...JOHN B. WATSON (1878-1958) “Father of Behaviorism” Brenda Anyanwu Paul D. Camp Community College Mrs. Jean Farmer Psychology 201 Abstract Based on a quote from John B. Watson, “Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist’s total scheme of investigation. (Classics in the History of Psychology) Although, I might not somewhat agree with his theory, Mr. Watson holds some truth about his view on his theory. What you are about to read is about his life and what lead him to his theory on behaviorism. Brenda Anyanwu Mrs. Jean Farmer Psychology 52A November 3, 2010 Project Assignment John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) “Father of Behaviorism” During the year of 1878, John B. Watson was born to parents Pickens and Emma Watson, he was their fourth child. Growing upon a farm in a small town of Travelers Rest, South Carolina the family was poor. Most of the family wealth had been too lost during the civil war. John’s parent...
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...Dr. Jean Watson was born in West Virginia, and has held a distinguished career. She obtained her Baccalaureate of Nursing, Masters of Science in Nursing in 1966, and an PhD in 1973 from the University of Colorado. She was a Distinguished Professor of Nursing and Chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado, a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing, and Dean of Nursing at the University Health Sciences Center and President of the National League for Nursing. Jean Watson held six honorary Doctoral Degrees, and earned doctorates in educational psychology and counseling. Her research was in the area of human caring and loss (Current, 2012). The Theory of Human Caring was developed in 1979. The theory emphasizes the humanistic aspects of nursing in combination with scientific knowledge. Watson designed this theory to bring meaning and focus to nursing as a distinct health profession. Watson believes that caring is an endorsement of a professional nurses identity. According to Watson, the nurse's role is to establish a caring relationship with patients. She recognizes the patient as a holistic being comprised of mind, body, and spirit. The nurse is to display unconditional acceptance and treat all patients with a positive regard. When the nurse does this, spending quality time with her patients, she creates carative moments (Fitne, 2012). Carative moments are created by a combination of a nurse's attitude and competence. The nurse has the power to affect...
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...The Theory of Jean Watson Sheila A. Arao, RN University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao Abstract Dr. Jean Watson She was born on June 10, 1940 in Williamson, West Virginia, USA. She pursues her education of BSN in University of Colorado, 1964, Masters in University of Colorado, 1966, and doctoral degree in University of Colorado, 1973. Jean Watson’s Theory of Nursing Care is a middle-range theory that focuses on the interconnectedness of patient and nurse. Nurses play a vital role in their patients’ life and by developing caring behaviors, they could facilitate healing. This theory also focuses on authentically caring about the whole patient and understanding the power of a meaningful therapeutic relationship. Watson believes caring about oneself is important and integral in a transpersonal relationship. The theory introduces clinical caritas process which help guide the nurse toward developing caring behaviors. They include general concepts of faith, trust, love, hope, caring, selflessness, spirituality, energy, and understanding. This theory is very significant to nursing practice and can be applicable to all fields of nursing. This paper will briefly elaborate Watson’s Theory of Human Caring and elucidate its strengths and weakness in the acute care setting. Introduction Biography Jean Watson was born on June 10, 1940 in Williamson, West Virginia, USA. During her education years, she graduated high school in West Virginia, graduated the Lewis Gale School of Nursing...
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...Jean Watson's Theory of caring Jean Watson the founder of the Watson Theory of Caring was born in Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia in the 1940’s. She graduated from the Lewis Gale School of Nursing in 1961.After receiving her first Bachelor of Science degree in nursing she went on to study at the master’s level and did earn her doctorial degree in educational psychology and counseling in 1973. She wrote her first book in 2008 The Philosophy and Science of Caring which addresses how nurses should express care to their patients. Watson believed that caring is the single most important aspect in the practice of nursing. (Alligood, 2010) The simple act of caring in combination with medical intervention is the combination to good nurse practice according to the Watson Theory. She like many others believed that the holistic approach to nursing is the best way to show and provide caring to a patient. For Watson caring is not something that is passed from generation to generation or person to person, but it originated with the nurse and then passed to the patient and on to the society. However it starts with the compassion and the caring of the nurse. The nursing profession is therefore the founders and the instigators of caring and the patient that the nurse come in contact with learn true caring and pass it on to the society. According to the theory, caring environments accepts a person regardless of life style and embrace the person for their potential and not their current...
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...Jean Watson’s Caring Theory Nurses’ responsibilities to their patients are continually changing with the times. Jean Watson formed the “caring theory” to convey the significance and emphasize nursing as a diverse health profession. Using the Jean Watson’s caring theory enables nurses to maintain their perspective on caring for patients when overwhelmed with increased acuity, responsibility and workload. With the increase of patients and their needs, nurses often replace the caring attitude with an attitude of arrogance and hurried tasks, leaving patients and family members with belief that nurses believe they are here just to perform a job. By applying the Watson caring theory in caring for patients, “it allows nurses to practice the art of caring, to provide compassion to ease patients’ and families’ suffering, and to promote their healing and dignity but it can also contribute to expand the nurse’s own actualization” (Cara, 2003, p 2). Watson believes it is crucial that nurses apply caring values to their practice because it is essentially a byproduct in discovering the meaning of the nursing profession (Theory of Human Caring, n.d.). The foundation of this paper is to expound on the caring theory Jean Watson designed “to bring meaning and focus to nursing as a distinct health profession” (Cara, 2003, p 2). Description of the Theorist In the 1940’s, Jean Watson was born in West Virginia in a small town in the Appalachian Mountains. In 1961, graduated from the Lewis Gale...
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...Jean Watson’s Theory Jean Watson born in a small town in West Virginia on the 1940’s. She is known today as one of the most distinguished nursing theories in our current time. Graduated from a small nursing school in Virginia in the 1960, she went on to further her studies at the university of Colorado at Boulder earning her bachelor degree in 1964, her masters in psychiatric and mental nursing in 1966 and finally her Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling in 1973. Influence from other pass theories (Carl Rogers, Nightingale, Maslow, Giorgi, Johnson and Koch) to name a few, her travels around the world and private practice were the major contributors to her theory. Well known for her research on human caring and loss, she published her theory “nursing: human care” in 1988. According to Watson a nurse need to build a caring relationship with patients. Treat them as a holistic being and with a positive regard. She said to spend more uninterrupted time with patients to build that relationship. Watson concentrated on the “caring moments” of the nurse and the patient interaction. She believed that through nurse’s attitude and competence a patient’s world could become larger or smaller, brighter or drab, rich of dull, threatening or secure. With these interactions she believes that a bond is created. Working in the emergency department, Jean Watson’s “caring moments” might be one of the last things that I would do in an acute care situation. But now that I think about,...
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...Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring Analaura Rodriguez NUR 403 September 12, 2011 Kimberly Frommel For years caring and nursing have been interconnected. Most people choose nursing because of their passion to care for others and that is why this has led to caring being a central part of nursing and has opened the doors to the development of several caring theories. One well known caring theory was developed in the 1970’s by an American nursing scholar and nursing theorist named Dr. Jean Watson. Her theory is called “The Theory of Human Caring”. Dr. Jean Watson was born in West Virginia, but currently resides in Boulder, Colorado since 1962. She attended the University of Colorado where she completed her undergraduate degree in nursing and psychology. Shortly after that, Dr. Watson continues her studies and earned a master’s degree in psychiatric –mental health nursing. Dr. Watson ultimately received her PHD degree in educational psychology and counseling. She is currently a Professor of Nursing and the Murchinson-Scoville Chair in Caring Sciences at the University of Colorado, School of Nursing and is the founder of the Center for Human Caring in Colorado (Cara, 1999). Dr. Watson has received many recognitions including national, international, and doctoral degrees. There are many books that she has published explaining her philosophy and theory of human caring. Jean Watson’s theory states that nurses should view the patient as both a physical and spiritual...
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...Psychology is not something that came over night. Through the years and centuries psychology has grown from simple ideals of philosophers into its own kind of science. Today, psychology is largely defined as "the study of behavior and mental processes". The eleven founders of psychology all had great ideas and theories that developed throughout the years. John Watson was inspired by Ivan Pavlov’s work but instead of studying the digestive and blood circulation system like Ivan Pavlov he was more intrigued by the idea of behaviorism. Watson first began the study on animals and later on children. He discovered that children and animals will act a certain way depending on the situation. Watson was not amused by Sigmund Freud theories of heredity being a part of how someone would act, but Freud did not only specialize in heredity but also in the nervous and brain system. He tried hypnotism but realized that patients will talk by just being in a comfortable atmosphere. B.F Skinner like John Watson studied behaviorism. “He believed everything we do and are is shaped by the by our own experience of punishment and reward.” Abraham Maslow was sure that feeling love, belonging, and acceptance would only lead you to something greater in life but he question those who did not feel love, belonging, and acceptance he wondered how did they fulfill their life with happiness. Like Abraham Maslow, Harry Harlow was intrigued by the idea of feeling love. He wondered how one begins to feel...
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...Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring NRS/403 Theories and Models of Nursing Practice 27 November 2011 Candace Cane Abstract Due to the ever changing health care system nationally and the increase need for qualified nurses worldwide, nursing responsibilities and patient load have intensified. Nurses are expected to care for higher acuity patients in more complex health care situations. Despite increased hardships in the work place, nurses must continually try to find ways to preserve their caring approach. Jean Watson’s caring theory can be seen as indispensable to this goal. This paper will explain the background behind the theory and take a personal approach in showing how it can be applied to every day nursing care. Jean Watson Nursing theorist Jean Watson of West Virginia, graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the University of Colorado in 1964. She continued her nursing education at her alma mater and received a Masters of Nursing with a focus in psychiatric-mental health in 1966 and PhD of educational psychology and counseling in 1973. Dr. Watson holds the title of Distinguished Professor of Nursing; the highest honor accorded its faculty for scholarly work. In 1999 she assumed the Murchinson-Scoville Chair in Caring Science, the nation’s first endowed chair in Caring Science, based at the University of Colorado Denver & Health Sciences Center (Dr. Jean Watson, 2011). She has previously served as the Dean of Nursing at the University Health...
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... Dr. Jean Watson was born in West Virginia and has resided in Boulder, Colorado, since 1962. She earned her undergraduate degree in nursing and psychology, her master’s degree in psychiatric-mental health nursing, and her Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling from the University of Colorado. She is currently a Professor of Nursing and the Murchinson-Scoville Chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado (Cara, 2003). Dr. Watson is the founder of the Center for Human Caring in Colorado and is a Fellow in the American Academy of Nursing. She has received a number of national and international honors, and honorary doctoral degrees. She has published various works relating her theory of human caring, which have been studied by nurses and nursing students over the world. According to Watson (2001), the chief essentials of her theory are (a) the carative factors, (b) the transpersonal caring relationship, and (c) the caring moment. Carative Factors Watson first developed the “carative factors” as taxonomy of interventions in 1979, which she views as a constitution of the foundation of nursing when all of the medical techniques and technologies are removed (Sourial, 1995). She further assembled these ideas into a nursing theory in her second publication entitled Nursing Science and Human Care: A Theory of Nursing in 1985. Watson essentially believes that “nursing is an intersubjective...
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...subjective experience of the stimulus (Wozniak, 2015). 1809-1882, Charles Darwin Darwin was a naturalist whose theory of natural selection influenced the functionalist school and the field of evolutionary psychology. He worked on his theory for 20 years. After learning that another naturalist, Alfred Wallace had developed similar ideas the two announced their discovery in 1858. In 1859 Darwin published ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection’ (Charles Darwin, 2015). 1842-1910, William James James was a psychologist who opened one of the fist psychology laboratories and helped develop the field of structuralism. Until 1875 there were no professors of psychology in American universities before James began teaching the subject. In 1883 he began to develop a view and practice of psychology and its clinical procedures (Marvin, 1995). 1849- 1936, Ivan Pavlov Pavlov was a psychologist whose experiments on learning led to the principle of classical conditioning. Pavlov's research on the physiology of digestion would earn him the Nobel Prize. With his assistants, he was able to condition the dogs to salivate at the click of a metronome (Lautenheiser, 1999). 1856-1939, Sigmund Freud Freud was the psychologist who founded the field of psychodynamic psychology. He was known for his tendency to trace nearly all psychological problems back to sexual issues. Freud's theory of the Oedipal Complex...
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...situations. Despite increased hardships in the work place, nurses must continually try to find ways to preserve their caring approach. Jean Watson’s caring theory can be seen as indispensable to this goal. This paper will explain the background behind the theory and take a personal approach in showing how it can be applied to every day nursing care. Jean Watson Nursing theorist Jean Watson of West Virginia, graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the University of Colorado in 1964. She continued her nursing education at her alma mater and received a Masters of Nursing with a focus in psychiatric-mental health in 1966 and PhD of educational psychology and counseling in 1973. Dr. Watson holds the title of Distinguished Professor of Nursing; the highest honor accorded its faculty for scholarly work. In 1999 she assumed the Murchinson-Scoville Chair in Caring Science, the nation’s first endowed chair in Caring Science, based at the University of Colorado Denver & Health Sciences Center (Dr. Jean Watson, 2011). She has previously served as the Dean of Nursing at the University Health Sciences Center and has acted as the President of the National League for Nursing. Dr. Watson has authored numerous publications and books including “The Philosophy and Science of Caring”. In 2008 Dr. Watson created a non-profit foundation: Watson Caring Science Institute, to further the work of Caring Science in the world. Dr. Watson’s caring philosophy is used to guide transformative...
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...Abstract Jean Watson is a nurse theorist who has impacted the modern nursing in a great way. Her publication, research, and books have helped to bring the profession of nursing to the forefront. This paper is aimed at looking who Jean Watson is, her contribution to the nursing field and the impact of her work in the modern nursing. Introduction Dr. Jean Watson is known as a professor, nurse, theorist and a founder director of Watson Caring Science Institute, which is a non- profit organization. She was awarded the American Academy of Nursing award termed as a Living Legend in the year 2013 (Jug, D, 2015). Jean is known because of her Theory of Human Caring and ten Caritas processes which act as a blueprint for the nursing practice. She was born in West Virginia in the year 1940 (Alligood, 2013). She received her Bachelor of Science in Nursing in the year 1964 from the University of Colorado. She continued with her Ph.D. in Education Psychology and Counseling in the same University. Since then, she has earned other ten honorary doctoral degrees and has a diverse experience working in the mental health nursing and caring science. She is doing more research in the area of human caring and loss. She came up with the Theory of Human Caring in the year 1975 (Wang, 2013). Her main aim at that time was to make people understand that nursing science is important and a different entity from medical science (Jug, D, 2015). Her teaching experience played a significant role in her work...
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...Nursing Theory 403 Dr. Elizabeth Wider May 12, 2014 Watson's Theory of Human Caring Dr. Jean Watson was born in Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia in the 1940s. She graduated from the Lewis Gale School of Nursing in Roanoke Virginia in 1961.She progressed through her nursing education by obtaining her bachelor’s degree in 1964, a master of science in nursing in psychiatric and mental health nursing in 1966, and a Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling in 1973, all from the University of Colorado at Boulder. (McEwen & Wills, 2007). Today she serves as a legendary Professor of Nursing and holds an endowed Chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado and is a Fellow in the American Academy of Nursing. She is the author of more than 14 books on caring and holds six honorary doctorates. Recently she founded Watson Caring Science Institute, a nonprofit organization developed to help spread her nursing theory and ideas. (Cara n.d.). In 1979, Dr. Watson established the Theory of Human Caring, her theory is the cornerstone guiding personal and professional nursing practices today. Her philosophical beliefs are based on morals/ethics and grounded in a foundation of having love for your fellow man. Her theory has three primary concepts, carative factors, transpersonal caring relationships and caring occasion or caring moment. Watson (1988). “According to Watson (1988) a caring occasion is the moment (focal point in space and time) when the nurse and another...
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...Running Head: WATSON AND PALEY: COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Watson and Paley: Comparison and Contrast Penelope K. Gates RNBC HCS350 Jean Watson received her nursing diploma from “Lewis-Gale School of Nursing” in Roanoke, VA, in 1961. She went on to complete her undergraduate and graduate studies at the University of Colorado. She obtained a “PhD” in educational psychology and counseling in 1973. Her primary work has been in the psychiatric field of nursing. Dr. Watson has taught many nursing courses through the years as well as did research and wrote numerous books and articles. Most of her work since 2000 has been on her theory and philosophy of caring. She has traveled and lectured across the world, studying and lecturing on her theories on nursing. In 1980, Watson and her associates started the “Center for Human Caring” at the University of Colorado (Alligood & Toomey, 2010, p. 92). Watson wrote her first book on the philosophy and science of nursing in 1979. She developed “10 carative factors”, which Watson describes as being the main ideas of nursing. The carative factors consider the persons involved in practice of caring. She believes in instilling faith and hope and being sensitive to self and others. Watson’s carative factors also are based on developing a trusting relationship with the person or patient. The creation of a healing environment that respects the wholeness and dignity of the person is a carative factor. Watson also looks at the human beings...
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