...Conflict Diagnosis Paper CJHS/430 Conflict Diagnosis Paper Deaths in the prisons are on the rise in the recent years and the major cause of these deaths are mostly suicide and I this review I will focus mostly on diagnosis on suicide related deaths in the United States. The research in the past has also been criticized for focusing mostly on the static variables like the demographics. In the United States, suicide is more common in prisons compared with the general populations as a whole. Each year it is approximated that the number of prison suicide is 200, and it is the third leading cause of death in prison behind aids and natural cause. Many suicides are seen as accidental deaths. Some workers fear reporting suicide-related incidents for fear of cases being brought against them. Somebody dying in the hospital after attempting suicide may not be reported as deadly occurred at the prison. The homicide rate in local jails nationwide hovered around 3 inmates per 100,000 between 2000 and 2010, according to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Violent, troubled individuals are concentrated in prisons and jails. “The violent prisoners exert pressures on the most vulnerable inmates who end up succumbing to health related problems or they result to suicide.” (Theodore, Max, & Mitch, 2009.) The populations or individuals that are vulnerable to these pressures should be identified, and this is an essential first step towards resolving the problem. However, it...
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...History of the United States Prison Marshall Keese Introduction to Criminal Justice CRJ-100-201103 05/14/2011 Instructor: Andrew Blank History of the United States Prison Introduction This research paper is on the history of the prison in America. How it came to be in its present state? Things I will be writing about in this paper are the early history of the prison history in England. I will be talking about early American prisons, the goal of rehabilitation, prison labor, changes in the prison system, rehab programs, population, housing and prison organization we will hit briefly on all those aspects of the history of prisons. The reasoning behind this paper is because many people do not know why prison are the way they are now. In order to know why we have prisons the way we have them today you have to know where they came from. The main findings from my paper are from the internet. Articles that I read for this are Towards a Fair and Balanced Assessment of Supermax Prisons by Daniel P. Mears and Jamie Watson. The textbook Twelfth Edition Introduction to Criminal Justice Author Larry Siegel Chapter 16. Prison Reform in Pennsylvania by Norman Johnston P.H.D Board member Emeritus of the Pennsylvania Prison Society, Wikipedia. The short History of Prison by the Howard League for Penal Reform. These articles helped me to understand how we have the prison system today. I found that...
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...Problem Analysis Patricia Gacho Program Development and Evaluation/CJA595 October 25, 2010 Sean Reeves Problem Analysis Hard sentencing laws, drug offences are causing the prison population to rise at alarmingly high rates. This is one of the reasons why the United States (US) prisons are the highest populated in the world (Vicini, 2006). According to statistics, the US shows that in 2006 seven million people were in prison or on probation or parole. Of this amount, over two million were physically in jail or prison (Vicini, 2006). According to Ethan Nadelmann the US has five percent of the world’s population, and also has 25 percent of the world’s incarcerated population (Vicini, 2006). The United States also imprisons more people on drug charges than all of Western Europe combined (Vicini, 2006). Like every other county jail, DuPage County jail is overcrowded due to the backlog of the court dockets. Alleged offenders must wait for their day in court and then be sentenced and transported to various prisons. Many of these offenders are non violent offenders, or are first time drug offenders (Vicini, 2006). In Cook County jail many inmates are tried and sentenced, but depending on the crime the sentencing could be one year or less in the county jail, prison time, probation, periodic imprisonment, or conditional discharge. There is however, another choice for first time drug offenders and non-violent offenders and that is Boot Camp. Boot Camp Boot Camp is...
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... Community Corrections or Incarceration Abstract In this research paper will read about different subjects and topics that pertain to incarceration and community corrections. The incarceration rate is going up in the United States while at the same time community corrections is slowly fading away because of limited support from the local communities and government officials within each state. In this research I hope to find out those community corrections has more to offer than incarceration. In conclusion incarceration is not the right way but community corrections will be. Community Corrections or Incarceration Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Background on Community Corrections Background on Incarceration Effectives of Community Corrections Effectives of Incarceration Programs dealing with Community Corrections Programs while Incarcerated Theory Interview with Mr. Sharron Wilson Result Reference Page Community Corrections or Incarceration Introduction Community Corrections is a better solution than incarceration because it offers many different alternative programs for several different types of offenders. Incarceration also offers similar programs that will help offenders while incarcerated. In this research I found out that there are many different things concerning community corrections programs that lead up to incarceration...
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...Many people are focused on the overcrowding of prisons; however, the increasing rates of the mentally ill in the prison system is also a very prominent issue that contributes to a lack of resources for the convicted. According to the US Bureau of Justice, over half of all prison and jail inmates nationwide have mental health problems. Although there is an abundant amount of research on the mentally ill in prison, many people are not aware of the social implications the mentally ill face when they are released back into society. Based on research conducted in North America, there is a repeating issue of recidivism which is the fact that these individuals are more likely to return to prison. The lack of concern for the recidivism in mentally...
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...Individual Jail and Prison Paper CJA/204 March 31, 2014 Prisons and jails have many similarities and differences. They both play a significant role in our criminal justice system. Many aspects affect the roles of jails and prison’s cultures and subcultures. Both facilities have a role with community-based correction programs. Jails and prisons serve as a means of housing for individuals that are convicted and prosecuted for crimes. A lot of violence and negative behavior takes place in both jails and prisons. There are different levels of prisons and location plays a big part in what type of criminals are housed in different facilities. Probation and parole are a part of the process that is involved within jail and prison sentences. I live in Maricopa Arizona where our jails and prisons differ depending on the type of inmates and location of the facilities. Most locals are familiar with our main prisons and local jail housing cells. There are different type of prisons even though all of them serve the same purpose of housing those who have broken the law. Those that are incarcerated are kept away from free society and during lock up our limited to most freedoms. Each prisoner serves different lengths of time based off of their individual sentence and crime. The different types of prisons are juvenile, minimum, medium, high security, psychiatric, and military. Juvenile prisons are there to house anyone under the age of eighteen that is convicted of a crime. Minimum security...
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...Final research paper on “Education vs. Prison Funding” The government is responsible for security of its citizens and it is also responsible to provide a safe socio-economic environment to its people, and in this context; Jails and schools are two important institutions of any society, which need regular monetary support from the government. Thus government has to be very careful in allocating funds to both of the institutions; as one punishes the convicts and other makes the people skillful, and wise enough to get a job and earn money for family. Government has to be very careful in allocation of funds to them, as it is very critical to decide which institution should be allocated more money. The report, “Prison Spending Affecting Higher Education in California” states that in 2008 one of every 48 adults was in jail; this data states the very reason that why prisons are getting so much funding against education. We need to take very stringent and effective steps to reduce the population of prisons. The article, “Education and Public Safety (2007)” mentions that the lack of proper education is directly proportional to increase in prison population; the fact that most criminals are from some particular areas, where the high school dropout is maximum, proves this theorem. It is dangerous for the future of the society that the education in lack of subsidy and proper funding is becoming unaffordable for more and more students. The prison data shows that around 50 percent population...
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... Submitted on: 1 June 2015 In this paper, I will review the origins of the Corrections and how it helps us today with those who choose to commit crimes. I will also cover the basis of how Constitutional given rights are upheld within the prison system itself, and how the public is involved with the goings on within the prisons. According to the article Why State Prisons by W. David Ball, state prisons in 2012 held approximately 1.3 million people which is almost twice the amount of people in county jails and more than five times the federal prison populations. This number is only estimated to go up as the years go on if left unchecked. Also according to the article, California passed policy to reform their prison and jail population problems, their state prisons now only accept violent offenders and sexual predators rather than all types of felons, with the remaining criminal elements serving their time in local jails. The state prisons began to be overpopulated due to the government taking on more and more prisoners to use as labor (road crews, ditch digging, etc;) and granted the government a flow of surplus cash as a result. That helped the economies then but is irrelevant in todays’ life, as the belief that the professional and rehabilitative power has dwindled into near oblivion. With that said, there are many who wonder whether state prisons are needed anymore, or are they a relic of the past? Prison terms were almost non-existent in the latter...
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...reluctant to hire individuals with a criminal past citing lack of skills and work history, untrustworthiness, and fear of liability for negligent hiring, among other things. Employers use of criminal history background checks over the past decades and they are less willing to hire ex-offenders that any other advantaged group. Their willingness to hire ex-prisoners varies according to the industry and position, the type and severity of offense committed by applicant and work experience since release. Employers are not always consistent in what they say versus what they do when it comes to hiring former offenders and prisoners Jail is a synonym for prison, especially when the facility is of a similar size as a prison. As with prisons, some jails have different wings for certain types of offenders, and have wok programs for inmates who demonstrate good behavior. Prison policy was driven for much of that 20th century by a hope that the staff in the environment would rehabilitate prisoners and fit them for a more productive life on release. It the 1970’s a series of studies showed that this aim was not being achieved,...
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...Prison and Jails Anthony Youmans CJA/204 Lexie Williams May 22, 2013 Prisons and Jails The American Judicial System has multiple types of facilities to house those convicted. Those facilities are known as federal prisons, state prisons, privately run prisons, and county jails. The main argument that plagues society today is private prisons. In this paper, one will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of private prisons and will also explain the conflict between safeguarding a prisoner’s constitutionally projected rights and the state’s authority to abridge those rights to protect its own interests and citizens interests. The most controversial argument in our society today concerning prisons is that of private versus state. “A private prison is defined as a correctional institute operated by a private firm on behalf of a local or state government” (Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2009). One advantage for privatization of prisons is private companies offer correctional facility designs are efficient to operate and are based on cost-benefit considerations. Also private prisons can mobilize quickly and specialize in facility missions. Private prisons helps the government reduce its liability exposure by contracting with private correctional companies. A disadvantage of privatization of prisons is that some private operators may be inexperienced and this could cause a problem within the management of the prison. Also the procurement process of having a private prison is slow, inefficient...
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...CAPE COAST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNSELLING SERVICES IN GHANAIAN PRISONS: A STUDY OF ANKAFUL AND SEKONDI PRISONS. REV. FR. DUAH 2014 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Since ancient times till now, no clan or society has existed without crimes and offenses of some kind for which society inflicts punishments (Dobb, 1994). In pre-colonial Ghana, different traditional societies had their own various ways of meting out punishments, deterring and rehabilitating offenders and deviants. In these societies, the socialization of the people and sanctions meted out to offenders were both in accordance to the customs, values, belief systems and traditions of the people. Power and authority rested on the chiefs and traditional rulers as well as heads of clans and families to punish culprits of various offenses and offer rehabilitation services. According to The Library of Congress Country Studies (1994) there was no prison system in the traditional Ghanaian society in the colonial era and advent of western education and culture in Ghana. The Ghana Police Service was established and mandated to provide the security needs of the citizens by protecting lives and properties. The judiciary or law courts of Ghana were also given the mandate to provide fair trial and justice to offenders arranged before them and those found guilty were given various punishments ranging from fines to custodian sentences in jail to serve as a deterrent to others. In the mid-nineteenth century...
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...Felicia Mitchell English Online Dr. Logan December 12, 2013 Criminal Justice System is it "Justice" or "Just Us" Section I: Introduction I have always been intrigued with the criminal justice system every since I started working as a Correctional Officer for Solano State Prison. I also worked in the Inmate Appeals Division where inmates had the right to appeal a write up written upon them by any staff. It is not my intention to raise any more controversy on the subject but to open the eyes of people to see their is still discrimination against those of color than whites still in the 20th century. While working in this division, I noticed a lot of discrimination within this system such as the African Americans and Hispanics would receive a denial on their appeal and their property would be taken away from them whereas, if a Caucasian inmate appealed the same situation they would receive a granted appeal and get their property back. Working as an Officer, their were a lot of mistreatment in the prison system; such as if their were fights among the Blacks and Hispanics or Whites and Blacks or Whites and Hispanics, the minorities would always receive the harsher treatment by being locked down for months whereas the white inmates would just be locked down for a few days. At a presidential primary debate Senator Barack Obama charged that blacks and whites “are arrested at very different rates, are convicted at very different rates, and receive very different sentences...
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...literature review provides the ground work for a preparation of another scientific work. Creswell further notes… “ this literature review passage should summarize large groups of studies instead of individual ones”( Creswell, 2009, p.104). Rhodes, A.L. Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison (2004) is a book written by Dr. Lorna Rhodes. Her study explores, examines, and recognizes what life is like inside confined walls of solitary units inside prisons. Her study provides not only the image of solitary confinement- but the sense of loss and liberty of humanity when an offender is faced with long periods of extensive isolation from all; but those who feed you (correctional officers). Dr. Rhodes- explores and discusses the challenges that are faced both by the front-line-staff and offenders. Such as, psychological, emotional, and physiological changes- and provides her academic perspective with a scientific response. Rationale for Selection There are a lot of research currently available in-regards to isolation of offenders, and the biological effects on human body, mind, and perceptions. This study is valuable to my research even though the findings are not as scientific as I would have hoped; nevertheless, it provides circumstantial evidence that supports the harmful and toxic effects of segregation on offenders, health care providers, and the front-line-staff. Her portrayal and descriptive encounters with all that are involved in her ethnographic...
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...psychopathy, and rehab for criminals. Theorists that contribute to Dr. Oberhoff area of interests are scholars such as Robert Hare (psychopathy); Rick Rogers (Malingering/deception); and Richard Rogers etc. Our evolving world, multicultrism, poverty, and the highest incarceration rate in the globe- the field forensic psychology is still considered at its early stages. (Bartol and Bartol, 2012) My two personal favourite theorists are Dr. Roger Hare, and Dr. Lorna Rhodes. There are many reasons as to why I chose these two theorists as my favorite for their efforts and contribute in to the field forensic psychology, and correctional services. It was noted by Dr. Gibbons and Dr. Katzenbach (2011)… “What happens inside jails and prisons does not stay inside jails and prisons” (Gibbons and Katzenbach, 2011, p.36). Being surrounded by negativity, fear, anxiety, rumors, hostility, and threat of physical violence have a profound effect on both the staff and offenders in a correctional facility. Dr. Gibbons and Dr. Katzenbach(2011) further state “when people lived and worked in facilities that are unsafe, unhealthy, unproductive, or inhumane, they carry the effects home with them”( Gibbons and Katzenbach, 2011,p.36). United States has one of the largest and highest incarceration rate-approximately 2.2 million individuals, with expenditure of $60 billion annually on correctional services. (Gibbons and Katzenbach, 2011) Mash (2013) notes contribution to the field of forensic...
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...seems fair for him to spend time in prison. Should he see probation after the jail time? How much? This scenario helps introduce the dilemma we have today as a society about institutional vs. community corrections. Punishment for crime has always been an issue for debate. With the growth of the American colonies, the colonists needed a system of punishment for lawbreakers. Many methods developed in Europe meant to bring shame to those offenders were adopted. Around this time, the world saw a change in punishment ideology; some began to stress that humans are not perfect and make mistakes. Thus, there should be more reform as well as punish. In 1682, William Penn made a push for change. He limited the death penalty to cases of murder only and called for fines and imprisonment for most offenses. This is widely considered the beginnings of the prison system in the U.S. He also helped start the creation of jails, like the High Street Jail. The first federal prisons were established in 1891. Before this date, prisons were organized by states and territories. The establishment of parole and probation, or community corrections, began in the 1870s. There has always been and most likely always will be a huge social dilemma on what types and to what extent punishment should be laid out. Both institutional and community corrections have their pros and cons. One thing is for certain, however, that we do need a mixture of both. The current prison system...
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