...As a result for the transportation systems expansion and the cities’ growth, the middle-class people were able to come to the surface of living. By the Victorian Age, there were about eighty percent of the British population that were categorized under the middle-class . As for the working class, there were about not less than one female servant under each family’s control . Eventually, the middle-class were created by the development of economy, and there complete appearance continued to cause the economy to complete flourishing. Accordingly, further improvements happened regarding transportation. By 1830, roads in England were built up to reach about twenty two thousand miles all over the country . These roads were designed to link between...
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...Until 1900, civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects, engineers, and master builders themselves, for example Vitruvius (first century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723), Thomas Telford(1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859).[8] It was in the 1950s that organizations started to systematically apply project management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.[9] Henry Gantt (1861–1919), the father of planning and control techniques As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity.[10] Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,[11] who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool (alternatively Harmonogram first proposed by Karol Adamiecki[12]); and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five management functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.[13] Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation. The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern project management era where core engineering fields come together to work as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from...
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...Pilgrimages The definition of a pilgrimage is, a long journey or search, especially one of exalted purpose or moral significance. Usually a religious pilgrimage is one in which the pilgrim seeks to strengthen or expand their faiths and beliefs. The Christian faith has a long tradition of pilgrimage, the most popular destination for English pilgrims before the reformation was Canterbury Cathedral and its shrine to Thomas Beckett, martyred in 1170, and made famous in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. Modern day Christians (particularly Roman Catholics) make pilgrimages to Lourdes, in the belief that the waters are responsible for numerous medical miracles. Of the five million people who visit each year, most are sick or disabled and seeking a cure for their condition. Globally the most well-known pilgrimage is the Muslim Hajj. The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam and is a religious duty of every able bodied Muslim who can afford to travel to Mecca in Saudi Arabia, at least once in his or her lifetime. In contrast to a religious pilgrimage a “modern” pilgrimage is no less of a transformative experience but tends not to have organised religion as its motivation. An example of a modern pilgrimage is, visiting ground zero in New York, the site were the world trade towers stood, which attracted five million visitors, who paid their respects to the dead in 2011, the tenth anniversary of the attacks. It is common to refer to “pilgrimages” to sporting arenas by fans of that team...
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...the third outbreak followed the development of London’s new drinking and sewerage system. Even with a large lower class of London, approximately 24, 956, 603 people in 1814 , the aristocracy, House of Parliament and wealthy members of London society, were the only body who were able to take action to counter the pollution of the River Thames. However, action was not taken until 1858, after the third cholera outbreak. Joseph Bazalgette, the Chief Engineer to the Metropolitan Board of Works, ‘which was London’s first Metropolitan Board between 1850 and 1889’ , was the creator of the new sewerage system built between 1859 to 1865 in London. According to the author, John Doxat, Bazalgette was ‘less remembered than his contemporary, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, [but] this superb and far sighted engineer probably did more good, and saved more lives, than any single Victorian public official’ . In regards to the pollution of the River Thames, the House of Parliament acted only in their own self interest and, due to the discomfort of the members of the House of Parliament, there was a mutual agreement that action must be taken. Bazalgette observed in an interview with the Saturday Journal, that there was even talk of moving Parliament elsewhere . The motivation for funding of Joseph Bazalgette’s new sewerage system shows the essential role that social class played in ending the Great Stink of London. London’s class system was founded upon financial stability and social acceptance. At...
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...backhoes * Eugenio Barsanti (1821–1864) - Early developer of internal combustion engine * Henry Bessemer (1813–1898) - Best known as the creator of the Bessemer Process * Karl Benz (1844–1929) - Generally regarded as the inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile, founder of Mercedes-Benz * Keith Black - American high performance automobile engineer * John Blenkinsop (1783–1831) - Steam locomotive pioneer, developed rack and pinion railway system * Thomas Bouch (1822–1880) - Railway engineer, helped develop the roll-on/roll-off train ferry * Matthew Boulton (1728–1809) - Steam engineer, associate of James Watt * Joseph Bramah (1748–1814) - Hydraulic power pioneer and inventor of the hydraulic press * Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1805–1859) - Design contributions include the Great Western Railway and the SS Great Eastern * William Brunton (1777–1851) - Early steam power pioneer, inventor of the Brunton's Mechanical Traveller * Oliver Bulleid -...
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...COURSEWORK TITLE: INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OF THE VODAFONE GROUP PLC Contents page 1. Introduction 2.Company Background 3.Evaluation of the internal and external environment of the company 4.Analyse the motivation of the company for international expansion 5.Analyze the reasons for operating in a particular region or country 6.Evaluate its market entry strategy in a particularly region or a country 7.Conclusion/recommendation 8.Bibliography 9.Appendix 1. Introduction The aim of this report is to research into the Vodafone group and their entry into the Indian Market. The research was carried out of Vodafone’s history, their existing market strategy, the internal environment of the company and external environment of their home market. Also it has been explained what Vodafone international strategy is and why there is such interest in the emerging market. It is also focused on the reasons that Vodafone chose to enter the India market and why the mode of entry they used was chose a joint venture rather than starting moving to a new country using their existing UK strategy. The following theories and analysis has been used; • Porter five forces • Prahalad and Hamel’s core competencies • SWOT analysis • PEST analysis The sources used to carry out this research include secondary information which is the Vodafone’s annual report, internet resources and also the course Textbook. It then concludes into what kind of problems Vodafone...
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...Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale OM, RRC | | Born | 12 May 1820 Florence, Tuscany | Died | 13 August 1910 (aged 90) Park Lane, London, United Kingdom | Nationality | British | Institutions | Selimiye Barracks, Scutari King's College London[1] | Known for | Pioneering modern nursing | Notable awards | Royal Red Cross (1883) Lady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ) Order of Merit (1907) | Early life Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy. She was the younger of two children. Nightingale's affluent British family belonged to elite social circles. Her mother, Frances Nightingale, hailed from a family of merchants and took pride in socializing with people of prominent social standing. Despite her mother's interest in social climbing, Florence herself was reportedly awkward in social situations. She preferred to avoid being the center of attention whenever possible. Strong-willed, Florence often butted heads with her mother, whom she viewed as overly controlling. Still, like many daughters, she was eager to please her mother. "I think I am got something more good-natured and complying," Florence wrote in her own defense, concerning the mother-daughter relationship. Early life Embley Park, now a school, was one of the family homes of William Nightingale. Young Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia...
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...rCivil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings.[1][2][3] Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering,[4] and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.[5] It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering,geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering,[4] surveying, and construction engineering.[6] Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. ------------------------------------------------- History of the civil engineering profession Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. Until modern times there was...
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...Project management From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Business administration | | * Company * Business * Conglomerate | Business organization * Joint-stock company * Limited liability company * State-owned enterprise * Privately held company | Business entity * Cooperative * Sole proprietorship * Partnership * Corporation | Corporate governance * Annual general meeting * Board of directors * Supervisory board * Advisory board | Corporate titles * Chairman * Chief executive officer (CEO) * Chief financial officer (CFO) * Chief information officer (CIO) * Chief human resources officer (CHRO) * Chief business officer (CBO) * Chief technology officer (CTO) | Economy * Commodity * Public economics * Labour economics * Development economics * International economics * Mixed economy * Planned economy * Econometrics * Environmental economics * Open economy * Market economy * Knowledge economy * Microeconomics * Macroeconomics * Economic development * Economic statistics | Corporate law * Commercial law * Constitutional documents * Contract * Corporate crime * Corporate liability * Insolvency law * International trade law * Mergers and acquisitions | Finance * Financial statement * Insurance * Factoring * Cash conversion cycle * Insider dealing * Capital budgeting * Commercial bank * Derivative * Financial statement analysis...
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...Case study notes This case has been updated to include the Apple iPad. Principally this is case explores the issue of licensing and how successful firms can become unsuccessful. It is not a case about Apple and why it has become successful. This case study explores the rise of the Apple Corporation. The Apple iPod is one of the most successful new product launches in recent years, transforming the way the public listens to music, with huge ramifications for major record labels. More than 50 million MP3 players are expected to be sold in 2005; over a third more than last year. Mobile phones have long been regarded as the most credible challengers to MP3 players and iPods. The launch of digital download services via mobile phones illustrates the dramatic speed of convergence between the telecom and media industries, which many observers expect to usher in a new era of growth for mobile phones. Users are willing to pay more for additional services and many analysts predict that mobile phone handsets will eventually emerge as the dominant technology of the age, combining personal organisers, digital music players and games consoles in a single device. Indeed, Microsoft founder Bill Gates has predicted that mobile phones will supersede the iPod as the favoured way of listening to digital music. The launch of the Apple ipad in 2010 makes this case even more topical. This should form the basis of supplementary questions at the end of the case: How will the iPhone succeed? What about...
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...Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality By the same author Britain – Workshop or Service Centre to the World? The British Hotel and Catering Industry The Business of Hotels (with H. Ingram) Europeans on Holiday Higher Education and Research in Tourism in Western Europe Historical Development of Tourism (with A.J. Burkart) Holiday Surveys Examined The Management of Tourism (with A.J. Burkart eds) Managing Tourism (ed.) A Manual of Hotel Reception (with J.R.S. Beavis) Paying Guests Profile of the Hotel and Catering Industry (with D.W. Airey) Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century (with A. Lockwood eds) Tourism and Productivity Tourism Council of the South Pacific Corporate Plan Tourism Employment in Wales Tourism: Past, Present and Future (with A.J. Burkart) Trends in Tourism: World Experience and England’s Prospects Trends in World Tourism Understanding Tourism Your Manpower (with J. Denton) Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality S. Medlik Third edition OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803 First published 1993 Reprinted (with amendments) 1994 Second edition 1996 Third edition 2003 Copyright © 1993, 1996, 2003, S. Medlik. All rights reserved The right of S. Medlik to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted...
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...Project Management Project and Programme Management Resources for Students Gower have teamed up with a major provider of project management training, ESI International, to bring you a range of project and programme resources to support your learning. Visit www.projectmanagement9.com and: • • • • Download white papers on topics as diverse as the project communication, project leadership, risk management and project troubleshooting. View professional project webinars from some of the leading presenters on project management covering topics such as: risk management, troubled project recovery, portfolio management, business requirements, earned value management, performance-based service contracting. Learn about the qualifications and development available from the PMI, Project Management Institute, the world’s largest non-profit professional association in project management. Link to further resources, professional bodies, news sites and more. These resources are designed to help you develop your learning on project management and start you on the road to professional qualifications or further development, once you have finished your degree or your current qualification. Visit www.projectmanagement9.com Project Management Ninth Edition DENNIS LOCK © Dennis Lock 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise...
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...Philosophy and Design Pieter E. Vermaas • Peter Kroes Andrew Light • Steven A. Moore Philosophy and Design From Engineering to Architecture Pieter E. Vermaas Delft University of Technology Delft the Netherlands Andrew Light University of Washington Seattle USA Peter Kroes Delft University of Technology Delft the Netherlands Steven A. Moore University of Texas Austin USA ISBN 978-1-4020-6590-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-6591-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007937486 © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Contents List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design in Engineering and Architecture: Towards an Integrated Philosophical Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Kroes, Andrew Light, Steven A. Moore, and Pieter E. Vermaas Part I Engineering Design ix 1 Design, Use, and the Physical and Intentional Aspects of Technical Artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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