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Beowulf Clusters

Beowulf clusters are a multiprocessor computer cluster that consists of normally identical personal computers, networked into a small local area network with special programs installed. These programs allow processing to be shared among the computers in the network. This results in a high performance parallel computing cluster, built from inexpensive off the shelf personal computer hardware.
The main focus on these clusters is the head node. It is responsible for processing user requests and distributing them to the right clients using the right software. Since the head node is responsible for processing user requests, the clients cannot compute if the head node is not operating. Larger Beowulf clusters might have more than one head node, and possibly other nodes dedicated to certain tasks.
The first Beowulf cluster was created in 1994 by Donald Becker, Thomas Sterling and other coworkers at NASA. Their first cluster was constructed from personal computer hardware and connected together by standard Ethernet. This cluster ran free, open source software, such as Linux, MPI and PVM. This cluster was able to achieve near supercomputer performance for about $50,000 (which was a small fraction of an actual supercomputer price). In 2007 Joel C. Adams, from the Department of Computer Science at Calvin College built a Microwulf, or a personal and portable Beowulf cluster. He built this cluster for $1,256, which is $48/Gflop.
Now that we know what Beowulf Clusters are and how they came about, we need to understand what software and hardware is needed to build one of these clusters. When building a Beowulf cluster, there is no certain software that runs on a cluster. Beowulf clusters normally run a UNIX like operating system, such as Linux, Solaris, or Berkley UNIX (BSD). Commonly used parallel processors are Message Passing Interface (MPI) or Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM). Both MPI and PVM allow the programmer to divide a task among a group of networked computers.
To build a cluster you need certain components. These components include: some number of nodes, a system management and configuration node, storage devices, a system interconnect (ties all the nodes together), system considerations (what your system can run), Middleware (message passing protocols), and a parallel application. Most components you need are inexpensive, off the shelf personal computer hardware.

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