Chapter 1

R3. Why are standards important for protocols?

Standards are important because everyone should have a strong foundation on what and how each protocol operates so that people can create systems and products that can be integrated with each other.

R4. List six access technologies. Classify each one as home access, enterprise access, or wide-area wireless access.

Six access technologies are:

Ethernet Access Networks – Home Access/Enterprise Access
WiFi Access Networks – Home Access/Enterprise Access
Broadband Access – Home Access
3G Wireless Access – Wide-area Wireless Access
LTE Access – Wide-area Wireless Access
4G Access Networks – Wide-area Wireless Access

R18. How long does it take a packet of length 1,000 bytes to propagate over a link of distance 2,500 km, propagation speed 2.5 · 108 m/s, and transmission rate 2 Mbps? More generally, how long does it take a packet of length L to propagate over a link of distance d, propagation speed s, and transmission rate R bps? Does this delay depend on packet length? Does this delay depend on transmission rate?

It would take the packet 10m/s to propagate over the link.

It would take the packet (distance d/propagation speed s) to propagate over a link.

No the delay does not depend on the packet length.

No the delay does not depend on the transmission rate.

Chapter 2
R1. List five nonproprietary Internet applications and the application-layer protocols that they use.

Five nonproprietary Internet applications are:

Web Application: HTTP Protocol
Remote Access Applications: Telnet Protocol
File Transfer Application: FTP Protocol
E-Mail Application: SMTP and
Streaming Multimedia: HTTP