...Critical Behavior In Research Princess Gunthrope University of Phoenix In research it is very important to adhere to ethical norms, these values ensure the proper and initial aim of research is carried out. The law of ethics in research prohibit researchers from falsifying information or misrepresenting information to participants. Often times “research involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness”(Sent, 2003). The critical behavior in research analysis will analyze an ethical issue raised in the article, The Causal Generalization Paradox: The Case of Treatment Outcome Research, written by Graham L. Staines. The article by Staines discusses the causal generalization paradox. The ethical issue at the heart of the article is the use of improper sampling procedures. With the vast amount of research taking place and random assignment techniques, less of a priority is being placed upon random sampling. According to Staines,2008 experimental research typically selects units, in part or in whole, at the convenience of the researcher. The researcher then makes no attempt, or often times only a limited attempt, to ensure that this sample is an accurate representation of some larger group or population. This form...
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...Assignment Final Project Complete the Final Project Science Meets Real Life Whether you think of yourself as an up and coming scientist or not, you use science every day. You will explore how you apply different aspects of science in your daily life in a two part project. In 1,500-words (minimum), discuss the following: PART I: SCIENTIFIC METHOD Each and every day, we are faced with having to make split-second decisions, and the need to solve random problems that we encounter. To reach those decisions and work those problems out you are subconsciously using the scientific method. Apply the five steps of the Scientific Method to two situations that could occur in your everyday life. Use the scientific method in the first scenario provided below to solve the problem at hand. Please come up with a second detailed scenario on your own and follow the same steps in the scientific method to find a resolution. Scenario 1: You arrive home late at night. You walk up to the front door, unlock it, and reach in to turn on the light switch located just inside the front door. The light does not come on! Now what? Scenario 2: Develop your own detailed problem/observation and apply the scientific method to solve. PART II: WHY I CANNOT LIVE WITH/WITHOUT SCIENCE As you have seen throughout this course, science is intricately interwoven with our lives: in the food we eat, in the clothes we wear, in the computers we use for this course, science has had a hand in them all. Answer...
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...red hat. It hovers over the hat and then darts away. Question: Do ruby-throated hummingbirds prefer some colors more than others when visiting flowers? INTRODUCTION: There have been a number of researches and experiments done when it comes to ruby-throated hummingbirds. The ruby-throated hummingbirds are the only hummingbirds found in Northeast United States. They have great color vision, like many birds, and can see ultraviolent spectrum, unlike humans (1996, All About Birds). PREDICTION: Ruby-throated hummingbirds do prefer some colors other than others when visiting flowers. CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL METHOD: I will conduct a control experiment with 10 ruby-throated hummingbirds, using red, yellow, orange, and purple flowers. I will observe the Hummingbirds over a period of 5 weeks. I will then take pictures of the birds 10 times a day, to see which flower they prefer. RESULTS: In this experiment, I found that the ruby-throated hummingbirds prefer the red and orange flower over any other color. They flock to the red flower, by 1% over the orange. I feel that orange is a close color to red and if the hummingbirds does not get a chance to get to the red flowers, then they will flock to the next best thing. CONCLUSION: Based on this experiment, I accept this hypothesis. I do not feel that there is a need to conduct further experience. The hummingbirds flocked to the red and orange flowers, without hesitation and never giving interest to the purple or yellow...
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...The Body Fat Loss Experiment Does taking a thermogenic fat loss supplement cause an extra decrease in body fat or is it just the extra exercise and dieting from the individual's commitment itself that causes a greater body fat reduction? Thus, making people believe the excellent results couldn't of resulted on their own without the extra help from the thermogenic? I personally believe that the thermogenic supplement can cause an extra loss in body fat if taken properly. In this small experiment, I (Sean) and Ricky were the experimental group taking a thermogenic supplement from USP labs called OxyElite Pro for 4 weeks. Well my friends Luca and Adrian were the control group who had not taken anything for 4 weeks knowingly. Luca and Adrian had both decided that they did not need the supplement in order lose the same amount of body fat as Sean and Ricky. Since Luca and Adrian were exposed to the same experimental environment, it was only appropriate to consider them as the control group. All four subjects were on the same exact diet which consisted of oatmeal in the morning, a tuna sandwich and green leaf salad for lunch, and steak with broccoli at night. As for their workouts, they were performed together consisting of the same exact routines. Every workout would begin with running for 10min then cycling for 10min and abdominal workouts at the end of every workout for 10min. Biceps and triceps on Monday, back and chest on Tuesday, calves and thighs on Wednesday, Lats/traps/shoulders...
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...applied research method. My company would use this type of research to figure out how to make more profitable when transporting goods. They may look at changing routes or how they split loads between drivers. DQ 2 Three things to research would be when these complaints are happening day or night? Who are these complaints about one employee or multiple employees? What are the company policies for customer service? DQ 3 Quantitative data is easier to read it can be translated to numerical expression. This is much easier to use when trying to determine if they should change something and how things are going. DQ 4 The essential characteristics distinguishing a true experiment require experimental and control groups and making sure that all parts of the experiment are validated. When conducting experiments with humans things can change constantly making it hard to validate. DQ 5 Some of the focus group questions I would use are. Does the IPhone have the capability to do what you need it to? Are there any features you do not like about it? How was the battery life? Were all the features easy to navigate? DQ 6 A method of sociological investigation that uses question based or statistical surveys to collect information about how people think and act. For example, a possible application of survey research to a business context might involve looking at how effective mass media is in helping form and shift public opinion” (Business Dictionary. 2013). If not done correctly...
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...Abstract The Lean Project Delivery System emerged in 2000 from theoretical and practical investigations, and is in process of on-going development through experimentation in many parts of the world. In recent years, experiments have focused on the definition and design phase of projects, applying concepts and methods drawn from the Toyota Product Development System, most especially target costing and set based design. These have been adapted for use in the construction industry and integrated with computer modeling and relational forms of contract. Although by no means a finished work, the Lean Project Delivery System has developed sufficiently to warrant an updated description and presentation to industry and academia, incorporating processes and practices that have emerged since earlier publications. Keywords: Lean project delivery, project business plan, project business plan validation, set based design, target cost Introduction “The hospital is a machine the design of which facilitates or impedes its fitness for use.” (Dave Chambers, Chief Architect, Sutter Health)3 The implications of Chambers’ statement are important and far reaching. One consequence is that the use of hospitals and other such facilities must be designed before the facility itself can be designed. Common practice in the process industries, it has now become evident that it should be extended to other types of facilities. Such considerations have become both more common and more urgent...
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...Sound Intensity and Sleep Deprivation: A two-sample examination of reaction time in an uncontrolled environment Shane Afsar CU Boulder, Fall 2006 Do sound intensities and the amount of sleep an individual obtained affect his or her reaction time? Studies released to the media often report that sleep deprivation adversely affects reaction time – a fact most recognized in the numerous reports which state that driving in a sluggish state decreases an individual’s ability to respond to stimuli. Therefore, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation negatively affects an individual’s ability to respond to sound, regardless of the sound’s intensity. Using a reaction timer, we assigned four individuals as an experimental control that reported seven to nine hours of sleep and tested them at low, medium, and high sound intensities to see if the intensity of the sound does indeed have a significant effect on reaction time. Then, we tested the reaction time of four sleep deprived individuals who reported five hours of sleep at each of the sound intensities. We randomly selected a sound intensity during each trial to attempt to minimize the effects of anticipation. If sleep deprivation harmfully influences an individual’s capability to react to sound (regardless of intensity), then sleep deprived individuals will react more slowly to low, medium, and high intensity sounds compared to well-rested individuals. The mean reaction times to the sound intensities in the experimental control...
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...PSY475 (Week 1 DQ 2) Compare and contrast reliability and validity? Going back to Plato’s cave wall of shadows, if we all held up mirrors and reflected a particular point outside the cave would we all see the same thing and further if we were to take another peek an hour later would we see the same thing (reliability). Second is the subject of validity. My second class at college was a critical thinking class. I loved it. I can remember studying syllogisms: All animals are big, all big things are slow, therefore all animals are slow. This syllogism is valid, but not true (i.e. the conclusion reasonable follows from the premises). The problem with this syllogism is that the premises are untrue. They are both global absolutes, which are almost always false or at the very least not completely true in all instances. It is the same with psychological testing: the conclusion must reasonably flow from the facts gathered during experimentation. It would seem that validity has to do more with the interpretation of test results, than the test results themselves. Referring to the hypothesis as an elucidation of causality, validity is the bridge by which the numerical quantification of numbers is verified as it is translated into causation. It is a hindsight mechanism. It is used to verify the applicability of the test results to the hypothetical conclusion of causation. Both are equally important I think. If not, then the test might give great scores one time and not the next or the results...
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...organisms are explained by descent from common ancestors Differences among organisms are explained by the accumulation of heritable changes 1 Sunday, September 7, 2014 • • " Humans group diverse items according to their similarities and relationships to each other Careful analysis of form and function has been used to classify lifeforms Recently, new methods of assessing species relationships, especially comparisons of DNA sequences, have led to a reevaluation of larger groupings In science, a hypothesis is a rational accounting for a set of observations, guided by inductive reasoning It is an explanation on trial A scientific hypothesis leads to predictions that can be tested and falsifiable with additional observations or an experiment Other explanations may be outside the bounds of science • For example, hypotheses involving supernatural explanations cannot be tested • • • • • • • A hypothesis can never be conclusively proven to be true because we can never test all the alternatives Hypotheses gain credibility by surviving multiple attempts at falsification,...
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...increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other, vice versa. A zero correlation means that two variables are unrelated. For instance, the relationship between college grades and hair color is probably zero. The strength is that correlation is much easier to do, because you don’t have a control group and an independent variable to manipulate. The weakness is that correlation only shows a relationship or lack of relationship between two variables. 2.) The Experimental Method consists of; The hypothesis states the relationship between two variables. The independent variable is what the experimenter manipulates, or changes. The dependent variable is the behavior that is being measured- the outcome. In every controlled experiment, there is at least one independent and dependent variable. There are two groups of participants; one group is the experimental group, the other is the control group are treated exactly alike except for one--- the...
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...should be stopped. Numerous alternatives are made available for product testing and experimenting, however there does not seem to be a way to stop animal experimentation for good. Animal and humans may seem similar in many ways, both having the same organ system and similar ways of executing task. However just like no two humans are the same, animal's response to a drug can be different to a human's. For example a drug know as “Penicillin, a well-tolerated medicine, used today by doctors against infections for patients. This drug if consumed by guinea pigs and hamster can cause their lives” (Croce, 2011, para. 5). Therefore if the way animals and human react to a drug is different, animals experimentation should cease since the experiment will mostly likely be inconclusive. There are several alternative methods for...
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...Environmental Psychology Crystal Sperduto PSY460 The field of environmental psychology is a new demographic to the world of psychology. Environmental psychology is the effects the environment around one has on the said individual as well as the effect the individual has on the environment in return. There are more individuals that are aware as well as conscious the environment has, as well see what the effect they have on the environment as vice versa. In this paper, the major theoretical approaches, a more definitive overview of this discipline, as well as discuss the importance of research in the field of environmental psychology. Environmental Psychology It is described by Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) as “a behavioral science that investigates, with an eye toward enhancing, the interrelationships between the physical environment and human behavior” (p. 4). environmental psychology is derived from many different factors and disciplines such as psychological, spiritual, and physical natures when determining how the environment effects behaviors. In return environmental psychology also describes how one passively effects the environment. (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995, p. 5). In this particular field of psychology it shows the relationship between of people and the environment it is surrounded by. By applying the social sciences such as sociology, economics and natural science. Society has become more aware of the interaction between the two due to the correlation becoming...
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...Laboratory Report Format 1. Title Page: The following is an example of the proper lab report title page format. Of course, you must substitute information pertinent to the specific lab and course. The title page will be a single, whole page. Laboratory Exercise #1 Verification of Ohm's Law by Fred Derf Lab Partner: Jonathan Dough EETH 1811 Electronic Circuit Technology Lecture Section 001 Lab Section 101 Performed on: February 31, 1994 Submitted on: March 1, 1994 To: Dr. Pepper 2. Objective(s) Describe in formal language (third person impersonal) the objective(s) of the lab. State the rules or theories to be investigated in the lab. Rule of thumb: someone else, using the same knowledge you have, should be able to complete the task given this information alone. In some cases, lab objectives may be given to you. You should expand these supplied objectives whenever appropriate. List all components (including values) and major equipment required to perform the exercise. Be sure to include make, model, and serial numbers of all equipment used. This listing should not include items such as meter leads or jumper wires, which are required for the use of the laboratory equipment. By listing the equipment itself it is implied that the necessary meter leads or other connecting apparatus is included. Provide all detailed schematics which, when implemented, will produce the results desired. Do not include developmental schematics here. Computer drawn schematics are preferable...
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...The Nightmare Picture yourself sleeping in your bed then suddenly your door bursts open and you are taken away by someone you don’t know. Before you know it you’re being injected by needles and painful procedures are the next thing in line. Then you’re thrown into a dark lonely cage where all you can do is fear when the next terrifying procedure will be. This nightmare can only be described as animal experimentation. Over 100 million animals suffer and die every year in cruel chemical, drug, food and cosmetic tests, biology lessons, medical training exercises, and curiosity-driven medical experiments that we can’t even begin to imagine. Plus, only 5% of these experiments only come out positive! No experiment is illegal, no matter how cruel, irrelevant to human health, or painful. Which really makes no since considering tons of people get arrested every day for animal cruelty, but yet it’s legal for people to do lethal and painful tests on them for “experimental” purposes only. Just how much do we really know what’s going on during those labs every day? To test cosmetics, household cleaners, and other everyday products, thousands of animals are poisoned, blinded, and killed every day by cruel and selfish corporations. Just think about that happening to your own animal, what would you say? Mice and rats are forced to inhale toxic fumes, dogs are force fed pesticides, and rabbits have harsh chemicals rubbed onto their skin and eyes. Is it really worth taking another animal’s...
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...ABSTRACT PROBLEM STATEMENT: A study to assess the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge & attitude regarding lifestyle modification in premenstrual syndrome among students in selected college of urban area. OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the basic characteristics of the samples. 2. To assess the existing knowledge & attitude regarding lifestyle modification in premenstrual syndrome in experimental & control group. 3. To develop & evaluate the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge & attitude regarding lifestyle modification in premenstrual syndrome. 4. To compare the knowledge & attitude regarding premenstrual syndrome in experimental group & control group. 5. To associate knowledge & attitude regarding lifestyle modification in premenstrual syndrome with the selected demographic attributes. HYPOTHESIS H1: There will be a significant difference between pre and post test knowledge and attitude score in experimental group regarding lifestyle modification in premenstrual syndrome. H2: There will be a significant difference between control group and experimental group on knowledge and attitude score in post test regarding lifestyle modification in premenstrual syndrome. METHODOLOGY: Pre test post test with control group experimental design. Descriptive evaluative approach is used in this study. This approach was selected because the aim of this research study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module in improving...
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