...Biofuel * Introduction Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Biofuels are produced from living organisms or from metabolic by-products (organic or food waste products). In order to be considered a biofuel the fuel must contain over 80 percent renewable materials. It is originally derived from the photosynthesis process and can therefore often be referred to as a solar energy source. There are many pros and cons to using biofuels as an energy source. Biofuels don’t contribute to global warming and they emit less particulate pollution than other fuels, especially diesel. They are also renewable sources of energy as you can just keep producing more. They reduce greenhouse gas emissions when compared to conventional transport fuels. Actually biofuels are not carbon neutral simply because it requires energy to grow the crops and convert them into fuel. The amount of fuel used during this production (to power machinery, to transport crops, etc) does have a large impact on the overall savings achieved by biofuels. Biofuels prove to be substantially more environmentally friendly than their alternatives. Biofuels can be made from many sources such as plant material, fungi and algae and since these source are available in abundance and can potentially reproduced on a massive scale they are an energy source that is potentially unlimited, this will end our need to depend on other...
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...production from Jatropha curcas: A review Wilson Parawira Department of Applied Biology, Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Avenue de I' Armee, B. P. 3900 Kigali, Rwanda, E-mail: aparawira@yahoo.co.uk. Tel: +250785561670. Accepted 2 July, 2010 Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel alternative to fossil fuels. Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and from animal fat. Jatropha curcas Linnaeus, a multipurpose plant, contains high amount of oil in its seeds which can be converted to biodiesel. J. curcas is probably the most highly promoted oilseed crop at present in the world. The availability and sustainability of sufficient supplies of less expensive feedstock in the form of vegetable oils, particularly J. curcas and efficient processing technology to biodiesel will be crucial determinants of delivering a competitive biodiesel. Oil contents, physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition of J. curcas reported in literature are provided in this review. The fuel properties of Jatropha biodiesel are comparable to those of fossil diesel and confirm to the American and European standards. The objective of this review is to give an update on the J. curcas L. plant, the production of biodiesel from the seed oil and research attempts to improve the technology of converting vegetable oil to biodiesel and the fuel properties of the Jatropha biodiesel....
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...Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2014, Article ID 369204, 32 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/369204 Review Article Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae): A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of This Medicinal Plant Juliana Félix-Silva,1 Raquel Brandt Giordani,2 Arnóbio Antonio da Silva-Jr,1 Silvana Maria Zucolotto,2 and Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa1 1 Laborat´rio de Tecnologia & Biotecnologia Farmacˆutica (TecBioFar), Programa de P´ s-graduacao em Ciˆncias o e o ¸˜ e Farmacˆuticas (PPgCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, e Petr´ polis, 59012-570 Natal, RN, Brazil o 2 Laborat´rio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farm´ cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), o a Rua General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, Petr´ polis, 59012-570 Natal, RN, Brazil o Correspondence should be addressed to Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa; mpedrosa31@uol.com.br Received 24 February 2014; Revised 1 May 2014; Accepted 1 May 2014; Published 5 June 2014 Academic Editor: Shi-Biao Wu Copyright © 2014 Juliana F´lix-Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution e License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), widely known as “bellyache bush,” is a medicinal plant largely used throughout Africa and America...
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...CRUDE OIL CRISIS SAVIOUR .. By focusing our attention from digging for more fossil fuel resources, if we focus it on producing vegetable oil using the land resources, we will greatly reduce the demand for petroleum products. .. Our engine is extremely VERSATILE, being able to run on diesel, bio-diesels, vegetable oils with very little change in power and efficiency. This will diversify the kind of fuels that can run a diesel engine and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. • ECO-FRIENDLY .. No additional Carbon Oxides are emitted into the atmosphere. .. This is because only carbon stored in the plants seeds are released back in the atmosphere as carbon oxides. • COST SAVINGS .. Waste Vegetable oils cost an average of $0.30 per litre for filtering and is usually free of charge. Whereas diesel costs $1.243, saving a total of $0.943 per litre. Copyright © Singapore Polytechnic. All rights reserved. 3 • GREAT FUTURE SCOPE .. Internet research has shown that some oil from wild plants can be used to make bio-diesel and possibly used directly on a modified diesel engine. .. One such plant is Jatropha curcas, also called physic nut. The very oleaginous kernels can be used to make both bio-diesel and vegetable oil, to be used as motor and heating fuel. When properly irrigated, it procedures seeds during almost the whole year (in tropical regions with high humidity). In drier regions there are 2 peaks in seed production. .. By proving vegetable oil is...
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...Name: Instructor: Subject: Date: Corporate valuation: Archer-Daniels-Midland Company ADM (Archer-Daniels-Midland) company is one of the world’s largest food processing firms operating over 270 plants worldwide and operating in over 75 countries. Headquartered in Decatur, Illinois, the company is listed on the New York stock exchange main board and is a part of the S&P 500 index. The company is one of the most admired in the US and internationally being named the world’s most admired food production company by the fortune magazine for three years in a row from 2009 to 2011. ADM has a staff of about 30,000 people in its workforce to help it run its operations and hundreds of thousands more who depend on it indirectly as suppliers and business partners. ADM seeks to partner with farmers by creating thousands of products and markets for their crops. ADM was founded in 1902 when George Archer and John Daniels set up a factory to crush linseed. The company changed its name to its current Archer-Daniels-Midland company when in 1923 it acquired the Midland Linseed Products Company to further grow its linseed business. Since then, ADM has expanded both in geographical size and business segments as it entered more business lines such as milling, food processing, manufacture of specialty foods ingredients for industrial use and nutritional products to the processing of cocoa. The company also has significant interests in renewable energy. ADM is also involved in the storage and transportation...
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...Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim Asset) “Towards an Empowered Society and a Growing Economy” OCTOBER 2013- DECEMBER 2018 Contents List of Acronyms......................................................................................... 3 Foreword ................................................................................................. 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1............................................................................................... 12 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12 Chapter 2............................................................................................... 16 2.0 Situational Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16 Chapter 3............................................................................................... 26 3.0 Towards an Empowered Society and a Growing Economy:………………………………………26 Chapter 4............................................................................................... 45 4.0 Implementation Structure…………………………………………………………………………………………….45 Chapter 5............................................................................................... 47 5.0 Monitoring and Evaluation…………………………………………………………………………………………….47 Chapter 6............................................................................................... 48 6.0 Funding and Debt Management……………………………………………………………………………………48 ...
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..."NATURAL PRESERVATIVES" Anthony C. Dweck Research Director, Peter Black Medicare Ltd., White Horse Business Park, Aintree Avenue, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, UK. BA14 0XB SUMMARY This paper looks at the theoretical development of a natural preservative system using the author's data base on medicinal plants as a source of references. The legal aspects of this concept are considered. The traditional methods of preservation, many taken from the food industry are summarised. The use of alcohol, glycerine, sugar, salt, dessication, anhydrous systems and temperature are amongst examples considered. The definitions of the many words used to describe the act of preservation are considered, and the confusion that results from the presence of the many synonyms is considered. e.g. antimicrobial, antibiotic, antiseptic, bactericidal, etc. Specific organisms are identified as being of particular interest, especially those standard organisms that form part of the B.P. challenge test. These include Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus. A cross-section of plants mentioned in the literature as being specifically targeted at these organisms are considered. The paper concludes with Appendices of plant materials that have mention in the literature according to specific definitions, which may give researchers a potential introduction to future research. KEY WORDS Natural preservation, traditional preservation, challenge test organisms...
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...------------------------------------------------- https://www.fresherslive.com/current-affairs ------------------------------------------------- Sectors[edit] Percent labor employment in India by its economic sectors (2010).[110] The GDP contribution of various sectors of Indian economy have evolved between 1951 to 2013, as its economy has diversified and developed. Historically, India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP as three sectors — agriculture, industry and services. Agriculture includes crops, horticulture, milk and animal husbandry, aquaculture, fishing, sericulture, aviculture, forestry and related activities. Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors. India's definition of services sector includes its construction, retail, software, IT, communications, hospitality, infrastructure operations, education, health care, banking and insurance, and many other economic activities.[111][112] Agriculture[edit] Rice fields near Puri, Odisha on East Coast Main articles: Agriculture in India, Forestry in India, Animal husbandry in India, Fishing in India and Natural resources in India India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 17% of the GDP and employed 49% of the total workforce in 2014.[113] As the Indian economy has diversified and grown, agriculture's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011, yet it is still the largest employment source...
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...OCCASIONAL PAPER NO 23 China in Africa Project January 2009 China in Mozambique: A Cautious Approach Country Case Study at io n al Af fai r s Paula Cristina Roque rn te f In eo t tit u . Ins hts can fr i ig ins South A l a Glob African perspectives. ABOUT SAIIA The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think-tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s occasional papers present topical, incisive analyses, offering a variety of perspectives on key policy issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. This paper is the outcome of research commissioned by SAIIA’s China in Africa Project. ABOUT THE CHINA IN AFRICA PROJECT SAIIA’s ‘China in Africa’ research project investigates the emerging relationship...
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...finite reserves and contributes to global political strife. Biofuels made from renewable resources could be a more sustainable alternative, particularly if sourced from organisms, such as algae, that can be farmed without using valuable arable land. Strain development and process engineering are needed to make algal biofuels practical and economically viable. D espite limited supply and increasing demand, fossil fuels remain among the world’s cheapest commodities. Prices will inevitably rise once demand starts to outstrip supply, but short- to medium-term replacement of fossil fuels by renewable and more environmentally benign alternatives will occur only if the substitutes can compete economically. One of these alternatives is based on the oils extracted from algae, and commercial-scale pilot facilities to test these are in operation. However, significant improvements are still needed to make algal biofuels economically viable. In this Review, we outline the advantages of algae as a biofuel producer, discuss the different cultivation methods, consider the options for achieving optimal algal biomass and lipid production, and the process engineering needed to make the process efficient and economically competitive. grown and manipulated, but strains differ significantly in lipid profile, photosynthetic ability, growth rate, growth medium requirement (from extreme halophilic to marine and fresh water), resistance to pathogens and biomass productivity. Although most algae are phototrophs...
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...REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES (RRL) Literature About the Malunggay Leaves Extract Against Staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus is a group of bacteria that can cause a number of diseases as a result of infection of various tissues of the body. Staphylococcus is more familiarly known as Staph (pronounced "staff"). Staph-related illness can range from mild and requiring no treatment to severe and potentially fatal. The name Staphylococcus comes from the Greek staphyle, meaning a bunch of grapes, andkokkos, meaning berry, and that is what Staph bacteria look like under the microscope, like a bunch of grapes or little round berries. (In technical terms, these are gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, usually unencapsulated cocci.) Over 30 different types of Staphylococci can infect humans, but most infections are caused byStaphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci can be found normally in the nose and on the skin (and less commonly in other locations) of 25%-30% of healthy adults. In the majority of cases, the bacteria do not cause disease. However, damage to the skin or other injury may allow the bacteria to overcome the natural protective mechanisms of the body, leading to infection. And one of the cures for staphylococcus aureus is vitamin c which is found in malunggay. Called "Malunggay" in the Philippines, "Sajina" in the Indian Subcontinent, and "Moringa" in English, it is a popular tree. Many Asians use the leaves of Malunggay (Sajina) like spinach and also the fruit...
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...Converting biomass into ethanol through fermentation by Leng Hong, Grazy (0630400033) A Final Year Project Thesis (ENV4071; 3 Credits) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Environmental Science at BNU-HKBU UNITED INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE Novembers , 2009 DECLARATION I hereby declare that all the work done in this Project is of my independent effort. I also certify that I have never submitted the idea and product of this Project for academic or employment credits. ___________________ Leng hong, Grazy (0630400033) Date: ___________________ Acknowledgements I am grateful to my project supervisor, Dr. C. F. Yu, Assistant Professor of the Environmental Science Program at UIC. He gave me guidance throughout the whole project. Also, I deeply appreciate Prof. Daniel Ruan, the head of the Department of Environmental Science in UIC, for his expert advice, instruction, and technical supports for the whole year. Thanks are also attributed to Car Wu, Sunshine Chen ,the Laboratory Technician at UIC, who provided useful directions and helpful comments during the project. Finally, I would like to give credits to all other laboratory technicians, for their valuable advice. And to all my classmates, who provided me with encouragement throughout the whole project. ...
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...Prepared by: Ahamed Najeeb Rahman ZR-74 Tasnia Azim Choudhury RH-76 M. Samiul Haque ZR-84 Jidny Rubaiyat Shoummo ZR-85 Zahin Azad Moslem ZR-121 BBA 20th Date of Submission: June 15, 2012 Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka 2 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 15 June, 2012. Dr. A. M. M. Amanat Ullah Khan Course Instructor Economics of Geography and Environment University of Dhaka Subject: Letter of transmittal for Economics of Geography and Environment course termpaper. Dear Sir, Here is the report which you asked us to submit for the requirement of our undergraduate course- Economics of Geography and Environment (G101). The title of the report is “Clean technology: a greener aspect to development”, which is a descriptive analysis of how Green Technology works and can help the environment. This report has been prepared under your authorization. Without your permission, no part of this report can or will be revealed. This report never has been, and never will be, reproduced for any other IBA course. We sincerely hope that you we were able to fulfil the course requirement successfully through the submission of this report. We have put in our best efforts to contribute towards the successful completion of this report. We hope that you will accept our report and that it will reach your level of expectations. We have tried to make the report as comprehensive as we possibly could but we would appreciate you contacting on us if you find any imprecision. Sincerely,...
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...Summer Project Report Study of MDA (malondialdehyde) as abiotic stress marker in CSV-17 variety of Sorghum bicolor. Submitted in partial fullfilement of the requirement for B.Tech. Biotechnology Semester VII AMITY INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AMITY UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN JAIPUR 2011 Supervised by: Dr Ajit Kumar Sr. Research Officer S.P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur Submitted by: Ravi Pareek DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Study of MDA (malondialdehyde) as abiotic stress marker in CSV-17 variety of Sorghum bicolor” is a record of the work compiled by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Ajit Kumar, S.P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur as a part of my 45 days summer training. Ravi Pareek (B.TECH-BIOTECHNOLOGY) (AUR0821094) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all with due regard to my respective god with whose kindness and blessing we could be able to accomplish the task of training. Mr. Sourabh Pareek, for his kind permission to allow me to undergo my major project at S. P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur. I am overwhelmed with rejoice to take this opportunity to evince my profound sense of reverence and gratitude to my esteemed supervisor respective Dr. Ajit Kumar, for giving his regular advice and excellent suggestion which have helped us for completing the study. His regular assistance and guidance really helped me to bring formidable task in successful manner. Sincere thanks to Dr. Sonali Jana and Dr. Neha Upreti for their cooperation...
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...Strength. Performance. Passion. Sustainable Development Report 2007 Company Profile ACC – India’s first name in cement ACC Limited, or ACC as it is popularly known, is India’s foremost manufacturer of cement. Formerly called The Associated Cement Companies Limited, ACC’s corporate office is located in Mumbai. Its operations are spread throughout the country with 14 modern cement factories having a total installed capacity of 22.4 million tones of cement per annum, a string of 20 sales offices and a countrywide distribution network of over 9,000 dealers. It has a workforce of more than 10,000 persons. A subsidiary company, ACC Concrete Limited, is a leading manufacturer of ready mix concrete that has 30 plants across the country. Established in 1936 as a merger of ten cement companies, ACC is today closely associated with the Holcim Group of Switzerland. Since inception, the company has been a pioneer and trendsetter in cement and concrete, with a unique track record of innovative research and product development. It is an important benchmark for the cement industry in respect of its production, marketing human resource management and other processes. ACC has achieved spectacular results in the utilization of two industrial wastes – namely slag from steel plants and fly ash from thermal power stations – to make blended cements that offer unique advantages to concrete. Today ACC offers total solutions for waste management including testing, suggestions for reuse, recycling...
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