We will take a brief in depth tour of the CPU, memory, processing, registers, bus and data moving to the bus. I will touch on these concepts and processes throughout the paper in hopes to clearly detail out how each works and their importance.
CPU
The first thing we will discuss is the function of the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and its components. There are three primary components that make up the CPU, these are the ALU or the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit (CU) and memory. The two components that collectively make up the CPU are the ALU and CU. Let’s take a look at the diagram above and I will explain what it all means.
The logic and arithmetic unit is where all the data is stored and calculations are performed. The control unit basically interprets and controls all executions and processes instructions that it is given by other input types. In a typical CPU there is a I/O (input-output) interface which handles the input and output of data when it passes through the CPU to other devices that handle input/output data. The CPU architecture is defined by the major features it has, this is also known as ISA or instruction set architecture. It is these basics that include the number and types of registers, methods and how it addresses memory and basic design.
With the typical technology advances that occur today, there have been several CPU architectures over the last few decades but only a small handful that last a long time. It is the evolution and the way technology expands and with each expansion there are newer features added and old ones updated.
Memory
Memory today is typically categorized as DRAM (dynamic random access memory), RAM or SRAM (static random access memory). There are a few distinct differences between DRAM and SRAM, these are that DRAM is inexpensive and is capable of storing several million bits of data but is severely limited in the access time in which it can process data that comes from the CPU. But there is normally delays inserted to prevent bottleneck situations. Then there is SRAM, it is about two to three times faster than its DRAM counterpart but the memory capacity is limited and the cost, space and heat factor. SRAM generates more heat and takes up more space than 64mb of DRAM, making it a less than practical solution for large amounts of memory.
Buses
The connection that makes data transfer possible from one location to another within the computer system is called a bus. Buses are commonly used to transfer data between the CPU and other various computer devices, the CPU and memory and data transfers between different points within the CPU itself. It can also be defined by looking at is as a group of electrical or optical conductors that are used to transmit signals from one location to another within a computer. Going further each conductor within the bus is known as a line. Lines on a bus are usually assigned a name so they can be easily identified. Each line can be grouped into four separate categories such as data, control, power and addressing. These groups have different functions as well. The data group carry the data that is moved from one location to another. The address lines specify the recipient of the data. The control lines control synchronization, operation, control and timing signals of the other components that are connected to the bus.
Data movement instructions
The move category includes the instructions that process data to move from memory to general registers, from registers to memory and from different registers and in some computers directly between memory locations without affecting some general registers. It is typically useful to keep the capability to move such data between registers because these types of moves do not require the use of memory access and are faster to execute.
Cache

Cache memory is organized into blocks of 8 and 64 bytes and these are also known as cache lines. These blocks can be used to hold exact reproductions of storage from the main memory and each block holds a tag. A tag is used to identify locations within the main memory which corresponds to the data that is then held in that specific block. If the memory data is not present in cache which will require the location to transfer its data to the cache.

Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing is a good way to optimize system performance in a computer. This is done by increasing the total number of CPU’s. When there are multiple CPU’s are located in a single circuit, this is known as multicore processor. The CPU under optimal conditions the processes are handled independently thus giving a dual core the ability to double the number of instructions it can handle at any given time. Basically the more processors the faster and more instructions it can handle, so a quad core processor would quadruple the rate etc. Even though the increased power of a multiprocessor is important, there are a few other aspects such as data dependencies and cache memory are lessened with multiprocessing power. And programs can get divided into pieces and processed simultaneously on multiple CPU’s.
Address Register
A register is a permanent storage location that is housed or located within the CPU itself. These are used for a specific or particular and defined purpose. It holds a binary value for storage, manipulation or for simple calculations. Unlike memory itself, each register serves a unique purpose since the way it is wired and the operations that take place in the register give its specific function. Basically the registers are working components of the CPU and can be used in various ways in a computer. It depends on the use, they can hold data until its processed, give instructions to be executed and special binary codes that can be used for other purposes.
When we analyze the bus, CPU and memory we can tell that each three of these components depend on each other to work in harmony. The CPU relies on the memory and the bus to direct its instructions and control the flow of data being transmitted through the entire system itself. Without each component working in conjunction, there will be little harmony and data would be lost if not never transmitted.
In closing, we can tell that there is a lot of details that happen underneath the hood of a computer and we should understand the internal workings of a computer, especially the CPU and how it interacts with the other parts such as memory, bus and the cache. Without this understanding we would never be able to comprehend the technology we are in charge of.