...Accessibility Theory Accessibility Theory is a model of attitude and behavior of relations. In the Accessibility Theory attitudes will predict behavior if they can be activated from memory at a time of decision. In order for this to transpire, the attitude must come spontaneously to mind in a memory. Second, the attitude must influence perceptions of an issue or person serving as a “filter” through which the object is viewed. (Fazio & Roskos –Ewoldsen, 1994 P. 85) Accessibility Theory complements the Reasoned Action Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior approach because people carefully consider the consequence of behaving in a particular manner and weigh out the pros and cons of situation. When all else fails the decision is based more on spontaneity, channeling a thought or memory. The decisions however can also be based on how accessible attitudes are and how likely objects, good or bad can capture the attention of a person. Research supports these propositions (Krays, 1995) because studies found that individuals who were in touch with favorable attitudes toward a certain topic or product were more inclined to select or choose those with less accessible attitudes. Attitudes play a very important role because they range from strong attitudes to weak attitudes. When a person has a strong attitude toward something most likely the persons mind is made up and set in his or her ways. Vice versa with a weaker attitude which is more susceptible to change....
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...How I understood everything on the choice theories and how they relate to crime is it is not the matter the subjective theory that everyone considers. It’s every theory. In every theory can be turn into a crime. It is just depends on how you look in between the lines to see it. Most people don’t see it. I do agree with the criminology theory. But it what other factors can be included to determine the subjective view of choice from media, history, rational involvements. There is always evidence to prove these things but it determines how you look for them. Take the school for example in the media. There have been lots of school shootings over the nation. But conclusively what has been the driven point to lead to them. That’s where the evidence has to come in to play. Which local law enforcement has to piece together from the person who has done it? To the prior evidence before it was done. Such as the question why. Was that person harassed, bullied, etc? Which in my point of view it’s a theory and a puzzle to put together to determine the correct facts to piece it all together. Which determines truth and false. But in every theory in every type of work and in science has to be developed of evidence for it to be considered workable and true. But takes special people to look in between those lines to make it real in reality to get the correct...
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...Business Theory The foundation of business theory has been, and always will be, a consistently evolving process for as long as the exchange process is around. Since the early stages of mercantilism, in the seventeenth century, business theories began to shape the daily operations of ventures. However, it should be clearly understood that a theory does not provide a definite solution to success. Instead, theories are merely “a set of assumptions, propositions, or accepted facts that attempts to provide a plausible or rational explanation of cause-and-effect relationship among a group of observed phenomenon.” These ‘acceptable facts’ will in turn shape a business’s goals to obtain success within their respective industry. Writer, and business theorist himself, Riad Ajami explains, “Theories of trade have evolved over time, beginning with the emergence of strong nation-states and the organization for systematic exchanges of goods among these nations”. (Ajami, 48) Throughout this document, six business environments (domestic, global, technological, political-legal, sociocultural, and economic) will be explored, in regards to how these environments affect the ongoing evolution of future business theories. Business theorists have changed the way people do business, not only from a domestic standpoint, but on a global level as well. The domestic and global environments are primarily based on demand conditions. ‘Conditions’ of a business theory can in turn be used in a business’s...
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...Participation: A theoretical context Introduction Theories of community participation have received considerable academic attention particularly since the early 1990’s but have been a source of debate since at least the 1960s. This paper is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the most prominent theories which have been put forward as a means of understanding and appraising participation structures and practices. It has been prepared in order to provide a theoretical context within which the appropriateness of different approaches to community participation in rural transport in Wiltshire can be assessed. The note begins by providing a simple definition of participation. Two of the more prominent frameworks for community participation are then summarised and explored. In recognition that such frameworks represent simplifications of a far more complex reality, a number of these complexities are then explored, namely: • dimensions of power; • issues of process and capacity; and • the nature of ‘community’. The note concludes by describing an evaluation tool for community participation, which has sought to address many of these complexities. 1. A definition of participation For the purposes of this note a useful definition of public or community participation is that adopted by Stoker (1997) for ‘political participation’ (following Parry et al, 1992): members of the public ‘taking part in any of the processes of formulation, passage and implementation of public...
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...development of criminal behavior; (3) mechanisms by which social context and individual development interact to explain crime. Because this is an edited book, the chapters are written by different authors who focus on specific questions. M. Bunge presents the limitations of holistic and individualist perspectives on crime and the benefits of a systemic (i.e. integrative) perspective. R. J. Sampson discusses whether there are contextual effects on individual development; and what causal mechanisms are involved in order to explain community variations in crime rates. P. O. H. Wikström emphasizes the importance of identifying what moves individuals to commit acts of crime when investigating explanations of individual differences in crime involvement, area and place variation in crimes rates, and changes over time in the crime rate of a geographical location. T. Moffitt and A. Caspi review studies using behavioral-genetic designs to address the interplay between measured environmental risks and genetic risks in the origins of antisocial behavior: evidence about gene-environment interactions suggests that environmental risks can affect some people more strongly in genetically vulnerable segments of the population. R. Loeber, N. W. Slot, and M. Stouthamer-Loeber uses unconventional three-dimensional visual representations to display developmental pathways from minor to serious delinquent behavior; developmentally graded cumulative onset of risk factors; dose-response relationships between...
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...Recently we have seen a significant change in study behavior of today’s Flemish students (Belgium) of higher education. In exam periods, more and more students are looking for social environments to study alongside each other. Public places such as libraries, study landscapes, student restaurants are receiving large groups of students. Looking on the broad research literature related to this phenomenon we found two lines of theorizing and research that describe the same phenomenon, but could not offer us a satisfying explanation. On the one hand recent studies and projects have used thematic pedagogical concepts, such as student-centeredness, active learning, collaborative group work and technological enhancement to drive design for informal learning spaces to provide students with a common area in which to gather, relax, socialize and work together outside classes. The increases use of students studying in these common areas support the success of this redesigning, but not our phenomenon. In Flanders this phenomenon occurs also in old libraries without such innovations. On the other hand, a lot of research focuses on the current generation of students and their relationship to technology. Termed ‘digital natives’ or the ‘Net generation’, these young people are said to have been immersed in technology all their lives, imbuing them with sophisticated technical skills and learning preferences. These characteristics suggest that this Generation would benefit from a more structured...
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...the predictive ability of the theory of planned behavior, issues and anomalies of the theory, and the applicability of the theory in the different field of studies. TPB covers the non-volitional behavior of individuals which cannot be explained by the previous theory of reasoned action. Several studies were conducted to prove the predictive capacity of TPB, particularly in health-related behaviors. TBP has also been applied to the study related to leisure choice, psychology, sociology, business, and information technology. This review would look at the gap in the literature that needs to be focused which will be important part in the proposed framework....
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...price-leadership position and started to lose its customers. In 1991, the £4.5 billion organization had a debt over £1 billion and Asda’s stock price had crashed from over 100 pence to below 30 and had become highly bureaucratic and hierarchical. Archie Norman was offered the position as the chief executive who hired Allan Leighton shortly after. During 1991 – 1997 they turned an organization nearing bankruptcy into a profitable one. In 1999 Walmart bought over Asda for 8 times the price at 1991. How did Norman and Leighton do this? This was achieved by simultaneously integrating Theories E and O effectively they were able to implement a successful approach to the organizational change. Listed below are changes that were made to the respective dimensions using the integration of the Theories O and E to improve both Economic Value and Organizational Development. GOALS Theory E – Increase Share Holder Value Norman’s number one objective was to secure value for the shareholders and on his first day he fired the CFO who was a contributor to ASDA’s disastrous financial policies, he then hired a new CFO to oversee the sale of business that were not the core of ASDA. The spending was halted by imposing a wage freeze on Management and workers. Excess...
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...I. What is a concept? a. A building block of a theory, can be a few of them, b. abstract ideas that cannot be visualized. Such as pain or coping or social support. You can have an idea in your mind of what these are but you cant actually touch any of these. Can you touch social support? You can probably touch a part of your body that may feel some sense of pain but the actual concept itself cannot be touched. c. Tend to be universal which means they apply equally to everything related. d. Concepts tend to be the basic elements of propositions (or statements that result from reason). If you remember geometry they had the proposition they had the “if A equaled B and B equaled C.Does A equal C.” That is the idea of what propositions are and they take concepts and build on them to create these statements to help define whatever we are discussing such as theory, research study. e. Help to integrate unrelated phenomena into a hypothesis which creates research. Critical to have very defined concepts and the concepts needed to be created into hypothesis so that you had something to study. That is critical when we discuss concepts and research i. Phenomenon is any even that can be experiences via senses, it is observable and can be seen. ii. Proposition: closed sentence or statement 1. Like geometry: If A=B and B=C, then A=C 2. Tend to be true or false 3. Content of beliefs and or assertions...
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...Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior The theory of reasoned action (TRA) was developed by Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein in 1975, to examine the relation between attitudes and behavior (Morisky, 2002). The intention to behave a certain way is determined by the persons attitude toward the behavior (Littlejohn, 2011). Later, behaviors appeared to not be completely voluntary and under control. This led to the addition of perceived behavioral control, and the theory got the name “the theory of planned behavior” (TPB). This theory predicts deliberate behavior. It states that only specific attitudes toward a behavior can be expected to predict the behavior. In addition to measuring attitudes toward a behavior, as the theory of reasoned actions...
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...in my seventh period class. Clorissa is a very productive young lady that always makes good grades. She has the highest average in her seventh grade class. Clorissa is very involved in extracurricular activities. She is very passionate about her studies and helping others. Clorissa has been changing over the course of a few weeks. I believe I notice a change but I wasn’t really concerned with the matter because it appeared to be minor. I really started to pay attention quickly. Clorissa’s involvement with school is now beginning to slack. I have noticed that her grades are slipping and her whole demeanor has changed. She is displaying an attitude that is not common for a child of her standards. She has very active parents. It is a little disturbing that she is displaying such negative actions. I have been in contact with her parents. I have inquired about her behavior and its changes. In this study I will use Barbara Coloroso’s Inner Discipline theory. Coloroso’s theory is not punishment (Metu.edu.tr). According to Coloroso, punishment is considered as being adult oriented, shows power, causes anger, resentment, and invites more conflict (metu.edu.tr). Punishment, according to Coloroso, includes, embarrassment, humiliation, isolation, brute force or grounding (metu.edu.tr). Coloroso is not a fan of this. She believes that punishment oversteps discipline in many ways. She believes that rewards should not be given to encourage good behavior. Coloroso says that...
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...The focus of this essay is on the relationship between researchers and external organisations or the practitioners, as I like to present them. While reading trough several articles and books in my field of interest, applying psychology to the work place is not always straightforward. The researchers or the academics are sometimes writing papers for publication but might not be addressing the issues to the people in the external organisations, managers and practitioners and try to solve the problems they are facing. Is there a gap between research and practice? Why is there a gap? What can be done to close this gap and by that make a more productive relationship between researchers and external organisations? The long-standing gap between research and practice in general is a matter of national concern. Why is there a failure in bringing research knowledge successfully into organisations? (Abbott, Walton, Tapia, & Greenwood, 1999) Along with the science-practice gaps identified by Rynes et al. (2002), a number of major changes occurring in the workplace over the last 10 years (e.g., increases in demographic diversity, changes in the nature of work, increases in outsourcing and downsizing, and skill shortages) suggest the need for HR practitioners to learn about new research findings that can assist in improving the management of HR. (Burke, Drasgow, & Edwards, 2004) There are numerous terms that can be used synonymously when talking about work psychology: industrial...
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...Life Span Development and Personality Paper Candace Wiser PSY 300 March 19, 2012 Professor: Kaisa Freeman Life Span Development and Personality During this discovery of a famous person that was in the twentieth century, there are a lot of famous people who did well for the world. First we must know what famous is, famous is “widely known, and honored for achievement” (Merriam-Webster). In this paper we will explore the importance of Marie Curie. We will examine her background, family dynamics, and her influences of heredity and environment psychological development, how her family and support systems have helped to influence her development in growth and adjustment. We will also examine two different theories of personality that best describe Marie, and which theoretical approach best explains Marie’s behaviors and achievements. Marie Curie was born in 1867 in a town called Warsaw in Poland (Jardines, 2011). Marie came from a family that was very small. Her mother died when she was ten years old leaving her to live with her father. When Marie was a teenager she attended a school that was a secret and was called “Floating University” (Jardines, 2011). This school had a secret name that would change regularly for the simple fact of detection by the Russians. The Floating University was a school of physics and natural history. As Marie continued to grow up her father was a science teacher that could not afford to send Marie to college. Marie worked until...
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...Learning Theory Paper Daniel Shelford Wheeling Jesuit University MSN 514-80 Curriculum and Instruction September 17, 2012 Every student in the field of nursing can recall sitting in a classroom, listening to an instructor who was able to vividly bring a concept or theory to the listener. The best of instructors were not born with the knowledge and skill required necessary to make them an admired teacher. Teaching effectively is a learned skill (Bastable, 2008). So if that is the case, let us examine new and rapidly expanding method of instruction utilized in healthcare today. The role of human patient simulation has been expanding throughout the last 10 years. As students moved from the confines of a hospital program and graduated to a college or university setting, the opportunities to experience a hospital environment often does not occur until the second or third year of a nursing program. Yet, the opportunity to practice in a safe and structured environment those skills necessary to become a competent bedside nurse is limited. Nursing instructors are very aware that students do not have ready access to the variety of clinical experiences necessary to all appropriate application of knowledge to skill. Clinical nursing programs must compete with hospital and clinical sites for student placement and many must work extended hours in order to “share” patients. Other negative outcomes come from a hospital patient experience. Some students have the...
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...Hooliganism among Sport Spectators Name XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Professor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Course XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Date XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Hooliganism among Sport Spectators The term hooliganism is not new to anyone who has been keeping in touch with world news, especially concerning sports. The behavior of hooliganism is one that has been existent for a long time, and is very prevalent in the contemporary world. Football matches for instance have always been marred by such developments where the spectators have turned against rival spectators. In this case, the rival spectators are identified as those supporting a rival team. The violence against different team supporters have usually led to the destruction of property, injuries and in some unfortunate events, it has resulted to the loss of lives. These are issues that the world is currently facing. The entire universe has in one way or another experienced such developments especially among the sport spectators. The emergence of football as one of the most watched and supported sport has put it at the very center of hooligan activities. Many hooliganism cases reported today are from soccer matches, where fans find it hard to accept defeat. The fact that so many people today closely follow the sport has made it prominent, with...
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