...state of the Italian economy, specifically its obvious inability to support military expansion and move into a state of total war, with the aim of creating and developing an Italian Empire, which was Mussolini’s chief aspiration. Furthermore, the weak economy maintained and strengthened the north-south divide, due to its negative effects being focused on the poorer south, while some northern industrialists benefited from the increased focus on production. Therefore, in order to counter the depression and prepare the Italian economy for conflict, Mussolini employed several policies, in order to stimulate the financial system and cut public spending, specifically increasing production and revitalising the Lira. As well as revaluating the inflated currency, these policies included boosting food production and converting to self-sufficiency, or autarky, all the while promoting nationalism and strengthening commitment to the regime. Whether these were a success is debatable, while Italy did convert to total war in 1939, the consequences were far reaching and crippling. Therefore a deep, detailed analysis, of Mussolini’s policies, their aims and effects, is necessary in order to gauge to what degree, if any, his economic policies failed. An example of Mussolini’s economic policy would be the sharp revaluation of the Lira in 1926. The value changed from 150 lira to 90 lira, against the pound, and became known as the Battle for the Lira. Its initial effects were that Italian, exported...
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...sometimes quite different from the Italian rule. Since there was no great theoretical writer during this age who would have explained the philosophies clearly in the way that Karl Marx had did for Communism. Mussolini had been frequently changing his policies and aims before 1923 which suggested that his main aim was to acquire power. Some of the basic principles of Fascism can be listed as follows: • Extreme Nationalism: Emphasis on the re-birth of the Nation after a period of decline and also establishing that one’s own Nation is superior to all. • A totalitarian system of Government: In this the Government attempted to arouse and mobilize the ordinary people and to organize them with strong disciplinary measures and to control as many aspects of human life as possible. According to the ‘fascists’, this was necessary in order to promote the interest of the State. • A one party state was essential: there was no place for democracy and especially communism. The fascist party members were the elite class of the Nation and the leader would win mass support thrilling speeches. • Importance of economic self-sufficiency (autarchy): This was required in order to develop the greatness of the state. • Military strength and violence: This was an integral part of the way of life in fascism. Mussolini himself remarked, ‘Peace is absurd: fascism does not believe in it’. What benefits did Fascism bring for the Italians? What mattered to the people...
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...What factors discouraged an early unification of Italy and how were these overcome? Before the year of 1848, the Italian faced a lot of difficulties to urge the unification movement. Until, 1848, the situation had been changed and directly contributed to the unification movement. After 1815 Italy was once again a mere geographical expression. Austria was to control a large part of Italy directly, that is, Lombardy and Venetia, and indirectly through the restored Bourbon Kings in some minor Italian states. Italian unification was once again frustrated ever the Risorgimento was quickly in advance. The explosion of Austrian power in Italy was the main problem which discouraged an early unification of Italy. Moreover, the general political atmosphere in Europe did not allow new concessions to Italian balance when the powers were concerned with maintaining the balance of power and to prevent the setting of French hegemony in Europe again. So a united Italy in 1815 would only mean French domination of Italy, so the powers generally accepted the settlement even though the 1815 settlement ignored the moral principles which first French Revolution and the Romanticism had unleashed in Europe. Even liberal powers like Britain and the mother of Revolution, France did not dare to take the risk of a war which may be caused if Italy was united and this might invite foreign intervention in the young Italy. So foreign aid was generally unavailable in the first generation of the nineteenth...
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...Some people are born to be athletes, think of LeBron James. Others, like Albert Einstein are born to be physicists, and then there are people like Michael Jackson who are born to be performers. Benito Mussolini, the father of Fascism, was born for a life in politics . He was even named after Benito Juarez, who was a Mexican leftist leader. His two middle names, which are Amilcare and Andrea, come from two Italian Socialists named Amilcare Cipriani and Andrea Costa (Greenspan). During the early parts of his life, those names seemed fitting. Before he founded the Fascist party, Mussolini was a harcore Socialist. His political views were greatly influenced by his father, who was the town blacksmith. Aside from being a blacksmith, Alessandro Mussolini was also a writer for a...
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...The Origins of the Italian Language Debra Cummings American Intercontinental University Abstract Latin is to be credited for having great influence on the Italian language as it is known through out history and today. Its vocabulary is characterized by Roman and ancient Greek words and verbs. Italian has many dialects dependent upon the various regions of the land. Tuscan is the most prominent dialect. The spread of Italian language is largely due to literary works of three authors who chose to write in the vernacular language of their region as opposed to the more widely used Latin language. The Origins of the Italian Language The Italian language is derived from Latin, imposed upon the conquered Italian natives. It is considered one of the Romance languages of the Indo-European family of languages and is the language that most resembles Latin. The vocabulary of Italian is characterized by a large percentage of words and verbs from both Roman and ancient Greece. Of all the Romance languages, “Italian is the closest to Latin in terms of vocabulary.” (Language Translation, Inc., 2013) The oldest definitive document dated back to 960-963 A.D. in vulgar Italian is a legal document called “Placito Cassinese”. This archive is kept in the Abbey of Montecassino. This famous text is a testimony of a man about the ownership of a piece of land. There was an argument between the Benedictine friars of the Abbey...
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...migration. The Italians settled in New York City, so we will be looking at the tenement housing, working condition, and the journey from Italy to American. The attitudes of the Americans about the immigrations will also be examined. From 1906 to 1915 almost two million Italians migrated to the United States. Many Italians migrated to the United States because Italy there weren’t any jobs. Overpopulation and poverty was another reason Italians migrated to the United States. They believed that the United States was the land of opportunity and that they will find better jobs and housing. The poverty rate in Italy included lack of medical care, lack of schooling, and poor housing conditions. When they decided to come to America it was a way to escape from these things. The bad economy and the shortage of land caused Italian immigrants to leave Italy. The Majority of the immigrants settled in New York City when they got to the United States. Some of them migrated because of political reasons or because of the dream of one day of returning to Italy with enough money to buy land. Political hardship was also a factor in the Italians migrating to America. In the 1870s the government took measures to repress political views such as anarchy and socialism (Alexander Molnar, 2010). The Italian immigrants became part of what was known as the “New Immigration.” This was the third largest group of immigrants from Europe, which was a combination of Slavs, Jews, and Italians. Most...
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...did in fact lead to the fall of the regime in 1943. The three most significant factors of causation were Imperialism, Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War and an alliance with Germany. Despite achieving some domestic and foreign short-term success, Imperialism as an Italian fascist foreign policy was truly destructive for fascism. Modeled upon the old Roman Empire, Mussolini strived to ensure that the idea of ‘Romanità’ was deeply engrained within fascist ideology and culture, predominantly through propaganda. He made no secret of his desire to make Italy ‘great, respected and feared’ (Urmila Sharma, S.K. Sharma Page 388), often alluding to the power and dominance of the Roman Empire as a tool to inflame national patriotism. In order to sustain this idea, Mussolini wanted a spectacular foreign policy achievement that would boost the popularity of the fascist regime whilst diverting attentions away from unpopular domestic policies (Page 57, Mussolini and Italian Fascism, Hamish Macdonald). In this way, an invasion of Abyssinia had perfectly logical long-term nationalistic aspirations; a war would train fascists for a seemingly inevitable future war in as much as fulfilling their obligation to war, which would make them good fascists. Whilst Mussolini regarded the invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 as an important stepping-stone into the expansion of Italian influence, dubbing it ‘the greatest colonial war in history’ (Preston, 1994), the Abyssinian invasion...
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...Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi both contributed heavily to the Italian unification process. Each of them contributed differently. Garibaldi was more military minded and brought together forces like the red shirts to oppose the Austrian influence with force. Cavour becoming the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1852 had more of a political stance on unification, Cavour was very ‘tunnel minded’ he was only focused on the welfare of Piedmont; he believed piedmont should be the centre of a united Italian infrastructure. Cavour spent his career improving infrastructure, stabilizing economy and strengthening Peidmont. He built a new railway system in Italy and started a newspaper known as II Risorgemento which spread nationalist feeling in the country and the prepared the people for unification. He believed in a constitutional monarchy and made Italian unification evident at the Paris Peace Conference. Garibaldi was firmly against foreign intervention which caused the two to clash when it came to any coalition efforts. Cavour’s ideology led him to arrange the Plombieres meeting in 1858 which involved a secret agreement between Cavour and Louis Napoleon, Napoleon had promised an army of 200,000 which would drive out Austria from Italy and in return France would receive Nice and Savoy. Garibaldi’s fears of foreign support became plausible as France’s real intentions of taking land became evident. After Cavour mobilized his army, Austria sent their ultimatum in 1859 to Peidmont...
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...excerpt from an Italian parliamentary decree establishing the National Organization for the Protection of Mothers and Children in December 10, 1925, pointed out that the government tried to encourage women to have as many children as possible by offering them certain social incentives. This organization essentially aimed to offer women help in caring for their children so they would have more children (Doc 1). Sir Gaetano Salvemini, a political refugee whom left Italy, reported that once the “battle” for births was a failure, Mussolini started implementing new policies, particularly burning slender women because they tended to be more active and generally had fewer children than fat women. In addition, Slavemini, sarcastically called the social persuasion the “battle for births” in order to describe how barrenness was considered treason -- an offense towards [Italy] the fatherland (Doc 4). His statement holds true because the fascist party in Italy tried to politically pressure women into having more children to increase Italy’s population, and consequently increasing its military and workforce. Similarly to the tactics used by the National Organization, the fascist party magazine for women, Motherhood and Childhood, published a law code (1930 Law) that made the sale and use of any form of contraceptive a criminal offense and the publisher describes the offense as a “crime against the health of the race”. Basically, the fascist party attempted to instill into Italians a sense of extreme...
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...Feasibility Study Milan Project Group 09 Lauran Beers Tim Denissen Joey Gillissen Carolin Quast Justine Roche Bryan Thijssen Avans School of International Studies 10th June, 2011 ------------------------------------------------- Executive Summary Oil & Vinegar is a chain of culinary gift shops that was founded in 1999 by Dutch entrepreneurs John Blogg and Femke Stevens. The concept has been praised for its unique retail formula and exclusive positioning. The brand has, since its establishment, expanded with 84 retail stores spread over twelve different countries using a master franchise business model. “Oil & Vinegar”, which is the actual and only brand of the company, offers a wide variety of products. All of them fall under one of the following categories: appetizers, herbs and spices, salads and dressings, oil and vinegar, pasta products, sweet food, biological products and gift sets. (ASIS-IBMS, General information O&V, 2011) The reason for writing this report is to research whether Oil & Vinegar is able to expand to Milan, Italy. Oil & Vinegar operates on the business-to-consumer food retail market where they are categorized as food specialists. The research will show whether the market is attractive or not. This report contains information about the four separate parts of feasibility, which are market-, product-, organizational-, and financial feasibility. From all parts together, a conclusion will be drawn...
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...Italian Fascism vs. German Nazism By Christina Dixon HIS306: Twentieth-Century Europe (BPI1434A) Instructor: Max Fassnacht May 4, 2015 Fascism and Nazism came during a time when there was an economic crisis that was sweeping through Europe. Fascism and Nazism was two familiar totalitarian regimes that was able to arise from Germany and Italy. In Germany, the National socialist party was conducted by Adolf Hitler, while Benito Mussolini conducted the fascist party in Italy. Italy and Germany’s future was based on the education in the schools, since education played an important role between these two nations. The people’s image of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler as two leaders was profoundly the important factors to their popularity. The most essential tool that was allowed in both countries and played a very important role in both political parties was propaganda, which gave both parties the ability to influence the perspectives of the people to their partiality. Italy and Germany are two natural allies, but however they are both different from each other and can be connected in many salutations. “Largo ai Giovani”, Italian for "make way for the young" (Clayton, 2009) was just one of the mottos that was used by Benito Mussolini’s regime. Mussolini’s saying highlights one of the most important aspects during the Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’s education system. The education system in both countries was not just used for learning but also was the...
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...I. Table of Contents II. Summary III. 1. Company Background a. Mission Statement: High quality, flavorful, handmade Italian dishes served in a warm, casual environment. Food and hospitality are the passions here, and service is engaging and generous. Authentic aromas and distinctive flavors emanate from a lively and interactive exhibition kitchen where each meal is prepared to order. Many of Carrabba’s recipes have been handed down in the Carrabba family for generations, originating from the family’s native Italy. Business Portfolio b. c. Pricing * Antipasti / Appetizers $7.50-11.90 * Zuppe & Insalate / Soups & Salads $4.00-14.00 * Pizzas $9.00-11.00 * From the grill $12.00-24.00 * Stuffed Pastas $13.50-17.90 * Signature Pastas $10.00-17.90 d. All food is sold at a restaurant as a dine-in meal, carryout order, or catering to an event. Restaurants are located in these states. Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Wisconsin e. f. SWOT Analysis Strengths: * Good Customer Service * Clean Atmosphere * High Quality Food * Family Oriented Restaurant * Flexible with customizing...
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...A private club, with a rich community history, faces the challenge of membership declines and shrinking profits. Like many private clubs, the Hershey Italian Lodge’s declines are driven by economic downturns, aging membership, and increased competition. This document explores the hardships facing the club as well as some alternative action steps the lodge can take to meet those adversities head on. Marketing Plan The Hershey Italian Lodge Stamey 1 Company Overview The Hershey Italian Lodge (HIL) is in its 94th year of operation. Located in the heart of Hershey, PA, HIL was established by a small group of Italian men in 1920. The name Nuova Societa Italiana Indipendente Di Mutuo Soccorso Per Uomini was, and still is, the true name of the lodge. It means, Men’s New Independent Italian Mutual Benefit Society. HIL is a private men’s social club that includes a bar &restaurant serving a traditional style Italian menu, a banquet, and other activities and amenities. As a staple of the Hershey community for many years, the HIL is well known and respected throughout the area. The primary goal of the lodge is to preserve their heritage and build a strong, close community. The mission statement is, “…to provide a comfortable, friendly, affordable, family atmosphere for our members and guests.” The saying “Ieri, Oggi, Domain, Sempre Fratelli” is the motto of the organization and is printed at the bottom of each quarterly newsletter. Translated, this means, “Yesterday, Today...
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...HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS MUSSOLINI IN CREATING A DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY BETWEEN 1922-40. When Mussolini became prime minister, in October 1922, he was not faced with a trouble-free position because he had to tackle the same problems that confronted the liberal Italian state throughout its existence. In terms of his domestic policies, it could be argued that Mussolini was more successful than his predecessors including Giolitti. However, historians cannot argue that even with his direct and ruthless political methods, he put an end to the divisions in Italian society that had if anything stunted Italy’s prosperity as a country and in this period Mussolini seemed to be the answer to all their problems. Mussolini’s route to creating his personal dictatorship was all based on his ability for the acquisition and advertisement of power. The most important factors which stood in Mussolini’s way; such as parliament, opposition parties and the monarchy itself were effectively eliminated as real forces in Italian politics. A key reason for Mussolini’s dictatorship was the introduction of the Acerbo Law in 1923 which main principle was which ever electoral bloc received the majority of votes would gain 2/3 of the seats in the chamber and the remaining 1/3 would be allocated to the other opposition parties. Mussolini used this law to his advantage as he knew fascist could not have carried through Acerbo’s policy but for electoral purposes the fascists formed an electoral bloc with leading...
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...Restaurant Strategic Plan Executive Summary The following pages focus on proving a strategic plan for The Great Italian Food Company. The paper starts with the presentation of the company’s mission and vision. This explanation is intended to introduce readers in the environment of this company. The values of the company are also presented. It is important to identify these values in order to determine the strategic options that the company should address. The paper continues with the Environmental Analysis. This section describes the microenvironment and the macro environment, with the most important components. The internal and external environments are also address. In this case the most important components of the company’s environment are represented by the economic, social, and technological environment, but also the company’s customers, employees, managers, suppliers, owners, the government, and the community. These factors, their importance and characteristics are also addressed. The SWOT Analysis is another important section of the strategic plan. Its importance relies on the identification and discussion of the company’s strengths, weaknesses, but also of the opportunities and threats that the company must take into consideration. The Five Forces Analysis helps understand the industry in which this company develops its activity. Therefore, readers can learn about the competition, power of buyers, power of suppliers, threat of substitutes...
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