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Isis

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В те редкие случаи, когда лидер ИГИЛ Абу Бакр аль-Багдади показывался на публике, его антураж напоминал что-то среднее между президентом и воровским авторитетом. «Когда он зашёл, мобильная связь исчезла» — рассказывает 29-летний житель Сирии — он попросил упоминать его в интервью только как Абу Али — мужчина вспоминает тот единственный случай, когда аль-Багдади зашёл в мечеть. «Вооружённая охрана оцепила территорию. Женщин отправили наверх, в женский молебен. Всех предупредили, что фотографировать или снимать на видео ничего нельзя. Ужасно нервная атмосфера».
«Что сделало её (атмосферу более нервной), это когда Багдади наконец появился, одетый в чёрное с ног до головы…Охрана закричала: “Аллах акбар! Аллах акбар!” Всем стало ещё страшнее» — рассказывает Али. «Потом охрана заставила нас присягнуть ему на верность. Даже когда Багдади ушёл, никому из нас не было разрешено покидать мечеть в следующие полчаса».
В своём родном городе Самарра, который находится в Суннитском треугольнике на севере от Багдада, аль-Багдади (настоящее имя — Ибрахим Аввад Ибрахим Али аль-Бадри) вспоминают по-разному. В родном городе его считали «очень тихим человеком», рассказывает бывший сосед, Тарик Хамид. «Он был миролюбив. Ему не нравилось подолгу разговаривать».
Знакомые лидера ИГИЛ, под халифатом которого сейчас контролируется часть Ирака и Сирии, говорят, что аль-Багдади рос старательным, благочестивым и спокойным. Он был интровертом, без большого количества друзей.
Хамид вспоминает его как мальчика на велосипеде, одетого в обычную для Ирака мужскую одежду (диждаша), с маленьким белым головным убором на голове. «У него всегда были религиозные или другие книги в багажнике велосипеда, и я никогда не видел его в брюках или рубашке, в отличии от большинства ребят в Самарре…Жиденькая борода; и он никогда не зависал в кафе. У него был лишь узкий круг знакомых из мечети»
Считается, что Абу Бакр родился в 1971 году в Самарре. Вырос в Аль-Джибриа, районе низшего среднего класса, который находился под контролем племён Альбу Бадри и Альбу Баз. Также эта территория подверглась бомбёжками США после вторжения в 2003 году, в попытке искоренить повстанцев и террористические ячейки.
Семья аль-Багдади не была богатой, но два его дяди работали в охране Саддама Хуссейна. Это означало какой-то статус и связи, что давало определённое почтение или даже страх в обществе. «Он был из бедной, но интеллигентной семьи» — вспоминает Хашем, переводчик, который знал его семью. «Он был очень замкнутый…ходил в мечеть, учился, читал книги, — и всё».
Если верить источникам из ИГИЛ, то вера сыграла большую роль в жизни аль-Багдади. Другой житель Самарры, Йессир Фахми, рассказывает, что большая часть детства аль-Багдади прошла на религиозных занятиях: «Ибрахим, как и большинство членов его семьи, был правоверным мусульманином».
Большинство считает, что после старшей школы, как и большинство молодых людей во времена правления Саддама, он должен был отслужить в иракской армии. За это время его могли научить основам военной тактики и правильному обращению с оружием.
В возрасте 18 лет аль-Багдади впервые поехал в Багдад для учёбы. Некоторые, к примеру Хамид, считают, что он достиг степени профессора в религиозных науках.
Считается, что аль-Багдади помогал в создании террористической группировки «Джаиш Ахль аль сунна валь Джамаа». В 2004 или 2005 – точный год неизвестен, как и вся информация об аль-Багдади – он был взят в плен американскими войсками, предположительно, в ходе проведения масштабной облавы по захвату сообщника иорданского террориста Абу Мусаба аз-Заркави. Аз-Заркави, руководитель иракской ячейки Аль-Каиды, на счету которого были многочисленные подрывы и смерти, был убит войсками США в 2006 году.
После ареста аль-Багдади находился в заключении в тюрьме Кэмп-Букка на севере Ирака, недалеко от города Умм Каср. Он имел связи с террористической группировкой, но не был уличён в совершении террористических актов.
«Должно быть, карьера повстанца была для него хорошей возможностью», — говорит он. Одним из людей, с которыми познакомился аль-Багдади в Кэмп-Букка, был Таха Собхи Фалаха, также известный как Абу Мухаммад аль-Аднани, представитель ИГИЛа.
После освобождения из Кэмп-Букки, аль-Багдади продолжил повстанческую деятельность. В 2006 году зонтичная организация, состоящая из террористических группировок, включая Аль-Каиду, сформировала в Ираке Исламское Государство. В мае 2010 он был назначен лидером данной организации.
Мало известно о личной жизни аль-Багдади, за исключением того, что он «жесток в отношениях и ведёт себя спокойно в жизни». Аль-Багдади часто меняет свое местоположение, пересекая плохо охраняемую границу Ирака и Сирии, и, возможно, живёт либо в Ракке, либо около него. Джияд говорит, что до того, как он вместе с ИГИЛ сбежал в Сирию примерно в 2010 году, аль-Багдади вероятно жил в Багдаде и Мосуле. «Очень мало людей встречались с ним в те дни, а те, кто его видел, одевали маску».
На публике аль-Багдади одевает на лицо шарф и не допускает распространения фотографий или видео с ним, в отличии от лидеров других террористических группировок, включая Аль-Каиду. На старых фотографиях, сделанных в тюрьме в 2004 году, он похож на «амбициозного террориста, а не халифа». аль-Багдади получает удовольствие от своей роли в качестве «главного террориста в мире, наследника Усамы бин Ладена».
Ряд иракских СМИ пишет о гибели вождя ИГ, который погиб от ран, полученных в результате авиаудара по позициям боевиков неподалеку от границы с Сирией. Тяжело раненого Аль-Багдади доставили в город Ракка, где он вскоре скончался. Вместе с ним были ранены трое его помощников. Достоверность смерти Абу Бакра Аль-Багдади пока не подтерждена, ранее The Guardian писала, что он все-таки выжил несмотря на тяжелое ранение. Однако, многие ближневосточные издания пишут сегодня о его смерти.
23 апреля лидеры "Исламского государства" собрались в иракском городе Мосуле, находящемся под контролем экстремистов, и принесли клятву верности новому лидеру Абу Аля Аль-Афри. Настоящее имя его Абдуррахман Мустафа Аль Шейхлар, сообщает информагентство iraqakhbar. com. Присяга была принесена в центральной мечети пригорода Мосула Тальафаре, названной в честь Саддама.
Сообщается, что новый лидер такфиристов ИГ в прошлом был преподавателем физики, кроме этого, он знаком с богословием и работал водителем.
С 2004 Аль-Афри работал на Аль-Каиду, вел в ней иракское направление. Был, как и Аль-Багдади, ранее арестован американцами, но потом отпущен на свободу.

In those rare cases where LIH leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was shown in public, his entourage resembled something between a president and thieves authority. "When he came, mobile communication has disappeared" - says 29-year-old Syrian - he asked to mention it in the interview only as Abu Ali - man remembers the only case in which al-Baghdadi went to the mosque. "The armed guards cordoned off the area. Women were sent upstairs to the women's prayer. Everyone warned that photograph or take video anything. Awfully nervous atmosphere. "
"What made it (the atmosphere more nervous) when Baghdad is finally appeared, dressed in black from head to toe ... Security shouted:" Allahu Akbar! Allahu akbar! "It became even worse" - says Ali. "Then the guards made us swear allegiance to him. Even when Baghdad was gone, none of us were allowed to leave the mosque in the next half hour. "
In his home town of Samarra, which is in the Sunni triangle north of Baghdad, al-Baghdadi (real name - Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali Al-Badri) remember differently. In his native city, he was considered "a very quiet man," says former neighbor, Tariq Hamid. "He was a peace-loving. He did not like to talk for a long time. "
Familiar leader LIH, which is now under the Caliphate controlled part of Iraq and Syria, said that al-Baghdadi grew diligent, pious and calm. He was an introvert, without a lot of friends.
Hamid remembers him as a boy on a bicycle, dressed in ordinary men's clothing for Iraq (dizhdasha), with a small white hat on his head. "He has always been religious and other books in the trunk of the bike, and I never saw him in the pants or shirt, unlike most guys in Samarra ... sparse beard; and he never hung out in cafes. He had only a narrow circle of acquaintances from the mosque "
It is believed that Abu Bakr was born in 1971 in Samarra. He grew up in al-Jibril, the area of the lower middle class, which was under the control of tribes and Badri Albu Albu Baz. Also, the area was subjected to bombing the US after the invasion in 2003, in an attempt to root out insurgents and terrorist cells.
Family al-Baghdadi was not rich, but two of his uncles worked in the protection of Saddam Hussein. This meant some status and respect that afford a certain respect, or even fear in society. "He was from a poor but educated family" - says Hashem, a translator who knew his family. "He was very closed ... go to the mosque, studied, read books - and everything."
If you believe the source of the LIH, faith played a big role in the life of al-Baghdadi. Another resident of Samarra, Yessir Fahmi, said that most of his childhood al-Baghdadi took on religious lessons, "Ibrahim, like most members of his family, was a devout Muslim."
Most people think that after high school, like most of the young people during the reign of Saddam, he had to serve in the Iraqi army. During this time, he could teach the basics of military tactics and proper use of weapons.
At the age of 18 years, al-Baghdadi first went to Baghdad to study. Some, for example, Hamid, believe that it achieved a degree of professor in religious sciences.
It is believed that al-Baghdadi has helped in the creation of a terrorist group "Jaish Ahl al-Sunnah wal Jamaa." In 2004 or 2005 - the exact year is unknown, as well as all the information about al-Baghdadi - he was captured by US troops, presumably, in the course of a large-scale raid to capture an accomplice Jordanian terrorist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Zarqawi, the head of the Iraqi cell of al-Qaeda, on account of which there were numerous explosions and death, was killed by US troops in 2006.
After the arrest of al-Baghdadi was detained in Camp Bucca prison in northern Iraq, near the city of Umm Qasr. He had connections with terrorist groups, but has not been convicted of terrorist acts.
"There must be rebel career was for him a good opportunity," - he says. One of the people with whom he met al-Baghdadi at Camp Bucca was Sobhi Falah Taha, also known as Abu Muhammad al-Adnani representative igil.
After being released from Camp Bucca, al-Baghdadi continued insurgency. In 2006, an umbrella organization composed of terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda, formed the Islamic State in Iraq. In May 2010, he was appointed leader of the organization.
Little is known about the personal life of al-Baghdadi, except that it is "cruel relations and behaves quietly in life." Al-Baghdadi often changes its location, crossing the porous borders of Iraq and Syria, and possibly lives or Raqqa, or near it. Dzhiyad said that before he and LIH fled to Syria in about 2010, al-Baghdadi probably lived in Baghdad and Mosul. "Very few people met him in those days, and those who saw him, wore a mask."
In public, al-Baghdadi wears a scarf on the face and prevents the spread of the photos or video with him, unlike the leaders of other terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda. In old photographs taken in prison in 2004, he looks like a "terrorist ambitious and not the caliph."
Al-Baghdadi enjoys his role as "chief terrorist in the world, the heir of Osama bin Laden."
Several Iraqi media writes about the death of the leader of the IG, who died from wounds received in an air strike on militant positions near the border with Syria. Seriously wounded al-Baghdadi was taken to the town of Raqqa, where he soon died. Along with him were wounded three of his assistants. Reliability death Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi until podterzhdena previously The Guardian wrote that he still survived in spite of the serious injury. However, many Middle Eastern publications write today about his death.
April 23 leaders of the "Islamic State" gathered in the Iraqi city of Mosul, which is under the control of extremists, and took an oath of loyalty to the new leader Abu Ala al-Afri. His real name Mustafa Abdurrahman Al Sheyhlar, reports news iraqakhbar. com. The oath was brought into the central mosque in the suburb of Mosul Talafare named after Saddam.
It is reported that the new leader of the IG takfiristov a former teacher of physics, in addition, he is familiar with theology and worked as a driver.
Since 2004, al-Afri worked for Al-Qaeda, led her to the Iraqi direction. It was, like Al-Baghdadi, previously arrested by the Americans, but later released.

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...Coen Ayres Religion in Pompeii and Herculaneum This response seeks to assess the following quote, “the study of Pompeii (P) and Herculaneum (H) provides us with a wealth of sources-however we are faced with issues regarding their limitations, reliability and usefulness”, in regard to four different levels of religion. Those four levels are household, foreign, local and state. In regard to the statement it can be agreed upon that the first half of the quote is true and that there are a wealth of sources, but the second half of the quote which states that there are issues of limitations, reliability and usefulness in these sources is only semi-true as it depends on the type of religion being discussed. Religion will be examined from the least problematic to the most problematic in regard to wealth of sources, reliability, limitations and usefulness; household religion, foreign religion, local religion and state religion. There is a wealth of sources regarding household religion in P and H and there are no issues regarding their reliability and limitations. One could relate this due to the fact that there has been evidence of most households practicing religion in their homes. The focus of household religion was the worship at a shrine called a lararium. These larariums were often depicted in an architectural style, such as the one found in the house of the Vettii (P) and the house of the Black Salon (H) which both resemble a temple in their style. The larariums could have also...

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The Eqyptian Myth

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...Religion guided every aspect of Egyptian life. Egyptian religion was based on polytheism, which means the worship of many deities, except for during the reign of Akenaton. During the reign of Akenaton, more than 3,000 years of development, Egyptian religion underwent significant changes of emphasis and practice, but in all periods religion had a clear consistency in character and style. The Egyptians had as many as 2000 gods and goddesses. Some, such as Amun, Isis, Osiris, and Horus, were worshipped throughout the whole country, while others had only a local following. There were two essential foci of public religion: the king and the gods. Both are among the most characteristic features of Egyptian civilization. The king had a unique status between humanity and the gods, partook in the world of the gods, and constructed great, religiously motivated funerary monuments for his afterlife. The Egyptian "Book of the Dead" contains the major ideas and beliefs in the ancient Egyptian religion. Because their religion stressed an afterlife, Egyptians devoted much time and wealth to preparing for survival in the next world. Tombs were placed if possible in the desert. Vast resources were expended on creating prestigious burial places for absolute rulers or wealthy officials. Tombs contained elaborate grave goods (mostly plundered soon after deposition), representations of “daily life,” or less commonly of religious subjects, and some texts that were intended to help the deceased attain...

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Cultural Activity

...selected for being saved first in case of a fire outbreak. A visit to Metropolitan Museum of Art that houses more than two million artworks representing five thousand years of history carried out on 5th of December 2014 was used to aid in writing this report. The visit began with a brief look into the floor layout of the complex museum layout. As a result, this enabled the location of the most interesting artworks in the Museum. Additionally, a staff curator offered to give me a trip around the expansive museum explaining various facts around the museum. Among the key artworks that caught my eye includes the Temple of Dendur. The temple of the Dendur is a huge atrium that was built under the watch of the Roman Emperor Augustus to honor Isis the goddess and Nubian chieftains. It resembles a boat holding a pool of water. An interesting piece of art is constructed with materials drawn from sandstone. It is decorated with papyrus...

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