...fight for this idea to go through is the AMA (American Medical Association). To justify their actions, they mention that the ethical issues behind the sale of organs favor the idea. This motivates them in fighting for laws restricting such sale of organs to be legal. The sale of organs is normally favored by two arguments. The first argument is the notion that the owner of the organ has every right to do as he/she wishes with their body parts. Secondly, there is a big shortage in the number of organs ready for transplant that has even led to radical measures being put in place to ensure that more organs for donations are present. Whether the organs would be sold, there is justification due to the high shortage being experienced. Arguments that are against the sale of organs are normally thrown back and forth. Nevertheless there are two clear arguments that reflect on the above arguments that have been mentioned. The first argument is the fact that selling organs eventually leads to commoditization of the bodies. The second argument that is not in favor of the sale of organs is that this would lead to a situation where the rich take advantage of the poor individuals i.e. the poor individuals are exploited in order for the rich to benefit. The idea of commoditization doesn’t really make a lot of sense. The fact that you are the “sole owner” of your body generally means that you have full control over it and hence you are free to do as you please....
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...Personal Dilemma Jameka Esters CJA/324 November 25, 2014 Professor Martinque Parker Title of Paper Personal Dilemma Paper An ethical dilemma is a dispute between two moral principles. The two sides can debate about what is right and what is wrong. Moral and ethical dilemmas can arise in many forms and for different reasons. How these dilemmas are managed determines the results. Personal moral dilemmas occur when an individual must make a decision and the options to make that decision are equally unpleasant. The dilemma is to choose one of the options however, neither is something you want to choose. Past experience may assist you in solving the dilemma or you may need to gather more information to make a sound decision. Ethical dilemmas in society are encountered daily by many. The news feeds, newspapers, and television are full of ethical dilemmas. These reports may be about an actor or actress, rock stars, or politicians. Rarely does one find reports on ethical dilemmas of other types. I have chosen to discuss the ethical dilemma about selling and buying organs on the black market. Nature of the Dilemma Since organ transplants started occurring on a regular basis there has been a shortage for these organs. A transplant recipient can spend years waiting for the right donor and the right organ. Castillo (2014), “The United States government estimates 18 people die each day waiting for a transplant, and every 10 minutes someone is added to the...
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...is that a new policy was proposed to allow sale of organs by consenting individuals to patients in need and to medical institutions. When it comes to the subject of human organs, there are a few ethical standards to consider. There are religious standards, social norms, ethical code, morals, and policies in which we should follow. Critics argue that permitting organs to be bought and sold is unethical. Meaning that to commercialize organs transplants would violate an ethical code and social norm. During my research I’ve found many pros and cons concerning the commercialization of Organ Transplants. One of the pros would be that it shortens the waiting time for those in need of transplants. For example, if you have been on a waiting list to receive a kidney and there are more donated organs you will receive one quicker to save your life. Another pro for commercializing organ transplants are an individual’s rights to have the freedom to do what they wish with their body organs. Some people might equate this example to abortion stating that the government shouldn’t be able to tell you what to do with your body. During NOTA (National Organ Transplant) act of 1984 “one commentator has argued that the "very existence of a law forbidding alienation of organs paradoxically portrays the human body as 'an article of commerce' that lies within the purview of Congressional power and would otherwise be subject to sale on the market."(Gwen, Mayes) There are some more pros to these organ transplants...
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...Doug Ventura April 22, 2012 PHL 215 Mia Rowland Paper One A recent proposal to eliminate the ban of selling kidneys so that college students can pay for college has sparked much debate on the ethics of human rights and morality. The question is whether or not selling body parts for money is moral. I will be discussing how Utilitarianism, Kant’s Theory, and Negative Natural Rights theory determine morality and whether each theory deems the proposal as a moral act or not. The first theory we can use in deciding if selling kidneys for tuition is ethical is Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism determines morality by saying an act is moral if it creates the greatest overall utility. This means it will require that we sacrifice our own pleasure and happiness for the greater good. The first step in determining the moral worth of the act is defining the utility. In this situation, financially poor student are selling their kidney to pay the tuition costs to go to school. The groups that are being affected are college students who cannot afford tuition and people who are in desperate need of a kidney. In the UK, “three people die every day in the UK while awaiting kidneys”. There is a clearly a high demand of kidneys. Since utilitarianism looks to produce the greatest overall utility, we need to measure the consequences to determine whether the positive consequences outweigh the negative consequences. The positive consequences are that poor students receive money for their kidneys so...
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...each other. Parts of this code of ethics should be honesty, integrity, fidelity, charity, responsibility. Those ethics should apply both to a person buying something, and a person selling something. If you are an ethical person, you should not have to warn people to beware. A person selling car is morally obligated to inform the purchaser of several things: the value of the car at cost, faithfulness to the client, and be able to answer any questions honestly, without any hold-backs. In a business the ultimate goal is to achieve maximum profits. There are factors affecting at different levels of the business such as finance, technology, labor, and workflow in order to maintain excellence and growth of the company. Business ethics and social responsibility are closely related. Business ethics is one of the dimensions of social responsibility. The company has to respond to what expect the society even if it is not written in the laws. Many companies have strong sense of ethics because nowadays, it is a way to perform in a globalizing economy. Body Shop is an interesting example of how business ethics could become a strategy. In selecting natural ingredients in their products, Body Shop responds to the demand of its customers for instance. Without being ethical, the company would not have been so successful. Business ethics is both a personal and a social responsibility. Individuals have to be ethical in life and...
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...Using Relevant Theories and Examples outline the arguments for and against an organization adopting an ethical approach to management. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the case for and against an organization adopting an ethical approach. This essay will look into the two sides of the argument in depth using relevant theories, examples and case studies. The first part of this essay will look into why an organization adopting an ethical approach to management could ultimately benefit the firm. The essay will look at various strengths that could be achieved by an organization, these theories and ideas will be backed up with possible case studies and real life examples. The second part of this essay will look at the case against a firm adopting an ethical approach to management. Again various reasons will be analyzed and will be backed up using relevant theories, case studies and real life examples. After looking at both sides of the argument this essay hopes to come to a conclusion perhaps suggesting that it would be important for organizations to act ethically to a certain extent. Before going into the first side of the argument it will be important to define what is meant by an ‘ethical approach to management’, so this section of the essay will compare and contrast various definitions. One definition suggests that ‘ethics are the moral principles that should underpin decision-making. A decision made on ethics might reject the most profitable solution...
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...Organic body lotions Determine and discuss a pricing strategy (Penetration or Skimming). Imagine how many people in the world today are actively seeking organic body lotions. Especially when you can get it for $12 in an 8 fl.oz jar. Penetration pricing is a strategy employed by businesses introducing new goods or services into the marketplace. With this policy, the initial price of the good or service is set relatively low in hopes of "penetrating" into the marketplace quickly and securing significant market share. This pricing approach often is used for products that are of good quality, but do not stand out as greatly better than competing products. This would be the best pricing strategy for the organic body lotions because a penetration pricing strategy tries to sell the whole market at one low price. Such an approach might be wise when the 'elite' market—those willing to pay a high price—is small. This is the case when the whole demand curve for the product is fairly elastic. A penetration policy is even more attractive if selling larger quantities results in lower costs because of economies of scale. Penetration pricing may be wise if the company expects strong competition very soon after introduction. Once the product has secured a desired market share, its producers can then review business conditions and decide whether to gradually increase the price. Determine and discuss pricing tactics (Product line pricing, Value pricing, Differential pricing, or Competing against...
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...(Schicktanz, and Chair in Bioethics (Ḥefah), 2013). Since its last amendment in 1989, there have been tremendous developments in medical science. Presently, organ transplants are nearly routine operations in various hospitals. Commercializing human part for transplantation has also seen an increase in demand for sperms, hair, plasma, eggs, among others. Even so, there are arguments for and against the commercialization of human organs such as marrow, kidney, and sundry, with both sides of the arguments facing criticism. It is imperative to investigate ethical aspects regarding commercialization of human organs. To reach a conclusion on whether it is ethical or unethical, this paper summarizes both sides of the argument and later presents a moral argument and rationale for commercialization of transplants. Without commercialization, there would be few potential donors willing to give out their organs to a dying patient who needs the specific organ urgently, which is contrary to human dignity. This is the moral argument in this report. Arguments for commercialization In 2009, a group of cancer patients, bone-marrow donation advocates, and parents filled a lawsuit against the US government. The federal law had banned buying and selling of human organs. One of the parents had three daughters suffering from a blood disorder called Fanconi anemia, whose treatment was bone-marrow transplant. In their argument, the plaintiffs maintained that many patients would die waiting from ailments...
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...Lagos AWOLUYI ADEKUNLE Matric Number: 201403007 Introduction The source of cost management ethical problems in any organization can be one or more of the following; 1. 2. 3. 4. Organisation’s management expectation Vs. professional ethics Personal desire for recognition / and promotion within the company Strife for quick money or cash Personal commitment or colleagues commitments In view of this, certain steps are required to be taken to ensure that strict adherence to business ethics is promoted within every organization. Several professional bodies have tried to ensure that best ethical practices are promoted and impunity punished. Take for instance the issue surrounding the stigma surrounding Cadbury Nigeria Plc in 2006. The organization posted profits not earned and the audit firm was also found culpable in the process. The company’s CEO was sanctioned by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN), being a chartered accountant himself, and the Audit firm was also sanctioned by the same body. All of this was done to promote high level of ethical standards amongst professionals and ultimately within organisations. The Institute Management of Accounts (IMA), USA developed four basic principles required by its members to maintain ethical standards. They are; Confidentiality Integrity Competence Credibility Ethical Behaviour 1. Competence – Every member of the institute is expected to develop and improve himself...
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...Should Organ Market be legalized? Many people die each year while waiting on the list for an organ. The National Organ Transplant Act was founded to address the organ donation shortage and improve the organ matching. The National Organ Transplant Act is responsible for the placement process and the managing of the waitlist. But in title three section one of the National Organ Transplant Act the federal government bans the buying and selling of organs in the United States. The growth in population and the decrease in organ donation has resulted in organs deficit. There is a growing supply and demand gap in the United States. The non-legalization of organ markets goes against the concept of choice and individual rights which is part of the foundation of the United States. The body is a private property and people should have the right to do as they please with their body. By having an organ market there will be many economic and personal benefits. Some arguments that are proposed by people against the organ market are that the legalization of the sale of human organs would create a black market. A black market that might increase crime in the illegal pursuit of organs. It is also believed that organ market will result in many negative externalities; a negative externality is a cost that is suffered by a third party that was not included in the original plans. An example of a negative externality that would arise from the legalization of organ market would be an increasing child...
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...Ethical Issues Affecting Each Component of the Marketing Mix Ethical issues in businesses among other related issues like conflicts or success revolves around relationships. In today’s business world, it has become inevitable to built strong and effectives between all the key players in businesses (Carroll et al 403). The board of directors in every business has the mandate of giving direction and oversight making sure that the business does not stray from its course and remains relevant in achieving its objectives in a socially acceptable, legally acceptable and ethical manner. In many instances of unethical business conduct, there exists a certain degree of compliancy and knowing corporation which acts to perpetuate the acceptance of such conduct. Importantly, most ethical issues come into existence due to conflicts in belief patterns and value conflicts regarding what is wrong or what is right. This occurs because ethical standards are a derivative of deeply-rooted personal believes and societal morals which may not be universally agreed upon. The elements of the marketing mix are important aspects of the business which can be evaluated in the light of ethical issues. Marketing mix encompasses all the major areas of decision making affecting the marketing process and when carefully blended, desirable results for the organization are obtained. As marketing managers make decisions about the overall process of marketing, they have to consider the specific elements...
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...CSR by using The Body Shop as the main focus of the report. The Body Shop was regarded as one among the first companies in the cosmetic industry to publish a report on its social responsibility commitment. The Body Shop has been using Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) successfully established itself as leader in the arena of social responsibility, and increasing awareness of its name and product ranges. One of the company strategies is providing extensive programs aimed at educating its consumers about corporate actions and using Anita’s philosophy related to the Environment, Human and Animal rights and Fair Trading program for the selling point. The Body Shop went through the tough time later with the criticisms from the activist groups campaigning for consumer to ban The Body Shop. As these activist group accused the company of misleading the information and abusing the CSR for the benefits of the company. 1. The Body Shop History The Body Shop was founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick, selling natural soap and lotion products, in Brighton, UK (Van, Nijhof and Jeurissen, 2009), She was inspired to set up the shop after seeing a store called ‘The Body Shop’ in Berkeley, California, USA, that sold cosmetic like shampoos, lotions and body creams (Purkayastha, 2006). Also, having worked as a United Nations researcher in the 1960s, Anita was aware that men and women in Africa, Asia and Australia used locally grown plant extracts to care for their bodies (Van, Nijhof and...
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...the Product in Foreign Market 6 Major Environmental Facts and Trends 7 Application of Marketing Mix 8 India and International Ethical Marketing 9 Conclusion 9 References 11 Introduction Here, within this paper, I would like to consider the marketing strategies and selling opportunities for a new product in Indian market. This product is ‘sports apparel’ that comes from a well-known United States branded Company i.e. Skechers which sells millions of pieces in a year and have more than 100 outlets retail shops in United States and now, Company has decided to move in foreign market and want to expand more with India where policies and regulations are fair with United States Companies business, Roland T. Rust, Katherine N. Lemon, Valarie A. Zeithaml (2004). Considering thesis for this paper, I can say, in today’s global concerns, people are much concerned with their health and giving few minutes of their day in sports; however, it could be any physical work which they are doing in areas of sports while they like to get involve more in sport activities and want to feel comfort, prefer sports apparel. Hence, it’s a good idea to sell ‘sport apparel’. Now, in India, I can say, yes, definitely, because in India, people are more concerned about health and take sport as more important part of their daily lifestyle; and can’t resist the facts, they like to wear sports apparel while involve in sport activities. So, there...
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...been said that sales ethics is an oxymoron. In this paper, this topic will be discussed. First, what is an oxymoron? It can be explained as the bringing together of two apparently contradictory concepts such as 'a great defeat' or 'humiliating honor'. From this topic, it is saying that sales ethics is an oxymoron which indicates that there is no ethic in sales. It is suggesting that sales are in some degree unethical. For example, it may believe that ales or business is integrally harmful. Or we can say it is at best amoral and it is beyond the normal moral considerations. In order to better discuss the statement of the question, it is necessary for us to define the meaning 'sales ethics'. Sales or business ethics is the application of ethical values to business behaviour or sales function. When the first trade happened the argument of sales ethics (business ethics) has had drown a great attention (i.e. the Code of Hammurabi, created nearly 4,000 years ago, records that Mesopotamian rulers attempted to create honest prices. In the fourth century BCE, Aristotle discussed the vices and virtues of tradesmen and merchants. The Old Testament and the Jewish Talmud discuss the proper way to conduct business and even includes topics such as fraud, theft, misleading advertisements, environmental issues and just prices. ) Throughout the history of commerce to today, the issues of business ethics is a continuous source of debate as it moves through stages of development undertaken by politicians...
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...blood were to develop, ability to pay would determine who could buy blood, while economic need would determine who would be motivated to sell their blood. The very wealthy would end up buyers of the blood being sold by the very poor. A market in blood would thus benefit the wealthy while putting pressures on the poor to endanger their own health. Such an unequal distribution of health benefits and burdens would be unjust. (Brock and Wikler, 2006) Moreover, individuals have a right to live their lives with freedom and dignity. A market in blood would inevitably lead to abuses that would violate the freedom and dignity of individuals. Allowing blood to be bought and sold would lead to what one critic called the "plundering of peasants' parts for profits", the exploitation of the poor and ignorant, especially in impoverished third-world countries. People living in extreme poverty are often desperate and ill-informed. Profit seekers would take advantage of this, obtaining "consent" from those who feel compelled by necessity to sell their blood, and who may not have a clear idea of the consequences of what they were doing. Such a scheme would encourage the most vulnerable in society to treat themselves as commodities and allow others to violate their rights for commercial gain. (Andre and Velasquez, 2014)...
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