...IVAN PAVLOV Ivan Pavlov His Life Ivan Pavlov His life Ivan Pavlov received worldwide acclaim and won the Nobel Prize in 1904 because of his work and research in the field of physiology; he discovered a considerable amount of information concerning the digestive systems of dogs. In addition, because of his research in conditioned reflexes, which he did not start until he was fifty, Pavlov was able to contribute to several different areas in psychology. For instance, behavioral, comparative, and developmental psychology, were benefactors of his studies, and many consider Pavlov as one of the founding fathers of experimental psychology. Seemingly, Pavlov had two different careers; however, in accordance to the text, An Introduction to Theories of Learning, he started a third career at age eighty. He applied his knowledge of conditioning to mental illness, the result of which was the book, Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry (1941), many regard this as a major contribution to psychiatry (Olson, Hergenhahn, pg. 165). Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849, in the town of Ryazan, Russia, the eldest of 10 children born into a family of six generations of men who served the church. In fact, in the biography, “Ivan Pavlov, Exploring the Animal Machine” the author illustrates Pavlov’s religious background; he states, “For six generations the Pavlov men had served Russia’s Eastern Orthodox Church, slowly making their way up the ladder toward priesthood...
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...Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) "Science demands from a man all his life. If you had two lives that would not be enough for you. Be passionate in your work and in your searching." - Ivan Pavlov Best Known For: • Classical conditioning • Research on physiology and digestion. • 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology. Birth and Death: • Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born September 14, 1849 • He died on February 27, 1936 Early Life: Ivan Pavlov was born in a small village in Ryazan, Russia, where his father was the village priest. His earliest studies were focused on theology, but reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of the Species had a powerful influence on his future interests. He soon abandoned his religious studies and devoted himself to the study of science. In 1870, he began studying the natural sciences at the University of Saint Petersberg. Career: Pavlov's primary interests were the study of physiology and natural sciences. He helped found the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and continued to oversee the program for the next 45 years. While researching the digestive function of dogs, he noted his subjects would salivate before the delivery of food. In a series of well-known experiments, he presented a variety of stimuli before the presentation of food, eventually finding that, after repeated association, a dog would salivate to the presence of a stimulus other than food. He termed this response a conditional reflex. Pavlov...
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...Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14th, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. He was first educated at a church school in at a theological seminary. Inspired by the progressive ideas, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. He enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty to study natural science in 1870. There he became involved in physiology and won a gold medal for his work on treatise, a study done in collaboration with another student. In 1875, Pavlov completed his course and earned a degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences. He took the opportunity to proceed in the Academy of Medical Surgery (AMS) influenced by his passion for physiology he then earned another gold medal for his work. Years passed and Pavlov was now following through with the study of digestive response which lead to his study in classical conditioning. Pavlov’s dog experiments played a crucial role in his discovery. In fact, the experiment was actually discovered by accident. It was during his experiment with the digestive process that Pavlov noticed an interesting occurrence. Pavlov's canine subjects began to salivate or drool whenever his assistant entered the room. The ironic part of...
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...Ivan Pavlov and His Dog Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian scientist interested in studying how digestion works in mammals. He observed and recorded information about dogs and their digestive process. As part of his work, he began to study what triggers dogs to salivate. It should have been an easy study: mammals produce saliva to help them break down food, so the dogs should have simply began drooling when presented with food. However, what Pavlov discovered when he observed the dogs was that drooling had a much more far-reaching effect than he ever thought: it paved the way for a new theory about behavior and a new way to study humans. Classical Conditioning The people who fed Pavlov's dogs wore lab coats. Pavlov noticed that the dogs began to drool whenever they saw lab coats, even if there was no food in sight. Pavlov wondered why the dogs salivated at lab coats, and not just at food. He ran a study in which he rang a bell every time he fed the dogs. Pretty soon, just ringing a bell made the dogs salivate....
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...behavior due to practice and experience. Classical condition is a type of learning generated by a response from one stimulus to another unlearned stimulus. This form of classical conditioning was founded by Ivan Pavlov and he is most famous for his experiment with dogs and the bell. In Pavlov’s experiment with classical conditioning it involved the salivary glands of canines. The scenario for this paper will teach a dog to not chew on furniture, using classical conditioning and, vinegar in a spray bottle. Classical conditioning was discovered accidentally by Ivan Pavlov, who was a Russian physiologist. Pavlov discovered this form of learning while researching digestion. Pavlov’s classical conditioning is a form of learning through acquired experiences. Classical conditioning is where an earlier or previously neutral stimulus causes a reaction or reflex to a physical response (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). As he observed dogs beginning to drool when food was shown Pavlov could then begin to predict the other forms of stimulation. As Pavlov further researched the response from the canine, Pavlov found that when he presented a bell to the animal he could then reproduce the animals’ reaction to salivating with just the sound of the bell and no food needing to be there. Pavlov then further broke his theory learning into four different components. In regards to classical conditioning, it involves four major components, these include the unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus...
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...concepts are very important in psychology. Even though both result in learning, they’re quite different. Classical conditioning was first described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. Pavlov looked at this concept through the use of his dogs and their ability to salivate in response to being fed and even if Pavlov just walked through the door. The reflex is ‘hard-wired’ into the dog. In behaviourist terms, is is an unconditioned response (a stimulus response that didn’t require learning). Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) > Unconditioned Response (Salivate) He conducted this experiment by presenting the dog with a bowl or food and measuring the amount of saliva. However, when Pavlov discovered that the dog associated anything with food which triggered the same unconditioned response. This is when he realised he made an important discovery. Pavlov continued throughout his life to study this type of concept and discovered that the dog did not salivate towards certain things afterwards (e.g. lab assistant). This must of been learnt because there was points where the dogs did not salivate when there were, so they learnt and their behaviour changed. In behaviourism, the lab assistant was a neutral stimulus as there was no response and they were associated with an unconditioned stimulus. During his experiment, whenever Pavlov was giving food to the dogs, he also rang a bell overtime as a neutral stimulus. Overtime, he tried the bell on it’s own...
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...Classical conditioning is a learning procedure that happens through associations between a naturally occurring stimulus and an environmental stimulus. It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov who was a Russian physiologist. Classical conditioning is based on behaviorism which states that learning happens through interactions with the environment. Classical conditioning is used to decrease or increase a behavior. This theory occurs by placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. Additionally, classical conditioning focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors. The most effective way for classical conditioning to be successful is if the signal comes a half second before the reflex. The dictionary states that classical conditioning is “a process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response” Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment using classical conditioning with dogs. In this experiment he used the sound of a tone as the neutral signal and the dogs salivating when he presented with food as the naturally occurring reflex. The conclusion of his experiment was the dogs would salivate at the sound of the tone because they knew they would be getting food right after the sound of the tone. The key concepts associated with classical conditioning are the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the...
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...Describe and evaluate the learning theory explanation of attachment. Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver. When an infant is attached to their primary caregiver (usually their mother) they show signs of distress when they are separated and pleasure when they are reunited. The leaning theory suggest that these attachments are learned and the learning is motivated through drives such as hunger. These kind of drives which are related to biological needs are known as primary needs. Learning can be due to associations being made (Classical conditioning) or behaviour can be altered by reinforcements or punishments (Operant conditioning). Learning through association is called classical conditioning. It’s a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired to the point where the response that happens from the unconditioned stimulus now happens when only the conditioned stimulus is present. This is because they have been associated. An example of this in attachment is between a baby and its other as they provide it with food when it’s hungry, getting rid of the hunger and instead making it happy. Eventually the mother then becomes associated with the satisfaction of the unconditioned stimulus (the food) and so becomes the conditioned stimulus. Meaning the baby shows signs of happiness when they are present even if the food is not. Operant conditioning is the process of changing behavior by rewarding or punishing a subject...
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...PSY 490 Week 4 Quiz Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/psy-490-week-4-quiz/27203 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-490-week-4-quiz/27203 1) Ivan Pavlov pioneered the theory of | A. Social Learning Theory | | B. classical conditioning | | C. operant conditioning | | D. Cognitive Psychology | | | | 2) Philosophers who believe that truth can emerge from the careful use of reason are known as | A. Rationalists | | B. Nativists | | C. Dualists | | D. Empiricists | | | | 3) The most commonly used statistic in Psychology is | A. mean | | B. criteria | | C. mode | | D. range | | | | 4) In a topographical representation of the motor cortex, the homunculus is the largest area devoted to | A. the face | | B. the hands | | C. arms and legs | | D. the tongue | | | | 5) What theorist presents a hierarchy of needs and motivations? | A. Carl Jung | | B. Sigmund Freud | | C. Abraham Maslow | | D. B.F. Skinner | | | | 6) Consider the biological theories of aging. Which of the following best represent components of that theory? | A. Attachment Theory | | B. The Nun Theory | | C. Cellular Dial Theory | | D. Hormonal Stress Theory | | | | 7) In operant conditioning, which of the following is accurate? | A. Any response that is followed by reward tends to become extinct. | | B. Any response that is followed by punishment is likely to not be repeated. | | C. Any response...
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...Psyc 341 Studyguide Ch. 6 Ivan Pavlov – Classical Conditioning of Personality - Dog Studying (And Baby Albert) o Unconditioned stimulus o Unconditioned response o Conditioned response ♣ Neutral Stimulus linked with Unconditioned Stimulus ♣ Unconditioned Stimulus removed ♣ Neutral Stimulus -> Conditioned response - Generalization o Conditioned responses can occur in response to stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus - Discrimination o Learning to tell the difference between different stimuli and only responding to conditioned stimulus and not to similar stimuli - Extinction o When the pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus stops o Gradual decrease in the response to the conditioned stimulus - Explains emotional aspects of personality o Neurotic behavior o Phobias o Superstitious behavior John B. Watson – Behaviorism - Founded behaviorism - Applied conditioning principles to humans - Rejected introspection (examining one’s own mental and emotional processes) - Tabula rasa “blank slate” approach (Coined by John Locke) o Personality is based on environmental effects B. F. Skinner – Radical Behaviorism - Personality IS a group of responses to the environment - Radical determinism o All behavior is caused - Operant Conditioning o Behavior is changed by its consequences o “Skinner box” (operant chamber) - Reinforcement o Increases activity after consequence - Punishment o Decreases activity after consequence - Positive o Stimulus...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Salma El Gharabawy PSY 390 University of Phoenix Everyday, people tend to learn something new in their lives; whether through watching other people or through their own experiences, people learn. We all “know” things, and naturally perform a lot of actions, meaning we exhibit in a lot of behaviors. Ever stop to think where all of this came from? Some are innate, while others are only acquired actively; therefore, any knowledge or behavior that we have now and were NOT born with, was one way or the other, “learned”. Learning is an integral part of all living things’ lives; some certain behaviors we are born with, innate (genetically predisposed at birth or maybe even during conception) such as certain reflexes and some specific species behaviors; while others are only gained through learning. Learning, in the field of psychology has been best described as “ . . . .a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). That said, in order to get a complete understanding of the mechanism of learning, in regards to the psychology field, it is really important for a person to first understand the specific role that is played by behavior, in learning, the different types of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition. Needless to say...
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...This essay has 2462 words ‘Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one’ Behaviorism was originally founded by John B. Watson who believed that behavior had the means to be measured, trained and changed (1913) The Behavioural theory is firstly based on experiment and secondly by describing how human behaviour is learnt through principles and rules. Maladaptive behaviour is when an individual is unable to adjust to situations; psychologists use this term to describe patterns of emotional disturbance. Both behavioural and psychoanalytic psychologists use this in different ways. The behavioural theory is based on two main factors being biological drives such as primitive needs and sex drive and what is learnt. The three main principles in the behavioural theory are Stimuli, response and conditioning. Behaviour is believed to be a conditioned response to an environmental stimulus. Individuals are obliged to react to stimuli using their senses such as seeing and hearing. There are short lived unlearned behaviours such as suckling and unlearned grasping. Responses are overt and implicit, learned or unlearned. Response can be foreseen if stimuli are available and stimuli can be predicted from the response. Unlearned responses are automatic such as breathing heavily and perspiring when running. Unlearned...
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...CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning: Raspberry Diet Carolyn Crump Psychology 103/Point University Abstract Classical conditioning can be, and is, used and applied every day. It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov through his studies on physiology of digestion in dogs, but classical conditioning, as it applies to learning and behavior, has nothing to do with salivating dogs. Pavlov’s contribution was just the catalyst for later discoveries. Clinical trials and studies used to educate researchers looking to improve the lives of people are generally a good ideal. The raspberry ketones is an example of classical conditional after Dr. Oz says you will lose weight if you take this pill and subscribes raspberry ketones as his # 1 “miracle in bottle” fat buster, and the supplements has been flying of the shelves. Classical Conditional Raspberry Diet Classical Conditioning: Raspberry Diet After being mentioned on Dr. Oz, the sales of Raspberry Ketone have gone through the roof. This is in part due to the clinical study that was mentioned on his website. To be clear, Dr. Oz does not endorse any specific raspberry ketone product, but this study was mentioned on his website and can be used as a guideline. The New Year with new goals to lose weight and you just heard that Dr. Oz is saying that Raspberry Ketone is way to go to new you is a prime example of the unsolicited responses triggered by nonrelated stimuli is the result of Classical Conditioning, which is the...
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...Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist opened the doors to the first experimental model of learning, classical conditioning. Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849, at Ryazan, Russia. Ivan Pavlov was born into a poor family, with very religious beliefs. Because of his families beliefs Ivan Pavlov early studies were focused on theology. Ivan Pavlov eventually changed his views, abandoning his religious career and decided to devote his life to science because he was inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarevand and I. M. Sechenov were spreading. In his early life Ivan Pavlov had an accident, it impede him to attend regular school until the age of 11. Ivan Pavlov attended and graduated from the Ryazan Church School before entering the local theological seminary. In 1870, Ivan Pavlov left the seminary to attend the university at St. Petersburg where he enrolled in the physics and math department and took natural science courses. Ivan Pavlov’s first research project on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas won him a prestigious university award. In 1875, Ivan Pavlov completed his course and received the degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences because of his outstanding record. Ivan Pavlov decided to continue his studies because of interest in physiology and proceeded to the Academy of Medical Surgery. Ivan Pavlov returned to Germany after completing his doctorate, he studied in Leipzig in the Heidenhain laboratories in Breslau. Ivan Pavlov remained in the laboratories...
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...processed by sensation and perception converting the information into data used to modify learned behavioral patterns (Davis, 2004). This physical process of sensation shows in the use of the five senses responding to the stimulus. The sensory means of perception becomes the analysis of the stimulus. The brain continually sorts the information gathered to make decisions. This unique concept stores unnecessary information from the interpretation of the stimulus. The ability to decide on multiple options shows the subject responding to only the priming prompt (Davis, 2004). Classical Conditioning Technique The classical conditioning technique teaches a subject to respond to the same stimuli every time (Izard, 2009). A top researcher, Ivan Pavlov unexpectedly discovered the associative learning process. He continued researching to understand the various aspects and elements used to create the learned behavioral control conditioning (Izard, 2009). The acquisition stage of learning begins with...
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