...A BLOOD ALCOHOL MEASUREMENT DEVICE USING A FIXED FREQUENCY PHOTOSPECTROMETER BY LUCILLE J. DURFEE ABSTRACT There are many people who go out for a night on the town without thinking about the potential dangers of drinking alcohol and then driving. A simple, non-invasive system is needed to test these people before they leave the bar to determine if they are “okay” to drive. The purpose of this project is to study, design ,build, and test a fixed frequency photospectrometer that will test the blood alcohol content of a person non-invasively. BACKGROUND Over the past decades a new method for measurement has been rapidly envancing. This method is a photonic technique that envolves electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation has several forms including visible and infrared light radiation. Visible light radiation ranges from 370nm to 760nm, while infrared ranges from 760nm to approximately 1OE-4nm. Mark A. Arnold at the university of Iowa in Iowa City and Gary W.Small at Ohio University in Athens have been focusing on near-infrared (800nm to 1000nm) absorption spectroscopy as a solution to non-invasive glucose monitoring. Problems that have occurred revolve around the broad absorption signals of near-infrared radiation making it more difficult to identi@ a specific analyte. Arnold estimates that a working device is still five years away. A Biophotonic success is the Pulse Oximeter. It is a ten year old deviqe used to monitor patient’s conditions under anesthesia. It...
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...organic chemistry it is very common to see molecules comprised mainly of a carbon backbone with functional groups attached to the chain. The functional group gives the molecule its properties, regardless of what molecule contains it.[1] Examples of functional groups are that of hydroxyl (-OH) which is usually seen in alcohols, and carbonyl (C=0) which is seen in aldehydes and ketones. In this experiment, several tests were conducted to distinguish and differentiate various sample compounds such as ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, n-butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone, acetophenone, isopropyl alcohol, and acetaldehyde. The tests are the following: solubility test of alcohols in water, which gave a soluble result in ethanol, sec-butyl alcohol and tert-butyl alcohol. Next is the Lucas test, which is used to differentiate 1°, 2° & 3° alcohols. In Lucas test, tert-butyl alcohol gave an immediate turbid result; the rate of reaction was noted. Chromic Acid test (Jones Oxidation) which gave a positive result by producing a blue-green solution with the sample n-butyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and isopropyl alcohol. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) was used to detect presence of carbonyl groups. In this test, only acetophenone gave a red-orange precipitate. The tests to identify between aldehydes and ketones are Fehling’s test and Tollen’s Silver Mirror test. In Fehling’s test, it gave a brick-red precipitate in n-butyraldehyde...
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...the solubility of alcohols in water, Lucas test, Chromic Acid test, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test, Fehling’s test, Tollens’ Silver Mirror test, and Iodoform test. Lucas test differentiates primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Chromic test was performed to know if the sample is oxidizable. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone test was performed for aldehydes and ketones. Fehling’s Test and Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test are tests for aldehydes. Iodoform test is a test for methyl carbinol and methylcarbonyl groups. The samples are n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, n-butylaldehyde, benzandehyde, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol. INTRODUCTION Hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group –OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. [4] Representative organic molecules containing a hydroxyl group are known as alcohols. Hydroxyl groups are especially important in biological chemistry because of their tendency to form hydrogen bonds both as donor and acceptor. This property is also related to their ability to increase hydrophilicity and water solubility [1]. There are three classifications of alcohols by the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached. Primary alcohols are those in which the hydroxyl group is attached to the carbon with only one carbon attached. Secondary alcohols are compounds in which the OH- is attached to a carbon which has two other carbons attached to it. Tertiary alcohols are compounds in...
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...types of alcohols were to be differentiated along with aldehydes and ketones. Hydroxyl groups are functional groups containing OH- atoms acting as substituents in an organic compound, carbonyl- groups refer to a divalent group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. Hydroxyl groups are characteristic functional groups of alcohols and phenols, while carbonyl groups are characteristic functional groups of aldehydes and ketones. The samples include ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone, acetophenone, and isopropyl alcohol. The samples were analyzed through different tests including the solubility of alcohols in water, Lucas Tests, Chromic Acid Tests (Jones Oxidation), 2-4 Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Tests, Fehling’s Tests, Tollens’ Silver Mirror Tests, and Iodoform Tests. Lucas tests differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Chromic tests distinguish a sample’s capability to oxidize. 2,4-DNP tests differentiates aldehydes and ketones from other functional groups. Fehling’s tests and Tollens’ Silver Mirror tests distinguish aldehydes from other functional groups. Iodoform tests distinguish methyl carbinol and methylcarbonyl groups. INTRODUCTION A Hydroxyl- group is used to describe the functional group –OH acting as a substituent in an organic compound. Organic molecules containing a hydroxyl group are commonly known as alcohols. Hydroxyl...
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...were n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone, acetophenone, and isopropyl alcohol. Each of the samples were tested through solubility test of alcohols in water, Lucas test, Chromic acid test or the Jones oxidation test, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test, Fehling’s test, Tollens’ silver mirror test, and Iodoform test. Solubility test of alcohols in water was used to determine the amount of water needed for it to produce a homogenous dispersion and determine whether what kind of alcohol is soluble and insoluble in water. Lucas test was used to differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Chromic acid test was used to determine if the sample is oxidized and can also be used to differentiate ketones from aldehydes. 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone test was used to differentiate aldehydes and ketones. Fehling’s test and Tollens’ silver mirror test was used to determine whether the sample is an aldehyde. Lastly, Iodoform test was used for classification of methyl ketones. INTRODUCTION Hydroxyl compounds are those containing the hydroxyl group –OH. They can be classified into primary(1o), secondary(2o), tertiary(3o) alcohols, and phenol. Primary alcohols are those in which the hydroxyl group is attached to the carbon with only one carbon attached. Secondary alcohols are compounds in which the -OH is attached to a carbon which has two other carbons attached to it. Tertiary alcohols are compounds...
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...CHAPTER 12 HYDROCARBONS 12.2 Alkenes Learning Outcomes At the end of this topic, students should be able to: a) Describe alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n, n≥2. (b) Draw the structures and name the compunds according to the IUPAC nomenclature for: i) straight chain and branched alkenes (parent chain ≤ C10) ii) cyclic alkenes (C3-C6) iii) simple dienes (C4-C6) 2 Learning Outcomes At the end of this topic, students should be able to: c) Show the preparation of alkenes through: i) dehydration of alcohols ii) dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes d) Write the mechanism for c(i) e) State Saytzeff’s Rule. f) Deduce the major product of elimination reaction. 3 Alkenes - General formula CnH2n , n 2. - Functional group C=C double bond - Unsaturated hydrocarbon - C═C 1 σ bond and 1 π bond A B C=C A B Restricted rotation of carbon-carbon double bond causes cis-trans isomerism 4 Alkenes Cycloalkenes - General formula CnH2n-2 - Isomeric to alkynes CnH2n-2 Example : C4H6 CH2 CH CH2 Functional group isomerism CH CH3C – CCH3 5 Alkenes Common Names Of Alkenes Many older names for alkenes are still in use … example: CH2 CH3 CH2 ethene ethylene CH2 CH CH3 CH2 2–methylpropene isobutylene CH3 CH3 propene propylene C CH3 C CH CH2 2–methylbut-1,3-diene 6 isoprene Alkenes IUPAC...
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...ethanoic acid e) toluene: methyl benzene formic acid: methanoic acid f) isopropyl alcohol: 2-propanol 3. Be able to use physical or chemical properties to distinguish between organic substances. For example, identify one physical or chemical property you could use to distinguish between the following pairs of organic substances: a) 2-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol: • 2-butanol is a secondary alcohol so it will undergo oxidation reactions with [O] to produce butanone (a ketone). An oxidizing agent such as KMnO4 or Na2Cr2O7 will change colour to indicate the reaction • 2-methyl-2-propanol is a tertiary alcohol, so it will not undergo an oxidation reaction with [O]. The oxidizing agent will not change colour b) cyclopentane and cyclopentene: • cyclopentane is saturated while cyclopentene is unsaturated • if bromine in water is added to both compounds, the cyclopentane will not remove the orange colour of the bromine, but the cyclopentene will turn the bromine colourless c) butane and 1-butanol: i) solubility in water: butane is a hydrocarbon so it is non-polar and will not dissolve well in water, while 1-butanol is an alcohol so it is polar and is miscible in water ii) state at SATP: butane is a very short chain alkane so it is a gas a SATP. Butanol, because it is polar, is a liquid at SATP iii) chemical reactivity: butane is an alkane so it is generally unreactive with most substances. 1butanol is an alcohol so it will undergo many reactions such as dehydration with a sulfuric...
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...PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM VEGETABLE OIL USING LYE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ishu Bala Thakur bearing Registration no. 10804787 has completed her capstone project titled, “Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil using Lye ” under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of her original investigation and study. No part of the dissertation has ever been submitted for any other degree at any University. The dissertation is fit for submission and the partial fulfillment of the conditions for the award of ......................... Signature and Name of the Research Supervisor: Miss Sugandha Bhatia Designation: School: Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab. Date : DECLARATION I, Ishu Bala Thakur , student of B.Tech (Hons.) Biotech under Department of Lovely Faculty Of Technology and Sciences of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this capstone project report is based on my own intensive research and is genuine. This report does not, to the best of my knowledge, contain part of my work which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this university or any other university without proper citation. Date : ...
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...block of RNA and DNA of cells. These are molecules. Nucleotides are commercially produced from Torula yeast cells by providing alcohol as nutrients for growing torula yeast cells in millions. Then Nucleotides are obtained RNA of torula yeast cells. Nucleotides are used in baby infant formula to provide immunity against diarrhea and other diseases in new born babies and 0-12 months old babies. | | Alcohol as solvent in flavor | Haram Ingredients from Alcoholic Fermentation | Alcohol is used as a solvent in natural and artificial flavors | | Alcohol in dry form is used as an ingredient | Haram Ingredients from Alcoholic Fermentation | Alcohol made in dry form. | | Artificial Colors or FD&C Yellow No. 5 and others | Mineral, Chemical, Synthetic based Ingredients | Artificial colors or FD&C colors are chemical dyes and they are Halal if use as is in powder or granular form. If theyse as liquid colors a slovent such as vegetable oil or glycerin has to be added. If glycerin is used as a solvent in liquid colors the they are Halal if plant fat glycerin is used, Haram if pork fat glycerin is used. | | Artificial Flavors | Mineral, Chemical, Synthetic based Ingredients | Artificial Flavors are usually made from chemical and synthetic raw material. For Halal artificial flavor the synthetic raw material has to be Halal and solvent should not be alcohol. Not Halal...
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...Acetal from formaldehyde 3. What are phenols? How are they classified? Explain why phenols are acedic in nature. 4. What are Organometallic compounds? How will you prepare the following from methyl magnesium bromide. Vinegar Isopropyl Alcohol Ethane 5. Draw the structures and give the I.U.P.A.C names of the following. Vinyl Chloride Neo-pentae Tert-butyl methyl ether Picric acid 6 . What product or products are formed when the following compound is nitrated. Bromo Benzene Nitro Benzene 7 . What is methylated spirit? Give its composition. 8. Partial hydrogenation of 2-Butyne forms two geometrical isomers. Write the equation and the condition necessary to obtain these isomers. 9. –COOH and –CN groups deactivate the benzene ring. a. Which property of these groups causes this deactivation? b. Giving a suitable example compare the directive influence of –NO2 and –Cl group, when attached with benzene. (OR) Benzene is a highly unsaturated compound, but it does not give addition reaction with bromine even in the presence of Lewis acid. Name and explain the process which gives this extra stability to benzene. Q.10 . a. In the preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols SOCl2 is the best reagent. Which solvent is required to complete the reaction? b. Why is SN2 mechanism chosen rather than SN1 in the preparation of primary alkyl halides? Q.11 Aldehydes and small methyl...
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...SAY YOU LOVE ME/ TSHEE SOOM LAB NAH(singer and composer - tandin sonam) Metoe pema drawih bumo, thongmahh lakha dooh, lhayih sem dah drawih bumo, thongmah lakha dooh, wai gaday bay rooh rah, tshoo sho boom, tshoo sho boom, tshaley mecha bay, tshoo shoo boom, SAY YOU LOVE ME, SAY YOU LOVE ME, ME, ME, ME, ME.(boy) Kaywih nyim lay gooh tshoo dhi, nyim darih choezoom thong mah ngyong, sheewih nyim dhee mahraem tshoen tshoe, bum choe dhi sem lay jay meeh ngyong, wai gaday bay rooh rah, tshoo shoo bumo, tshoo sho bumo, tshaley meh chabay tshoo shoo bumo, say you love me, say you love me me me me me.(boy) Interlude. Sem ghi ding lay rang looh gawih bootsoo, chaybah lakha dood, tsheychi loedchi ngyaedro tubih butshoo, cheybah lakha dood, wai gaday bay rooh rang, tshoo shoo bootsh, tshoo shoo bootsH, tshaley mecha bey, tshoo shoo bootsh, SAY YOU LOVE ME, SAY YOU LOVE ME ME ME ME ME.(girl) Nga looh gah meeh jah dah tong bay thoe yih, ing rooh khong ghi drayley choe looh gayee, nge ghi sem dhi dangzin bay nah, choe ghi pha tshoo koh dhi mah tang mey, wai gaday bay rooh rah, tshoo shoo bumo, tshoo shoo bumo, tshaley mecha bay, tshoo shoo bumo, say you love me, say yu love me me me me me,( girl) Lah dochulah moh, hoed dhi doep dah looh, rang gah wih bumo, semkhar thra lam lam, aiee utra seelay jambah, aiee long ghi patshoo yab mey, aiee shey rih karsel dawa, aiee, nyim ghi yoed wah lay bay( boy), lah dongkohla moh, gay dhi jouw dah looh, nga looh gah wih bootshoo, zzookha yoed nih dhi...
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...Case Study of Betty Ford Substances like alcohol are used for many reasons. Alcohol is frequently used as a means of celebration, and also to assist in diminishing feelings of being anxious or overwhelmed. Some people use alcohol in social settings, whereas other people may drink alone. The use of alcohol to self-medicate when challenges come up in everyday life can cause significant problems. In many instances a person can become totally dependent on alcohol so that he or she can function appropriately. If a person builds a tolerance to alcohol, he or she will most likely need to drink every day as well as consuming larger amounts in order to achieve the same feeling. One of the most prominent and well-known instances of alcoholism and substance abuse is Betty Ford. Betty Ford was married to President Gerald R. Ford and was thought to be one of the most powerful first ladies in our history. Betty Ford’s achievements include her sponsorships of breast cancer awareness and women’s rights (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). Even though Betty Ford was acknowledged and respected for these achievements, she turn out to be an even greater inspiration in society when she admitted to and overcame her lifetime battles with prescription drugs and alcohol. Betty Ford was raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan and was the only daughter and youngest of three children (The National First Ladies’ Library, 2012). Even though Betty had a pleasant and positive childhood, her mother was considered...
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...Earnest Hemingway said, “An intelligent man is sometimes force to be drunk to spend time with fools.” The question is, does excessive drinking cause one to develop the state of mind that those around them are fools? Or does one drink to bear the company of others? Then, one has to wonder if loneliness like in “Drinking Alone by Moonlight” by Li Po, when self-inflicted, is still the same. When does it evolve into hate, like in the “Hate Poem” by Julie Sheehan for instance? Drinking holds a lot of positive and negative reputation with it. Great wines make one appear “classy and sophisticated,” the ability to drink large amounts of alcohol make one appear to be “tough” or “cool” among today’s youth. Drinking, partying, and hanging out with friends are all phrases that have come to have the same meaning in today’s vocabulary. What kid’s don’t consider is the effects of long term drinking such as, loneliness, depression, alcoholism, and many other issues. Perhaps if kids knew that it could lead them down the path to, “drink(ing) alone, for no friend is near,” (Li Po pg. 457) they would not take it so lightly. Perhaps if the youth knew that loneliness and alcoholism could easily and quickly develop into hatred of others and things around them, furthering the sense of loneliness that Po felt. It can lead to the type of hate that involves everything one does such as, “the flick of my wrist,” and “the way I hold my pencil.” (Sheehan pg. 412) The fact of the matter is that these emotions...
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...has been believed that alcoholism runs down family lines, generation after generation. Is there scientific truth to this? Could the addiction be embedded in the human genome? John Crabbe and Justin Rhodes invite you to study their 10 years of research. Taking mice and making them alcohol-dependent, studying their human-like tendencies; alcohol tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and voluntarily drinking alcohol and in some instances doing extra work for the tipple intoxicant. Using methods of genetic engineering, gene expression profiling and quantitative locus mapping, the two colleagues are equipped to haunt down the chromosome and location where alcoholism lay. With the genome being so outstandingly large, can a gene for alcoholism be merely pinpointed? After years of trying the scientists come closer then anyone before them, but it is Dr. Tamara J. Philips who furthers the journey and exploration. New strategies are needed to stop and treat this disease; a location in the genome is imminent upon us. For centuries, alcoholism has been destroying many lives. The act of an addiction to something as harmful has alcoholism demolished families, relationships, and one’s own body. Alcohol on average is responsible for 100,000 deaths in America per year, whether it is from drunk-driving accidents, health problems, or various others means (Harwood, 1992). Children of addicts often feel isolated or depressed, because they tend to think the problem with their addictive parent(s)...
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...are an important part of organic chemistry. Although it is often possible to establish the structure of a compound on the basis of spectra alone (IR, NMR, etc.), the spectra typically must be supplemented with other information about the compound: physical state and properties (melting point, boiling point, solubility, odor, color, etc.), elemental analysis, and confirmatory tests for functional groups. In this experiment you will carry out several qualitative tests that will allow you to identify functional groups in organic molecules. You will then apply what you have learned by characterizing unknown organic compounds in terms of their functional group and solubility behavior. The functional groups you will examine include amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, alkenes, alkanes, and alkyl halides. Solubility and Functional Group Tests Each functional group has a particular set of chemical properties that allow it to be identified. Some of these properties can be demonstrated by observing solubility behavior, while others can be seen in chemical reactions that are accompanied by color changes, precipitate formation, or other visible effects. 1. Solubility Tests The solubility of an organic compound in water, dilute acid, or dilute base can provide useful information about the presence or absence of certain functional groups. A flowchart showing the sequence of solubility tests along with the appropriate conclusions is shown in Figure 1. Solubility in...
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