...Jean Piaget (year 1896 to 1980) was working at the “Binet Institute” (1920s), where his task was to expand French descriptions of questions on English aptitude papers. Piaget became stratagem with the explanations/ causes children gave for their incorrect solutions to the questions that needed logical thoughts/ opinion. He thought that these wrong answers exposed significant differences between the thoughts of children and adults. (YouTube, 2015) Piaget (1936) explained his task as “genetic epistemology” (that is, the origins of thoughts). Genetics is the systematic study of where stuff comes from (their beginning). “Epistemology” is alarmed with the fundamental categories of thoughts, which are to state, the structural or framework elements of intelligence. Piaget required to do was not to calculate how fine children could spell, count, or solve issues as a way of ranking their Intelligence Quotient. He was more engrossed in was the method in which basic concepts like the very thought of justice, causality, quantity, time, number and so on appeared. (YouTube, 2015) Piaget (1936) was the 1st psychologist to make a methodical study of “cognitive development”. His assistance involve a theory of child cognitive growth, comprehensive observational studies of cognition in kids, as well as a sequence of easy but inventive tests to disclose various cognitive capabilities. Previous to Piaget’s task, the ordinary supposition in psychology was that kids are just less knowledgeable thinkers...
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...Jean Paiget (1896-1980) was biologist who was originally studied molluscs. He was born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland he passed away September 16th 1980. Jean Piaget’s theory as 4 developmental stages these are, * The Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2 years) * The Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) * The Concrete Operational (7-11 years) * The Formal Operational Stage (11 years plus) All of these 4 developmental stages have sub-stages for each age range. Sensorimotor Sub-stages Simple reflexes - (birth-1 month old) At this time the infant uses natural reflexes that they were born with such as, sucking and rooting. In which they understand the environment purely on these actions. Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) This stage a child may suck their thumb or finger by accident and then repeat the action intentionally for pleasure. Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months) The child becomes more focused of their immediate environment and likes to see the affects of their surroundings such as they may pick up a toy to place it in their mouth or move a toy to another place. Co-Ordination of Reactions (8-12 months) At this stage a child starts to explore their close surroundings such as picking up a set of toy keys and shake them to realise they make a noise once they are shaken. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months) At this stage a child starts to practice attention seeking form a parent or a career by shouting, screaming or just generally making...
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...An IQ test is a test designed to measure intellectual aptitude ,or ability to learn in school.Originally,intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age,times 100-hence the term intelligent quotient or IQ. After taking the IQ test on the website ,I was not happy with my score and I don’t think it is an accurate assessment of my intellectual ability because i know I can do better than the score they gave me.English is not my first language,I am from Nigeria and an immigrant.I have to read the question very well and take my time to answer it but it stated in the test that each question should be answered in less than twenty seconds. I don’t think IQ test will predict academic achievement because the scores change,they are not consistent and i believe that no test can measure the complexities of the human brain.Many Studies suggest that people inherit a set of abilities,some high and some low,rather than a general intellectual ability(e.g Zhu et al,2010).Two leading developmentalists(Sternberg and Gardener) ...
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...progresses as the individual (Educational Psychology). Cognitive Development contains events that are logical, like thinking and remembering. Some factors remain the same throughout many of the theories on cognitive development. All theorists agree that people go through specific steps and/or stages of learning and understanding. Along with the fact that there are certain principles must be meet before learning can occur. There are many ideas and opinions that cognitive theorist have about the development of a person’s cognition. Two theorists that are commonly known in the field of cognitive development are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. These two theorists agree on the several concepts of cognitive development but differ on others, the most commonly agreed difference among all theorists involved in cognitive development is the simple yet complex question of how cognitive development occurs. Jean Piaget, born 1896 and died 1980, was a Swiss psychologist; his focused was on the way an individual child acts upon an object in their environment, in order to build mental models of the way the world works. Piaget believed that the physical environment was important to a person’s cognitive development. Ensuring that the environment was rich and stimulating was the adult’s role, according to Jean Piaget. The adult, whether it be a parent, a teacher, or an older sibling is to occasionally ask questions that challenge children’s...
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...Theorist Paper Sherry McLaren PSY\390 May 20, 2015 Thomas Zahler Cognitive Theorist Paper The study of cognitive theory is the process and interpretation of any given information. There are two sections of cognitive theory. One is behavioral cognitive and the other is social cognitive. Behavioral cognitive can be affected by the environment and is more or less predictable. Similar to behavior cognitive, social cognitive has another key component which is genetics along with the environment and behavior. Jean Piaget was a child psychologist. Jean Piaget’s contribution to learning and cognition were the four stages of cognitive development. Which are still used today. These four stages help to understand how a child’s cognitive process is different from an adult cognitive process. The four stages include, “Sensorimotor (birth to two years of age), Preoperational (from age two to age seven), Concrete (Seven to Eleven years of age) and Formal Operation or Abstract Thinking (from eleven years of age and so on)” (http://www.sciography.com/jean-piaget.htm). In the sensorimotor stage a child’s focus is to master solid objects. Preoperational stage, is where a child masters figuration. Concrete stage is where a child begins to understand reason and formal operation stage, a child should be able to master thought. Not all children are able to conquer this. Jean Piaget studied children more so his own three children rather than others but also studied his kids’ friends. He ordinated...
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...Jean Piaget Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland on August 9th, 1896. He was the oldest of three children, and the only boy. His father was Arthur Piaget, a professor of medieval literature. His mother was Rebecca Jackson, and his godfather was the Swiss scholar Samuel Cornut. In 1923, he married Valentine Chatenay. The couple had three children, Jacqueline, Lucienne, and Laurent. Piaget died in Geneva on September 16, 1980, after a brilliant scientific career made of over sixty books and several hundred articles (Papert, 1999). Piaget’s greatest contribution was to found the field of cognitive development. He believed children are the biggest manufacturers of their own development, as man’s capacity for logical thought is not learned but embedded along with hair color and sex, in his genes. In other words, a child cannot be forced to develop understanding any faster than the rate at which his powers mature to their full potential, so there is a limit to what overeager parents and teachers can achieve. On the flip side, a child who does not get the chance to apply his developing abilities and test limitations may never reach his full intellectual capacity (Pramling, 2006). According to Jurczak (1997), Piaget believed in four stages of cognitive development: • Stage 1: Sensorimotor – Newborn to Age 2 The child’s primary concern is mastering his own innate physical reflexes and extending them into interesting or pleasurable actions. During this time, the child becomes...
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...Learning from B.F Skinner and Jean Piaget The psychological studies of B.F Skinner and Jean Piaget in the field of learning revolutionized the understanding of learning processes, and undoubtedly paved the way for future psychologists. The findings of B.F Skinner and his theory on operant learning expanded the horizons of his generation. Jean Piaget also constructed the basis by which we evaluate the logical capabilities of youth, and he developed a theory of schemas. Both of these eminent psychologists have left a mark on the field of learning, and while both are dissimilar, they have common themes and continuities that cannot be overlooked. Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904, to William Arthur Skinner (a lawyer) and Grace Madge Burrhus, born with an aptitude for mechanical toys and gadgets. In his adolescence he showed interest in works by Charles Darwin and Francis Bacon. In his early adult life he attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York where he studied English language and Literature, during his time at University he was heavily engaged in the campus magazine, and was known for his hand in pranks. After graduation he was exposed to Behaviorism by the literary magazine Dial, and read further into Conditioned Reflexes by Ivan Pavlov, he soon realized that he was interested in human behavior and was convinced by a close friend that science was the next big thing, he decided to engage in work in psychology. He enrolled at Harvard in 1928, and began...
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...Cognitive Theorist – Jean Piaget Terry Cross University of Phoenix 10/17/2014 Contribution of the theorist in the field of learning Jean Piaget was one of the pioneer psychologists who concentrated on the systematic analysis of cognitive development. Jean Piaget contributed in the field of learning by developing a theory of cognitive development in children. His detailed and close observational studies of children’s cognition in addition to administering ingenious tests to children revealed varying cognitive abilities. Piaget’s drive to study the cognitive development in children was informed by the psychological assumption that children have reduced or less thinking competency that adults. As such, Piaget made observations that children have a different mode of thinking compared to adult members of the society. Piaget established that children have innate and basic genetically inherited and evolved mental structures upon which later knowledge and learning stems from (Piaget, 1936). The cognitive theory developed by Piaget contributes to the understanding of cognitive development in children. Cognitive development theory by Piaget concentrates more on the cognitive development and does not argue about learning and acquiring information on given behaviors. Cognitive theory details elaborate stages of cognitive development that differ from one another. As such, the cognitive theory contributes to the field of cognition by explaining processes and systems by...
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...theft and also teen pregnancy and inclining abortion rates have caused many to question the morals of the upcoming generation. This is not only faced in Singapore, but many other nations are also facing serious moral issues with the children these days. Therefore, for today’s programme, I will be focusing on different age groups; children between the age 3 and 5, Primary 5 students (10-11 years old) and High School Seniors/Junior College students (16-17 years old), and teach these students about right or wrong of fundamental moral principles. To learn about cognitive development of young children and teenagers, we will look into Jean Piaget’s theories. Piaget is widely respected by all, including those who have criticized or used his theories. He was one of the first psychologists that focused directly relevant to contemporary theories of moral TEACHING FUNDAMENTAL MORAL PRINCIPLES TO Page 3 STUDENTS AT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS development. Hence during...
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...Contrasting Theorists- Piaget, Vygotsky and Erikson Piaget, Vygotsky and Erikson all had great impact on the research of how the human mind develops. Personally I believe that Jensen would agree with both Piaget and Erikson theories because they both tie to his four stages of development and Gladwell would agree with the three. Nonetheless, I believe that all, Jensen, Erikson, Vygotsky, and Gladwell would agree with Jean Piaget that “ the principle goal of education in the schools should be creating men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply repeating what other generations have done.” Piaget’s theory of cognitive development focused on children’s intellectual development, the nature of thought and how it developed. He believed in self-initiated discovery and learning by doing. According to Piaget, “ children sort the knowledge they acquire through their experienced and interactions into groupings known as schemas”(Cherry, n.d.). He also believed that learning occurred through 4 different stages, sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations stage, and formal operations stage (Boeree, 2006). He believed that in order for learning to happen, students must interact with their environment in a new way and apply their previous schema to their interaction. I work with middle school students so they like learning from their own mistakes. I’ve learned that at middle school age, students do not want to be told what to do and that they...
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...Cognitive Theorist: Jean Piaget Tatiana Larson PSY/390 May 30, 2015 Richard Codd Cognitive Theorist: Jean Piaget Theorist Jean Piaget was the first psychologist to make a “systematic study” of cognitive development. The work of Piaget is often described as genetic epistemology simply put, “the origins of thinking” (McLeod, S. A. (2015). This theory is often recognized for its four stages, sensorimotor, preoperational thinking, concrete operations, and formal operations. Later in this article we will go over the details of each stage. The goal however of these studies was not to measure how well a child could function cognitively in order to grade their I.Q., but to identify the way the material concepts emerge in the mind. In this article we will be going over some key information regarding Jean Piaget and the theory he developed. Jean Piaget: Contributions After understanding what Jean Piaget set out to prove with this theory it is important to recognize the contributions that were made. It is because of this theory that “discovery learning” has been integrated with the primary school curriculum. The stages that were developed by Piaget help teachers, psychologists, etc. to identify the path that each child takes cognitively. Once we fully understood the true benefits of understanding the youth and were able recognize the importance of individuality we could then see an influence on the learning process. According to Piaget’s theory, classroom learning should...
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...Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. Piaget believed that children play an active role in the growth of intelligence. He regarded children as philosophers who perceive the world as he or she experiences it (ICELS). Therefore in Piaget’s most prominent work, his theory on the four stages of cognitive development, much of his inspiration came from observations of children. The theory of cognitive development focuses on mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, believing, and reasoning. Through his work, Piaget showed that children think in considerably different ways than adults do and as such he saw cognitive development as a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from maturation and experience (1973). To explain this theory, Piaget used the concept of stages to describe his development as a sequence of the four following stages: sensory – motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. There are three elements however to understanding his theory of cognitive development. They are schema, the fours process that enable transition from on stage to another, and finally the four stages themselves. He began his studies by making naturalistic observations. Piaget made careful, detailed observations of children, typically his own children or their friends, from these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development...
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...Explanation Cognitive Development Theory was founded by one of the most influential researchers of the 20th century, Jean Paiget (A&M p. 3). Piaget was concerned with how we come to know and how children thought. Due to Piaget’s biology background, Piaget “was interested in how an organism adapts to its environment” (A&M p.3). Paget’s main hypothesis was that infants were born with reflex schemes and then as they aged, constructed schemes took place of the reflex. Piaget also noted, “Children are born with a very basic mental structure (genetically inherited and evolved) on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based” (McLeod). Piaget claimed individuals use two process throughout life to adapt, assimilation and accommodation. “Assimilation is the process of using of transforming the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures. Accommodation is the process of changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment” (A&M p.3). As one ages, behaviors become more complex forcing schemes to morph into structures. Piaget based much of his research on case studies. During his work, Piaget identified four stages of development; * Sensorimotor Stage (Infancy): “Intelligence is demonstrated through motor activity without the use of symbols (A&M p. 4). * Pre-operational Stage (Toddler): “Intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols, language use matures, and memory and imagination...
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...Development Theory”1 “Child Development Theory” Ney Brown PSY104: Child and Adolescent Development Instructor: Daniella Atwell August 20,2012 “Child Development Theory” 2 Child development occurs from birth and continues throughout adulthood, and during their life span they go through many different changes, including language, physical growth, and cognitive abilities. Interest in this field has been very important to researchers because they want to know what happens during child development as well as the influences on development. There are a few theorist who have their views on child development and they are Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Understanding child development has become very important today as we all want to Know what a child actually goes through during their development, and later on in life because most of these things will affect them later on in life. Many people don’t realize the many different stages a child goes through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of development...
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...Theories of Development and Application General Psychology, PSY101 Theories of Development and Application Understanding the theories of development is key in psychology. Everyone proceeds through specific areas of change and growth in key areas as they go through life. Whatever path is taken during life, understanding theories of development will assist us in motivating and guiding others, as well as understanding ourselves. The following theories of development will be applied to this author’s personal life experience: Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, Developmental Stage Theory of Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development, and Developmental Milestone: Motor Development will all be briefly explained. This author will provide examples of ways thinking has shifted to indicate entering the Formal Operational Thought stage. One stage of Erik Erikson’s Developmental Stage Theory will be chosen and will be applied to this author’s personal life. One decision this author made that was based on Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development will be described. Finally, based on a child this author has known, the description of this child has progressed from rolling over, sitting, standing and walking. This is also known as the four developmental milestones. Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a psychologist who “identified stages of mental development, called Schema, and established the fields of...
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