CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
Related Literature Adhesive is any substance that is capable of holding materials together in a functional manner by surface attachment that resists separation. “Adhesive” as a general term includes cement, mucilage, glue, and paste—terms that are often used interchangeably for any organic material that forms an adhesive bond. Inorganic substances such as portland cement also can be considered adhesives, in the sense that they hold objects such as bricks and beams together through surface attachment, but this article is limited to a discussion of organic adhesives, both natural and synthetic. (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5823/adhesive)
Fish glue is often made by heating the skin or bones of fish in water. It can also be made from part of the fish’s air bladder which, in the case of glue made from sturgeon, is called isinglass. Adhesives made from fish, as well as hide glue made from other animals, were sometimes used in ancient Egypt. They are still used in art, for shoe and furniture repair, and to preserve old manuscripts. Hide glue is typically manufactured from the skin of non-oily fish.
During medieval times in Europe, fish glue was often used to repair animal-based sheets called parchments, which were used for writing. It was also used in painting materials by some artists in China. Paintings and drawings were often coating with fish glue in the 1800s. While the glue by itself is typically brittle, it can be used along with other materials to restore paintings.
Artistic uses for fish glue include its application as a binder, glazing agent, or protective coating for paintings. The substance can also be used for building and repairing wooden antiques, as well as building new products. It doesn’t always hold a piece enough if gravity is pushing on it, so fish glue is sometimes used in combination with other types of glue when securing objects. Some manufacturers produce such glues that can last in a bottle for a couple of years before being used. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fish-glue.htm)
The jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus or A. heterophylla) is a species of tree in the Artocarpus genus of the mulberry family (Moraceae). It is native to parts of Southern and Southeast Asia. It is the national fruit of Bangladesh, (locally called Kathal). The jackfruit tree is believed to be indigenous to the southwestern rain forests of India. It is widely cultivated in the tropical regions of Indian subcontinent, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Jackfruit is also found in East Africa e.g. in Uganda and Mauritius, as well as throughout Brazil and Caribbean nations like Jamaica. It is well suited to tropical lowlands, and its fruit is the largest tree-born fruit, reaching 80 pounds (36 kg) in weight and up to 36 inches (90 cm) long and 20 inches (50 cm) in diameter. The jackfruit tree casts a very dense shade. Heavy side branching usually begins near the ground.
Outside of its countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at Asian food markets, especially in the Philippines. It is also extensively cultivated in the Brazilian coastal region, where it is sold in local markets. It is available canned in sugar syrup, or frozen. Dried jackfruit chips are produced by various manufacturers. In northern Australia, particularly in Darwin, Australia, jackfruit can be found at outdoor produce markets during the dry season. Outside of countries where it is grown, jackfruit can be obtained year-round either canned or dried. It has a ripening season in Asia of late spring to late summer.
All parts of the tree exude sticky white latex when injured. The latex contains resins that may have use in varnishes. The latex also has bacteriolytic value comparable to that of papaya latex. Additionally, the sticky latex is used for trapping birds (birdlime) and for insect traps. The heated latex can be used as glue for mending chinaware (a kind of whiteware known for its high strength and impact resistance and also for low water absorption – all deriving from the high glass content) and pottery and as caulking for boats and buckets. (Elevitch & Manner, 2006)
Flour is a powdery ingredient usually made from grinding wheat, maize, rye, barley or rice. As the main ingredient in bread, it is one of the most common and sought-after ingredients in the world.
White flour, otherwise known as plain flour, contains about 75 percent of the wheat grain, with most of the bran and wheat germ taken out. It is commonly used for cakes, pastries and biscuits. When used in cakes it is combined with a raising agent such as baking powder or bicarbonate of soda. It is also used in quick breads like soda bread, producing a more densely textured loaf. White flour is usually artificially whitened but you can buy an unbleached variety if you prefer which is an off-white color. (www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/flour) Related Studies According to an experimental research entitled “Jackfruit Sap as one of the Additive Components in Making Glue” conducted by Abaño, et al (2010), jackfruit sap can be used in making glue. The materials used were graduated cylinder, weighing scale, stirring rod, empty containers, 25mL hot water, 10g of white flour and 10mL jackfruit sap. The researchers prepared this by first mixing the white flour and the hot water. After stirring the mixture, the jackfruit sap was stirred in. Afterwards, the mixture was put into an air-tight container and kept for a week. After a week, the mixture was hardened; it was softened by mixing it in hot water. The results were that it is dirty white in color and very sticky in terms of its adhesiveness. Even materials that are a little heavier can be held by this glue, not just paper and cardboard. Its odor is also good due to the latex which does not have any smell at all. The difference of this research from the present study is that the researchers will also be using fish scales and fish bones as materials in making the glue. The similarity of this study to the current study is that the team will be using jackfruit sap also called as latex and will be making glue like the past research.
According to an experimental research entitled “The Acceptability of Fish Bone as Candy” conducted by Basco, et al (2010), fish bone can be used in making candy. The materials used were graduated medium sized pan, pastry brush, prepared molds, tape or twist ties, plastic wrap, ¾ cup fishbone, one cup sugar and three tablespoons water. The researchers prepared this by first boiling the fish bones in a pot of boiling water. After boiling for five minutes, the fish were removed, cooled and then dried by putting it inside the oven for five minutes. Meanwhile, the sugar and water are mixed in a pan over medium heat, continually stirring. Any sugar that clung to the sides of the pan are dissolved using a pastry brush dampened with water. Then, the grinded fish bones are added to the sugar solution. Glucose and flavoring is added for better appearance and flavor. After five minutes, the pan is removed from the flame and left to cool for two minutes. The solution is then placed into prepared molds and cooled until it is hard. The candies are placed into plastic and/or cellophane and sealed with twist ties and/or tape. The outcome of the experimental research was that it was very good with an overall rating of 4.25 out of 5. The odor, taste, smoothness, and hardness were scored 4.47, 4.33, 4.2, and 3.9, respectively. The researchers based the results from the answers of different respondents to their questionnaires. The alteration of this research from the present study is that the researchers will be using fish scales and fish bones as well as jackfruit latex. Another is that they will be making glue out of these materials, not candy. The similarity of this study to the current study is that the team will be using fish bones as an ingredient similar to the former investigation.
According to an investigatory project by Mauricio et. al., discarded chicken leg bones can be utilized to make glue.
The researchers made their product using discarded chicken bones, muriatic acid to make the pounding of the bones easier, calamansi which can be used as an alternative if muriatic acid is not available, mortar and pestle, and stockpot where the bones will undergo heating processes. First, they washed the bones and removed leftover meat. Then, they submerged the bones in calamansi/muriatic acid. After 24 hours, the bones were washed again. After that, they boiled some water and put the bones in the pot. The mixture was boiled for 15-20 minutes until the juice of the bones mixed with the water and a thick mixture was attained which will now serve as the glue. The product was now tested by the researchers on seven different materials, namely onion skin paper, common bond paper, oslo paper, cartolina, folder, illustration board and popsicle sticks. According to the results, the bone glue's efficiency decreases through time.
Its efficiency depends on the time it was given left to settle. The less time it was given, the more effective the glue gets.
Both the studies aim to make glue out of commonly discarded materials. However, the past researchers used discarded chicken bones while the present researchers will use discarded fish bones, flour and jackfruit.
According to an investigatory project proposal entitled “The Feasibility of Jackfruit Peeling toWhiteware Plastic Mass”, jackfruit peelings can be used as a binder to whiteware plastic mass.
The materials and equipment used are jackfruit peelings, standard whiteware plastic mass powder, spatula, glass panel, tap water, strainer, graduated cylinder, measuring cups, beaker, rectangular molder, container, blender, weighing scale and analytical balance. The researchers prepared this by first preparing the jackfruit peeling as binder. They first utilized the peelings then grinded it in the blender. After a minute the researchers add water to form a paste from the peeling. To obtain size of the small particles, the researchers placed and stored it in a bottle. After that they stored it in a refrigerator, ready to be used as a binder. For the preparation of the A volcano was formed from the Standard Whiteware Plastic Mass powder. For the treatment using jackfruit pulp as binder, jackfruit pulp will be gradually added to the volcano until the mixture hardens (clay-like state). Same will be done using water only as binder. Treatment A& C will be made earlier than treatment B & D since we are aiming to came up with an aged plastic mass. After the two preparations they test it using two different treatments (water and jackfruit pulp).
The similarities of this research to the present study are that the jackfruit as well as its latex will be used as glue together with fishbone and fish scale. The alteration or difference of this study to the current study is that the jackfruit will be used as glue and not as a binder. Also, its peelings will not be used

Definition of Terms
Adhesive - any substance applied to the surfaces of materials that binds them together and resists separation.
Collagen - the main structural protein of the various connective tissues in animals.
Glue - a substance used to stick things tightly together.
Latex - a milky fluid found in many plants, such as poppies and spurges, which exudes when the plant is cut and coagulates on exposure to the air.
Resin - a sticky flammable organic substance, insoluble in water, exuded by some trees and other plants.
Sap - the fluid, chiefly water with dissolved sugars and mineral salts, which circulates in the vascular system of a plant.
Whiteware - a class of ceramic products that include porcelain, china, pottery, earthenware, stoneware, and vitreous tile, are usually but not necessarily white, and consist typically of clays, feldspar, potter's flint, and whiting.