Question 1:

To begin with, it is important to give a definition of a deadline in order to highlight the concept. Generally, a deadline is “the time by which some task is supposed to be completed”.[1] Thus, a deadline determines a certain amount of time which can be either measured generously or rather strict. Therefore, people use this amount of time as an “indicator of how ambitious a project can be”.[2] Thus, in the usual case, a limitation can lead to a feeling of scarcity of time as a resource. In her article, Connie Gersick states that deadlines are strong psychological boundaries.[3] Since they are a fundamental element of projects, it is important to show their effect on individuals. These effects can vary to a large extend due to differing perceptions of time as a limited resource. Waller et al. highlight this issue by setting up a pattern of two dimensions, namely time urgency and time perspective.[4] Consequently, a time urgent person is someone who sees time as his own enemy and therefore creates own deadlines in order to schedule every activity. Based upon the framework of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, people can have one of three basic perspectives towards time: past, present or future oriented. Waller et al. concentrate on individuals with a present or a future-orientation while keeping the past-orientation in the background. Figure 1 is the illustration of their pattern, resulting in 4 distinct characters:
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People with a high time urgency are usually aware of deadlines, as for example an Organizer. An Organizer is future-oriented and assumes that current actions affect future goals and deadlines. Therefore, he has the urge to schedule activity in a very detailed way. A Crammer, on the contrary, is also aware of time and regards deadlines as important. But his need to control them is rather focussed on a day to day basis due to his present-time