment is mainly driven by two phenomena: | | |The tendency of people to view events as representative of some specific | | |class and ignore the laws of probability in the process | | |And conservatism. | |Lee, Shleifer & Thaler (1991) |CEFD suggest that as the discount increase, retail investor sentiment | | |decrease. | |Barber, Odean and Zhu(2006) |Stocks heavily bought by individual investors one week earn stronger | | |returns in the subsequent week. | |Baker and stein (2004) |Trading volume is a...
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...Review of Article The short of it: Investor sentiment and anomalies Robert F. Stambaugh, Jianfeng Yu, Yu Yua Objectives: The authors studied the role of investor sentiment in explaining equity market anomalies in cross-sectional stock returns. They studied the impact of sentiment on anomalies exploited in U.S. equity long–short strategies, examining both the long and short strategies. The authors contemplated that sentiment may partly explain the returns to equity pricing anomalies. The authors of the study probed the presence of sentiment effects by combining two prominent concepts: 1. Investor sentiment contains a market-wide component with the potential to influence prices on many securities in the same direction at the same time. 2. Impediments to short selling play a significant role in limiting the ability of rational traders to exploit overpricing. Literature: The authors cited the following works: * The 2006 study "Investor Sentiment and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns" found that market-wide sentiment exerted stronger impacts on stocks that are difficult to value and hard to arbitrage. * The 2011 study "Investor Sentiment and the Mean-Variance Relation" found that the correlation between the market's expected return and its conditional volatility is positive during low-sentiment periods and nearly flat during high-sentiment periods -- the market is less rational during high-sentiment periods, due to higher participation by "noise" traders in such...
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...short of it: Investor sentiment and anomalies Robert F. Stambaugh, Jianfeng Yu c, Yu Yuan The authors consider that sentiment may partly explain the returns to equity pricing anomalies by combining two concepts. The first concept is that investor sentiment has a market wide component with the potential to affect the stock prices in the same direction at the same time. The second concept concerns about the impediments to short selling like mutual funds being prohibited by their charter or deterrence of individuals due to risks in arbitrage, limited knowledge, cost involved etc. Hence it has been rightly said that “It is not as easy to short as it is to go out and buy a stock”. They also identified 11 anomalies that are partly explained by sentiment related mispricing. Some of the anomalies are related to financial distress, net stock issues and equity issuance, asset growth, net operating assets, momentum etc. They also used the Baker and Wurgler market wide investor sentiment index to explore the sentiment effects They develop and test three hypotheses that result from combining the presence of market-wide sentiment with short sale argument. They are as follows: 1) Anomalies should be stronger following high sentiment as the most optimistic views will be very optimistic and will result in considerable overpricing as compared to low sentiment period where, the optimistic views will be by rational investors and hence less mispricing. Moreover, selling a stock short by betting...
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...Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 27, 417427. Baker, M. and J. Wurgler (2006). Investor sentiment and the cross-section of stock returns. Journal of Finance 61, 16451680. Baker, M. and J. Wurgler (2007). Investor sentiment in the stock market. Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, 129151. Baker, M., J. Wurgler, and Y. Yuan (2011). Global, local, and contagious investor sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics . Barberis, N., A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny (1998). A model of investor sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics 49, 307343. Ben-Rephaela, A., S. Kandela, and A. Wohla (2012). Measuring investor sentiment with mutual fund ows. Journal of Financial Economics 104, 363382. Bergsma, K. and D. Jiang (2013). Let's celebrate! cultural new year and stock returns around the world. Working paper, Florida State University. 30 Bodurtha, J. N., D. S. Kim, and C. Lee (1995). Closed-end country funds and u.s. market sentiment. Review of Financial Studies Vol. 8(3), pp. 879918. Bollen, J., H. Mao, and X. Zeng (2011). Twitter mood predicts the stock market. Journal of Computational Science 2 (1), pp. 18. Brown, W. G. and M. T. Cli (2005). Investor sentiment and asset valuation. Journal of Business 78(2), 405440. Campbell, J., S. J. Grossman, and J. Wang (1993). Trading volume and serial correlation in stock returns. Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(4), 905939. Choi, H. and H. R. Varian (2009). Predicting...
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...Q: 3: I have argued that investors take on greater risks because they have more money to invest and they already have low risk investments like government bonds, prime commercial property and blue chip shares. Does the FCIC report provide any evidence that this view is correct? History emerged with continuous record breaking issues. In the arena of finance and economics, this turns into a collapsing shape. Shaky sentiment though was felt when this kind of financial turbulence starts. But, it becomes too late which can be called as “little time to control it”. Arguments behind this kind of financial melting create lots of debate amid analysts, regulators, business personnel and so as general people. But, almost all the time, after effect left a digester for the future. This disaster begins with ‘Fear’ and turns into ‘Panic’. Then dilemma prevailed alongside the indecisions especially, to them who fall in trap. Massive losses incur always. Most of the time, it takes lots of interval to recover. Financial Crisis 2008 was a remarkable history that would shake all the people mostly in USA and Europe. Besides, nearly all the countries felt its bad paws that drastically affected the economy of respective countries. Beginning in 1990, getting incremental shape in 2000 and turning into a robust figure with the participation of general people, housing bubble left an antiquity of learning for all the citizens. Excess liquidity of one country that remained unused passes to another country...
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...successful run by any fund manager. The average return on the fund was 14.6% which surpassed the S&P by 3.67% per year. The value trust only had 36 holdings, 10 of which accounted for 50% of the fund’s assets. No manager had matched Miller’s consistent index beating record. Miller’s results were in contradiction to the conventional theory which suggests that it is extremely difficult to beat the market on a sustained basis as it is characterized by high competition, easy entry and informational efficiency. Problem Statement: The Lag Mason Value Trust has been able to outperform the S&P 500 index for 15 consecutive years till 2005. Will the trust to able to consistently deliver similar performance in future? Should a rational investor buy shares in Value Trust as on middle of 2005? What can be possible reasons for the exemplary record of the Value Trust? Can the reasons of the trust’s success can be only attributed to the trading skills and style of Bill Miller or is it sheer luck? US Mutual Fund Market: The mutual fund market in the US has seen exponential growth in the last 30 years. The numbers of mutual funds have increased from 361 to 8,044 in between 1970 to 2005. By 2004, Mutual fund owned nearly 20% of the outstanding stocks of US companies. The value of each share was called Net Asset Value (NAV) NAV = (Market Value of fund assets – liabilities) / fund shares outstanding Annual total return = (Change in net asset value + dividends + capital...
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...models as an alternative to risk-based pricing models. While supported empirically, these characteristic-based models lack theoretical support. This paper seeks to reformulate an asset-pricing model (RAPM) to demonstrate why firm characteristics help to explain stock returns. Design/methodology/approach – The RAPM is grounded in an economic setting where two groups of agents hold different beliefs about firm fundamental values, and the more sophisticated ¨ group (rationals) adopts contrarian strategies against the naıve group (quasis). The model is derived in a static equilibrium within the consumption-investment framework with heterogeneous agents. Findings – The key theoretical result is a parsimonious equation of cross-sectional expected returns that not only are specified by the traditional risk-return relation, but also are determined by contrarian adjustments at both market-wide and firm-specific levels. When the model is taken to empirical specifications, it leads to consistent explanations for the behaviors of growth and value stocks, and for size and book-to-market effects. Research limitations/implications – The RAPM is a one-period model that assumes that “rationals” have perfect knowledge about “quasis” sentiment parameter and their relative market weights. In future research, it is planned to extend this static model to multiple periods to incorporate a learning process by which...
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...crowd behavior in order to join the crowd and take advantage of its momentum and direction. This is called the bandwagon effect. Here’s how a bandwagon works: A fresh piece of news comes out, a majority of traders interpret it as favorable to a security, and buying overwhelms selling so that the price rises. You profit by going with the flow. Then when everyone is jumping off the bandwagon, you jump, too. As market participants get excited about a security, they become increasingly bullish and either buy for the first time or add to positions, a phase namedenamed accumulation. When traders become disillusioned about the prospect of their security price rising, they sell, in a phase named distribution. To buy 100 shares of a stock is to enter a position. To buy another 100 shares for a total of 200 is toadd to your position. If you have 500 shares and sell half, you would be reducing your position. To sell all the shares you own is to square your position. When you’re square (also called flat), you have no position in the security. All your money is in cash. You’re neutral. After traders have been accumulating the security on rising prices, eventually the price goes too far.Too far is a relative term and can be defined in any number of equally valid ways, but basically it means any price extreme that’s wildly abnormal, statistically speaking. When a price has reached or surpassed a normal limit, it’s at an extreme. In an upmove, everyone who wanted to buy...
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...This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: G7 Current Account Imbalances: Sustainability and Adjustment Volume Author/Editor: Richard H. Clarida, editor Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-10726-4 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/clar06-2 Conference Date: June 1-2, 2005 Publication Date: May 2007 Title: The Dot-Com Bubble, the Bush Deficits, and the U.S. Current Account Author: Aart Kraay, Jaume Ventura URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c0124 11 The Dot-Com Bubble, the Bush Deficits, and the U.S. Current Account Aart Kraay and Jaume Ventura 11.1 Introduction Since the early 1990s, the United States has experienced steadily widening current account deficits, reaching 5.7 percent of gross national product (GNP) in 2004 (see top panel of figure 11.1). These deficits are large relative to the postwar U.S. historical experience. With the exception of a brief period in the mid-1980s where current account deficits reached 3.3 percent of GNP, the U.S. current account has typically registered small surpluses or deficits averaging around 1 percent of GNP. As a consequence of the recent deficits, the U.S. net foreign asset position has declined sharply from –5 percent of GNP in 1995 to about –26 percent by the end of 2004 (see bottom panel of figure 11.5). The goal of this paper is to provide an account of this decline that relates it to other major macroeconomic events and helps us to...
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...is widely accepted by academic community as a cornerstone of modern financial theory. Fama (1970) gives detailed definition of this theory and states that efficient market is a market that stock prices quickly and fully reflect all available and newly released information, where majority of participants are rational in their decision making process and where an investor is not able to outperform the market through any analyses, because of actual price of stock shows its intrinsic value. Naturally such revolutionary hypothesis did not occur suddenly. In 1990 Louis Bachelier in his "Theory of Speculation" paragraph gave definition of informational efficiency of the market. This study was not being developed until 1953 when Maurice Kendall who postulated that stock prices movement follow the random walk theory. Further enhancement of these studies associated with the name of Eugene Fama who gave comprehensive resume of efficient market hypothesis, as well as empirical evidences to support it and defined three form of efficient market: weak, semi-strong and strong in 1970 (Dimson and Mussavian, 1998). Later several different researches have been carried out by financial academics which continuously underpinned efficient market hypothesis. Consequently this theory began widely use by investors for investment decision making process. However only after two decades this hypothesis began less dominance in the market. Several crashes, changing economical situations revealed salient...
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...affecting on stock price 1. Introduction The stock market has become an essential market playing a vital role in economic prosperity that fostering capital formation and sustaining economic growth. Stock markets are more than a place to trade securities; they operate as a facilitator between savers and users of capital by means of pooling of funds, sharing risk, and transferring wealth. Stock markets are essential for economic growth as they insure the flow of resources to the most productive investment opportunities. In essence, a large number of economic variables like gross domestic product, interest rates, current account, monthly supply, employment, their information etc. have an impact on daily stock prices (Kurihara, 2006). This paper reflects how stock price is determined by considering the effect of different factors and outlines whether the internal, external and economic factors have impact on stock pricing. This study is about to know whether Dividends, paid up capital, market capital, corporate social responsibility, lawsuits, Retained Earnings, AGM, EGM, Earning Per Share, Rumors, Margin Loan, Net Income, Face Value, Return on Investment, Goodwill of the firm, Company News, Analysts Report, Sentiment, Rumors, etc. depends on stock price or merely some special factors like stock dividend, P/E ratio, government policy, macroeconomics fundamental, investors sentiment, analyst...
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...theoretical analyses of patterns in the cross-section of average stock returns, (ii) studies on trading activity, and (iii) research in corporate finance. Behavioural finance is an exciting new field because it presents a number of normative implications for both individual investors and CEOs. The papers reviewed here allow us to learn more about these specific implications. Keywords: behavioural finance, market efficiency, cross-section of stock returns JEL classifications: G00, G10, G11, G14, G31, G32, G34 1. Introduction The field of finance, until recently, had the following central paradigms: (i) portfolio allocation based on expected return and risk (ii) risk-based asset pricing models such as the CAPM and other similar frameworks, (iii) the pricing of contingent claims, and (iv) the Miller-Modigliani theorem and its augmentation by the theory of agency. These economic ideas were all derived from investor rationality. While these approaches revolutionised the study of finance and brought rigour into the field, many lacunae were left outstanding by the theories. For example, the traditional models have a limited role for volume, yet in actuality, annual volume on the NYSE amounts to somewhere in the region of 100% of shares outstanding. Second, while the benefits of diversification are emphasised by modern theories, individual investors often hold only a few stocks in their portfolios. Finally, expected returns...
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...SHRI RAM COLLEGE OF COMMERCE A STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR BEHAVIOUR Project work Paper No. – CH 6.3 (b) (Submitted for Partial Fulfillment Towards Requirement of B.COM (HONS.) Course) Ashvi Mittal 12BC136 12072204129 E-21 2014-15 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Miss Ankita Tomar Assistant Professor Department of Commerce Shri Ram College of Commerce University of Delhi 1 DECLARATION BY STUDENT This is to certify that the material embodied in this study entitled “A STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR BEHAVIOUR” is based on my own research work and my indebtedness to other work/publications has been acknowledged at the relevant places. This study has not been submitted elsewhere either wholly or in part for award of any degree. Ashvi Mittal B.Com(H) Section-E 12BC136 2 DECLARATION BY TEACHER INCHARGE This is to certify that the project titled “A STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR BEHAVIOUR” done by Ashvi Mittal is a part of her academic curriculum for the degree of B.Com(H). It has no commercial implication and is done only for academic purpose. Mrs Aruna Jha Miss Ankita Tomar (Teacher in- charge’s name and signature) signature) 3 (Mentor’s name and Signature) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I feel great pleasure in expressing my gratitude to my mentor Miss Ankita Tomar of Commerce Department, Shri Ram College of...
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...com At Finatics, we define Equity Valuation as “A process that involves determining „Fair Value‟ of a company‟s equity in order to assist buy/sell decisions for the purpose of Financial or Strategic Investment ” So what is Fair Value of an investment? How should the worth of an Investment be determined ? …(Contd) Put Simply, Fair Value is the price at which, one will get the desired rate of return when the investment is sold to a willing & able buyer. The worth of an investment is determined by whether it is meant for long term use to generate returns (i.e. Strategic Investment) or for resale when the „right price‟ or „fair value‟ is achieved (Financial Investment). The purpose of Valuation is to determine a fair value range of an investment (or capital asset) using one or more of several available techniques As discussed, investment related demand will be driven by expected return resulting from demand of other similar opportunities available, potential to generate cash and implied risk. When determining whether expected return can be achieved, one way is to estimate the cash generated from the „Asset‟ against what is invested after considering „Time Value of Money‟ (a.k.a. Net Present Value) … the other way is to find out what are other „similar‟ opportunities...
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...better than average driver? If you do, you are not alone. About 80 percent of the people who are asked this question will say yes. Evidently, we tend to overestimate our abilities behind the wheel. Is the same thing true when it comes to making investment decisions? You will probably not be surprised when we say that human beings sometimes make errors in judgment. How these errors, and other aspects of human behaviour, affect investors and asset prices falls under the general heading of “behavioural finance.” In the first part of this chapter, our goal is to acquaint you with some common types of mistakes investors make and their financial implications. As you will see, researchers have identified a wide variety of potentially damaging behaviours. In the second part of the chapter, we describe a trading strategy known as “technical analysis.” Some investors use technical analysis as a tool to try to exploit patterns in prices. These patterns are thought to exist (by advocates of technical analysis) because of predictable behaviour by investors. Chapter 9 Behavioural Finance and the Psychology of Investing 273 9.1 Introduction to Behavioural Finance Sooner or later, you are going to make an investment decision that winds up costing you a lot of money. Why is this going to happen? You already know the answer. Sometimes you make sound decisions, but you just get unlucky when something happens that you could not have reasonably anticipated. At other times (and painful...
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