...Jahangirnagar University Institute of Business Administration Essay On The Standard Supply & Demand Model and The Aggregate Supply & Demand Model Course: BUS 209-Macroeconomics Submitted to: Dr. Shuddhasattwa Rafiq Director and Associate Professor Institute of Business Administration Jahangirnagar University Submitted by: Md. Nahid Alam Class ID: 2368 (21st batch) Institute of Business Administration Jahangirnagar University Date of Submission: 11-06-2013 Essay On The Standard Supply & Demand Model and The Aggregate Supply & Demand Model June 11, 2013 Dr. Shuddhasattwa Rafiq Director and Associate Professor Institute of Business Administration Jahangirnagar University Savar, Dhaka-1342. Subject: Essay Submission. Sir It’s my immense pleasure to submit the essay on “The Standard Supply & Demand Model and The Aggregate Supply & Demand Model” that you have assigned me at the beginning of this semester. Submitting this essay is the partial fulfillment of this particular course. I believe that this essay will help to understand supply and demand, how supply and demand curves derive in microeconomics & macroeconomics and what determines the slopes of supply and demand curves. Thank you for giving the opportunity to prepare this report. It was really a wonderful experience. I hope you find this essay satisfactory. Sincerely, ------------------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Context Name | Page...
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...the difference between Keynesians and monetarists over the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy in the IS-LM framework. Introduction In economics there are two main schools of thought; these schools differ in their belief of what policies are best suited to attain full employment in the economy. Keynesians tend to favour demand side policies and are more prone to intervene in the market and therefore prefer to use fiscal policy whilst monetarists believe adjustments in money supply is more appropriate in stabilising the market ,therefore preferring monetary policy. In this essay I will discuss the views of Keynesians and monetarists regarding the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in controlling aggregate demand through the IS-LM framework. I will first provide a brief description of the curves explaining their formation and what they represent and then I will go on to examine monetary and fiscal policy within the IS-LM framework. Finally, I will examine the views of monetarist and Keynesians regarding the effectiveness of both policies in raising the level of national l income and also consider the extreme cases. IS-LM framework The IS-LM model was initially developed by John Hicks in 1937 but was made popular in 1949 by Hansen in order ‘to provide a framework for analyzing the factors determining the level of aggregate demand’. The IS-LM model is a short run model of the determination of output. It shows the unique combination of income and interest...
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...Is-Lm, Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Part (A) IS-LM, Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Behavioral Equations, Identities, Equilibrium Conditions and List of Exogenous and Endogenous Variable The IS-LM Model is based upon six Behavioral equations, each describing the determinants of one of the macroeconomic variable considered by the model: 1. Consumption 2. Investment 3. Government spending 4. Tax revenue 5. Money demand 6. Money supply The description of the IS-LM model is completed by three key identities that are defining the links between aggregate demand, aggregate supply and the equilibrium level of income. Aggregate demand: Z = C=I=G --------------------------------1 Since firms produce as many goods and services as demanded in the economy, the aggregate supply is written as: Y=Z --------------------------------2 Combination of the equation 1 and 2 gives income identity for a closed economy Y = C + I + G. This states that in equilibrium aggregate income must be equal to aggregate demand. Exogenous variables: G: Government spending T: Tax on income M: Money supply P: Price level (fixed in the short-run) Endogenous variables: Y: Production C: Consumption I: Investments R: Interest rate Behavior Equations Y= C + I + G C= C0 + Cyd Yd –Cr r I= I0 + Ir r G= G TA = TA + Ty Y LM Behavior Equation L=M L=L0 + LyY – Lr r M=M0/P Production Function Y= Aƒ (K,N) Identities...
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...Macroeconomics, 9e - TB1 (Case/Fair/Oster) Chapter 12 Aggregate Demand in the Goods and Money Markets 12.1 Planned Investment and the Interest Rate 1 Multiple Choice 1) The market in which the equilibrium level of aggregate output is determined is the A) labor market. B) bond market. C) money market. D) goods market. Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Planned Investment and the Interest Rate Skill: Conceptual 2) The market in which the equilibrium level of the interest rate is determined is the A) money market. B) goods market. C) labor market. D) services market. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: Planned Investment and the Interest Rate Skill: Conceptual 3) The two links between the goods market and the money market are A) income and the inflation rate. B) the interest rate and the unemployment rate. C) income and the interest rate. D) the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Planned Investment and the Interest Rate Skill: Conceptual AACSB: Reflective Thinking 4) Which of the following is determined in the goods market? A) the equilibrium interest rate B) money demand C) income D) money supply Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Planned...
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...decreasing UK government’s R&D expenditures with IS-LM and AS-AD models. First of all we will explain the effect of decreasing UK government’s R&D expenditures with IS-LM model. IS-LM curve is a macroeconomic model that graphically represents two intersecting curves. It focuses short run relationship between output and interest rate in the goods and financial markets. The IS curve is downward sloping and LM curve is upward sloping. If government decreases the spendings IS curve shifts left. Both output and interest rates decrease in the economy. LM curve doesn’t shift. If we look which way the investment change in the short run, it has different dimensions. Initially when government expenditures decreases cause decrease in output or income. So it can reduce the investment. In the second place decreasing government expenditures may lead to decrease in interest rates. Lower interest rates would make borrowing cheaper and should encourage firms or governments to invest. That’s why investment may increase. In our case we have seen that decreasing UK Government’s R&D expenditures cause both government and business investment fell. In summary according to the news about decreasing UK’s R&D spendings has negative effect in British economy. Secondly we will express the impact of UK Government’s decreasing spendings of R&D which is a government expenditure with AS-AD model. The AD–AS(aggregate demand–aggregate supply model) which is based on the Keynes’s economy theory...
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...increase in the money supply shifts the LM curve to the right in the short run. This moves the economy from point A to point B in the figure: the interest rate falls from r1 to r2, and output rises from Y to Y2. The increase in output occurs because the lower interest rate stimulates investment, which increases output. Since the level of output is now above its long-run level, prices begin to rise. A rising price level lowers real balances, which raises the interest rate. As indicated in the figure, the LM curve shifts back to the left. Prices continue to rise until the economy returns to its original position at point A. The interest rate returns to r1, and investment returns to its original level. Thus, in the long run, there is no impact on real variables from an increase in the money supply b) An increase in government purchases. An increase in government purchases shifts the IS curve to the right, and the economy moves from point A to point B, as shown in the figure below. In the short run, output increases from Y to Y2, and the interest rate increases from r1 to r2. The increase in the interest rate reduces investment and “crowds out” part of the expansionary effect of the increase in government purchases. Initially, the LM curve is not affected because government spending does not enter the LM equation. After the increase, output is above its long-run equilibrium level, so prices begin to rise. The rise in prices reduces real balances, which shifts the LM curve to the left...
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...9/19/2012 A Tour of the World A Tour of The World A Tour of The World Chapter 1: A Tour of the World CHAPTER 1 Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Macroeconomics, 5/e • Olivier Blanchard 1-1 The United States Table 1-1 1996–2006 (average) 2006 2007 2008 3.1% 3.4% 3.3% 2.1% 2.5% Output growth rate Unemployment rate 6.2 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.8 Inflation rate The unemployment rate 4.0 2.0 2.9 2.6 2.2 Output growth rate: annual rate of growth of output (GDP). Unemployment rate: average over the year. Inflation rate: annual rate of change of the price level (GDP deflator). 3 of 18 Chapter 1: A Tour of the World The inflation rate The period 1996-2006 was one of the best decades in recent memory: The average rate of growth was 3.4% per year. The average unemployment rate was 5.0%. The average inflation rate was 2.0%. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Macroeconomics, 5/e • Olivier Blanchard 1-1 The United States 4 of 18 1-1 The United States Has the United States Entered a New Economy? Should We Worry About the U.S. Trade Deficit? Figure 1 - 2 Figure 1 - 3 Rate of Growth of Output per Hour in the United States Since 1960. The U.S.Trade Deficit Since 1990 The trade deficit increased from about 1% of output in 1990 to about 6% of output...
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...organizational culture appropriability construct DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples The values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization. Organizational culture includes an organization's expectations, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the outside world, and future expectations. It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, and written and unwritten rules that have been developed over time and are considered valid. Also called corporate culture, it's shown in (1) the ways the organization conducts its business, treats its employees, customers, and the wider community, (2) the extent to which freedom is allowed in decision making, developing new ideas, and personal expression, (3) how power and information flow through its hierarchy, and (4) how committed employees are towards collective objectives. It affects the organization's productivity and performance, and provides guidelines on customer care and service, product quality and safety, attendance and punctuality, and concern for the environment. It also extends to production-methods, marketing and advertising practices, and to new product creation. Organizational culture is unique for every organization and one of the hardest things to change Organizational culture is the collective behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the...
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...in their belief of what policies are best suited to attain full employment in the economy. Keynesians tend to favour demand side policies and are more prone to intervene in the market and therefore prefer to use fiscal policy whilst monetarists believe adjustments in money supply is more appropriate in stabilising the market ,therefore preferring monetary policy. In this question I will discuss the views of Keynesians and monetarists regarding the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in controlling aggregate demand through the IS-LM framework. I will first provide a brief description of the curves explaining their formation and what they represent and then I will go on to examine monetary and fiscal policy within the IS-LM framework. Finally, I will examine the views of monetarist and Keynesians regarding the effectiveness of both policies in raising the level of national l income and also consider the extreme cases. The IS-LM model was initially developed by John Hicks in 1937 but was made popular in 1949 by Hansen in order ‘to provide a framework for analysing the factors determining the level of aggregate demand’. The IS-LM model is a short run model of the determination of output. It shows the unique combination of income and interest rates that lead to an equilibrium in both the goods and money market at the same time (Begg, 2008). The IS-LM model is presented on the diagram below. The IS (Investment and saving) curve represents all equilibriums for which total...
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...| uroosaj@gmail.com | Tutorial timings and days | Thursday 12:45-13:45 | About the course. This course will teach students the basic tools of microeconomics and macroeconomics issues such as price determination, supply and demand, consumer behavior, costs of production and market structures growth, inflation, unemployment, interest rates, exchange rates, technological progress, budget and trade deficits. The course will provide a unified framework to address these issues and to study the impact of different policies, such as monetary and fiscal policies, on the aggregate behavior of individuals. Evaluation of Student Performance: | Weightage in grade | Hourlies | 30% (15% of each hourly) | Final exam | 30% | Assignments/presentations/quizzes | 25% | Class Participation | 15% | Total | 100 | Description of each component: * The term exams (hourlies) and final exam will be conducted as per the rules set by IBA. There will be no makeup exams, unless instructed. All IBA rules of examination apply to undertaking the exam * Assignments will be split in class assignments and home assignments. Class assignments must be handed over to the instructor at the end of the class (unless otherwise). Home assignments must be submitted on the LMS before the start of the class. No late submissions in the case of home assignment is allowed, under any circumstances. * At the start of the 3rd class, all students must have formed groups of 3. They must inform the...
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...overall price level are determined. These economy-wide variables are based on the interaction of many households and many firms; therefore, microeconomics forms the basis for macroeconomics. 2. Economists build models as a means of summarizing the relationships among economic variables. Models are useful because they abstract from the many details in the economy and allow one to focus on the most important economic connections. 3. A market-clearing model is one in which prices adjust to equilibrate supply and demand. Market-clearing models are useful in situations where prices are flexible. Yet in many situations, flexible prices may not be a realistic assumption. For example, labor contracts often set wages for up to three years. Or, firms such as magazine publishers change their prices only every three to four years. Most macroeconomists believe that price flexibility is a reasonable assumption for studying long-run issues. Over the long run, prices respond to changes in demand or supply, even though in the short run they may be slow to adjust. Problems and Applications 1. The many recent macroeconomic issues that have been in the news lately (early 2002) include the...
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...In has been almost three years since the global financial crisis that started in the United States which was due to housing subprime lending, meaning that loans were being made to people who had difficulty maintaining the repayments on schedule. According to Bernanke (2009:01), “the proximate cause of the crisis was the turn of the housing cycle in the Untied States and the associated rise in the delinquencies on the subprime mortgages, which imposed substantial losses on many financial institutions and shook investor confidence in the credit market”. What happened was that the housing crisis began because too many people made loans and ended up being unable to pay off their mortgage payments because the banks had trick them into believing they could pay back their mortgage even though they were high rise candidates. “Home loans were created with adjustable rates and promises to hold off payments for two years, giving consumers false hopes that their homes would more affordable in the future. When the future came, those people were unable to make payments and foreclosures spread across the country like a wildfire” writes Munday (2010:01). Meaning that the average US family only owned a small percentage of their home while the banks owned the majority the banks realized they were losing money by selling the houses for less than their mortgage price since house prices were dramatically down, they then foreclosed. What followed was an escalating foreclosure rate panic and many banks...
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...|CONTENTS | |THEORY COURSE: | |Title sheet [Program, Course Code - Course Name, Credit Structures, Pre-Requisite and Co-Requisite, Instructor’s Web-Link | |Address (Moodle), Name of Instructor, Division, and School] | |Official Time Table of the course | |Approved course syllabus signed by Instructor & Program chair | |Objective and Outcome Mapping | |Lesson Plan | |Assessment Scheme and Schedule | |Model Question Paper (Semester End Examination (SEE)) | |Lectures Slides, Tutorials and other Learning Resource provided (See Annexure 1) | |Assignments / Course Projects ...
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...Why do some countries have high rates of inflation while others maintain stable prices? Why do all countries experience recessions and depressions—recurrent periods of falling incomes and rising unemployment—and how can government policy reduce the frequency and severity of these episodes? Macroeconomics, the study of the economy as a whole, attempts to answer these and many related questions. To appreciate the importance of macroeconomics, you need only read the newspaper or listen to the news. Every day you can see headlines such as INCOME GROWTH SLOWS, FED MOVES TO COMBAT INFLATION, or STOCKS FALL AMID RECESSION FEARS. Although these macroeconomic events may seem abstract, they touch all of our lives. Business executives forecasting the demand for their products must guess how fast consumers’ incomes will grow. Senior citizens living on fixed incomes wonder how fast prices will rise. Recent college graduates looking for jobs hope that the economy will boom and that firms will be hiring. Because the state of the economy affects everyone, macroeconomic issues play a central role in political debate.Voters are aware of how the economy is doing, and they know that government policy can affect the economy in powerful ways.As a result, the popularity of the incumbent president rises when the economy is doing well and falls when it is doing...
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...PRE-TEST – ANSWER KEY Econ 361, 1st Hourly Prof. Khan Mohabbat 1. The broadest measure of the aggregate price level is the a) GDP deflator.* b) consumer price index. c) producer price index. d) d. gross domestic product. 2. If the value of a price index was 125 for 2005 and 75 for 1982, and GDP was 2500 in 2005 compared to 600 in 1982, the value of real 2005 GDP in terms of 1982 prices is a) 1500.* b) 1000. c) 2500. d) 360. 3. The index that measures the change in price of a typical basket of consumer goods is a) the GDP deflator. b) the consumer price index.* c) nominal GDP. d) real GDP. 4. Personal income equals personal disposable income plus a) payroll taxes. b) transfer payments. c) dividend payments. d) personal saving. e) personal taxes.* 5. If real GDP exceeds potential GDP, this means that a) output is below the level produced at the benchmark rate for high employment and high rate of resource utilization. b) this cannot occur; the economy can never be at a point where real GDP exceeds potential GDP. c) cyclical output is above what the economy can sustain in the long-run.* d) the economy is expanding. 6. In the base year, the relationship between nominal and real GDP is a) uncertain. b) one of equality.* c) real GDP is higher. d) nominal GDP is higher. 1 7. Gross domestic product includes a) all intermediate and final goods and services produced. b) the current production of final goods and services with a country’s borders.* c) exchanges of assets. d) the...
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