...Review of Related Literature and Studies 1. Antipyretic An antipyretic is a type of medication that will prevent or reduce fever by lowering body temperature from a raised state. They will not affect normal body temperature if the patient does not have a fever. Generally, most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesize within the hypothalamus. Fever, or pyrexia, occurs when the body reaches a temperature above what is considered "average". Bear in mind, however, that this "average" temperature can vary from person to person within certain parameters. It is generally accepted fever exists at a temperature above 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) when the thermometer is placed under the armpit, or over 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 degrees Fahrenheit) when measured orally or rectally. Fever usually results from microbes such as bacteria or viruses triggering the body's defense mechanisms. This activates certain types of cells, some of which release the substance interleukin. Prostaglandin is another chemical released by the body that plays a part in this process. Prostaglandin is induced by bacterial pyrogens and is produced in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Interleukin affects the hypothalamus, which is the part of the brain that regulates body temperature, signaling it to raise the temperature by a few degrees. The hypothalamus works like a thermostat while the interleukin that is released serves to raise its preset...
Words: 1049 - Pages: 5
...| ANTHRAX | IONIZING RADIATION | SARIN GAS | Pathophysiologicactions | Caused by Bacillus Centhracis bacteria. 3 ways of contact, cutaneous, ingesting, inhalation. Inhalation is the most deadly. Inhaled spores produce toxins within the lungs and lymph system. | Causes | Inhibits the breakdown of the enzyme acetylcholinesterace. It over stimulates the parasympathetic nerves in smooth muscle | | | | | Signs and Symptoms | Cutaneous- bumps, blisters with black centersGI- nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, bloody diarrheaInhalation- sore throat, mild fever, fatigue, muscle aches, high fever, trouble breathing, shock, meningitis, coma, death.Resembles flu like symptoms. | Radiation sickness- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, skin erythema, necrosis, sterility, damage to DNA, low birth weight babies, mental retardation, developmental delays, cataracts, cancers. | Runny nose, blurred vision, sweating, muscle twitching, tightness of the chest, headache, cramps, nausea, vomiting, involuntary defecation and urination, convulsions, coma, respitory arrest. | | | | | Treatments | Treat skin lesions, Oral antibiotics like PCN, Tetracycline, Ethromycin, and Cirpo. | Treat symptoms as they appear. Many symptoms will not appear for days, weeks even years.Blood transfusions stem cell transplant, and cytokine therapy. | Treat symptoms as they appear. Give Atropine and Pralidozine (PAM) | Bioterrorism is a constant concern today. As seen in the news, bioterrorism...
Words: 757 - Pages: 4
...SCIENCE A N D HUMAN WELFARE’ I BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE M Y SUBJECT this afternoon is “Biology and Medicine,” but I think a more accurate wording would be “Medi- cine and Other Phases of Biology,” for to my mind Medicine is a branch of Biology. Webster’s Dictionary defines medicine as the science and art dealing with the prevention, cure, or alleviation of disease. Biology is the science of life, Disease might well be defined as life out of balance, and is in a strict sense a biological process. Whether it be an attack by microorganisms, or improper functioning of glands, or congenital misformation or maladjustment, or injury by poison or bullets, disease processes are in the last analysis nothing more than cells, tissues, or organs that have suffered injury and so not only fail to perform their normal functions but in most cases interfere with the normal functions of other parts, more often than not of the entire body. Of the two great divisions of medicine dealing respectively with treatment and with prevention, the former is much the older. It is far easier to observe the effects of treatment on a person suffering from a malady than it is t o understand why someone else escaped it. Some knowledge of curative or alleviative medicine was possessed by our cave-dwelling ancestors; in fact, it is instinctive in many lower animals. It gradually grew up as a sort of folklore from a slow process ‘Public lectures delivered a t the Rice Institute on Sunday afternoons in the spring...
Words: 7518 - Pages: 31
...FOOD-BORNE OUTBREAK Fresno County has recently experienced a major outbreak in food-borne illnesses. Most of the county residents have been hospitalized with severe flu like symptoms. These residents have been complaining about severe stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, and muscle weakness. Some had a very high fever that caused them to become hospitalized. The hospital is advising everyone to take the proper food safety, handling, and purchasing steps to prevent any more cases from arising. These steps would include keeping up on the latest safety recalls, washing hands before and after handling any meats, and washing all utensils right away after they have been used. Residents can check for local recalls by going online or checking the local newspapers daily. Sometimes a recall only impacts a small amount of food. Inspecting your meat for the proper coloring and looking for visible signs of dirt are another way of prevention, as well as washing all fresh vegetables and cooking them thoroughly before consumption. Avoid sharing utensils, knives, and cutting boards when you are cooking with meats and vegetables. You must thoroughly wash each item before using it on something different or use a different utensil all together. According to the California Department of Health 48 million people get sick, 128,000 people end up hospitalized, and 3,000 people die from food-borne diseases in the United States every year. They say that...
Words: 280 - Pages: 2
...Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion University of Phoenix Susie Hughes HCS 245 August 29, 2011 Mr. Carmon Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion In Dallas of this year, a football coach with a heart condition from a heat stroke. He was practicing with his team in heat that was more than 100 degrees. Two days later, two South Georgia football players, died from heat exhaustion, both were 16 years of age. For the past two months, the country has been under the threat of hot and humid temperatures. Heat advisors in most countries across the United States, are broadcast publicly to ensure that people are taking serious precautions during the months of extreme humid temperatures. In this essay, the writer will discuss: (1) definition and short history of heat strokes and heat exhaustion conditions, (2) the symptoms and the signs of each illness, (3) how is heat strokes/heat exhaustion acquired, (4) the diagnosis and treatments, (5) alternative treatments, and (6) the statistics. Definition and Short History of Heat Strokes and heat exhaustion Heat stokes and heat exhaustion are heat-related illnesses. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (2011) states that, “historically from 1979-2003, excessive heat exposure caused 8,015 deaths in the United Stated, which 300 deaths were accounted for during 2001.” Heat exhaustion, is an insignificant nature of heat-related illnesses, and occurs when a person is working, children are...
Words: 1644 - Pages: 7
...systems also increased congestion and created new safety hazards for pedestrians (Armitage, Buhle, Czitrom, & Faragher, 2009). Elevated trains were created, but still left the population under the shadow of noisy, rickety wooden platforms, and air pollution increased by unrestricted burning of coal to fuel railroads. Modern water and sewer systems which brought indoor plumbing to most homes were created but they did not eliminate serious environmental or health issues. Cities would continue to dump sewage into nearby bodies of water even after governments established separate clean-water systems. Rivers and streams would still be polluted. Overcrowded conditions and inadequate sanitary facilities bred tuberculosis, smallpox, and scarlet fever, among other contagious diseases. Children’s diseases like whooping cough and measles spread rapidly through poor neighborhoods (Armitage et al., 2009). Many people including immigrants and African Americans would flood major cities looking for a better life. Without much choice of place of residence because of racial or ethnic lines these groups would be compelled to live in the dingiest, most crime ridden, and dangerous sections of town. The more inequality and social lines drawn in the rapid growth of the major cities in the 19th century the more problems they would later be faced with. Despite many technological advances, the quality of life in the nation’s cities did not necessarily...
Words: 355 - Pages: 2
...log cabin. Once it was occupied by a young couple who wanted to distance themselves from the chaos of this modern world. Here they were miles away from the nearest town. Bob, the husband, made the occasional trip into town to buy supplies whereas Jan, his wife, spent her free time by the fire, sewing. Their life was simply idyllic. Then, one midwinter's day, Jan woke up from bed with a strange ache in her bones. Putting it down to overwork, Bob shooed her to bed and made sure she rested. Though Jan was impatient to get to her chores, Bob soothed her, "Relax, Sugar. You're overdoing things. All these chores will be here when you recover." However, Jan seemed to be getting worse instead of recovering. By evening, she was running a high fever and in greater pain. In spite of his best efforts, Bob could not manage to ease her suffering. And then suddenly, she started to lapse into unconsciousness. It was then obvious that she was seriously ill. What could Bob do? He had no experience in treating the sick and Jan was getting worse by the minute. He knew that there was an old doctor in town but he lived three miles away, downhill. Pot-bellied and obese, there was no way the doctor could make it up to their cabin. Something had to be done quickly! Bob racked his brains but to no avail. The only thing left to do was to go to the doctor. In Jan's condition, she could never walk that far in the waist-deep snow. Bob would have to carry her! Bob searched his mind for a way to...
Words: 580 - Pages: 3
...pins and joined a “registry,” allowing them to practice as private duty nurses in patients’ homes. Nurse registries, operated by hospitals, professional organizations, or private businesses, provided sites where the public could acquire the services of these private duty nurses. Families could contract for the services of a nurse for a day or a few hours to care for their loved ones either at home or in the hospital (Whelan, 2005). Although physicians’ orders were required, private duty in the home provided graduate nurses with the venue and the opportunity to break away from the rigid hospital routine and allowed for a more autonomous practice. These nurses provided care to patients with contagious diseases such as pneumonia and typhoid fever, aided women in childbirth, and supported those with fractures, infected wounds, strokes, and mental diseases. Private duty nurses lived with and worked for their patients, providing 24-hour care, often for weeks at a time (Stoney, 1919). (Creasia 5-6) Creasia, Joan L., Elizabeth Friberg. Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice, 5th Edition. Mosby, 2011. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before...
Words: 268 - Pages: 2
...Septic Shock Medical Careers Institute NUR 255 November 19, 2014 Instructor Y. Rogers Introduction Septic shock is the most common type of circulatory shock. Sepsis or septic shock is systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) secondary to a documented infection. This response is a state of acute circulatory failure characterized by persistent arterial hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation or by tissue hypoperfusion (manifested by a lactate concentration >4 mg/dL) unexplained by other causes. Sepsis can occur in stages that may progress from uncomplicated sepsis, to severe sepsis, to shock. Despite efforts to decrease shock with the use of antibiotics, the incidences continue. Septic shock is the leading cause of death in noncoronary ICU patients. More than 18 million cases of severe sepsis occur each year, this results in 1,400 deaths worldwide every day (Hinkle, 2014). Background In the past, the terms sepsis and septicemia have referred to several ill-defined clinical conditions present in a patient with bacteremia. These 2 terms have often been used interchangeably; however, only about half of patients with signs and symptoms of sepsis have positive results on blood culture. Serious bacterial infections at any site in the body, with or without bacteremia, are usually associated with important changes in the function of every organ system in the body. These changes are mediated mostly by elements of the host immune system against infection...
Words: 1327 - Pages: 6
...CLINICAL MANIFESTATION (Onset): * Headache * Chilly sensation * Aching all over the body * Nausea, vomiting & diarrhea * Fever is higher in the morning than it was in the afternoon * Breathing is accelerated * Furred tongue * Skin is dry & hot * Abdomen is distended & tender * Rose spots appear on the abdominal wall on 7th & 9th day * On the second week symptoms become more aggravated CLINICAL MANIFESTATION (Onset): * Headache * Chilly sensation * Aching all over the body * Nausea, vomiting & diarrhea * Fever is higher in the morning than it was in the afternoon * Breathing is accelerated * Furred tongue * Skin is dry & hot * Abdomen is distended & tender * Rose spots appear on the abdominal wall on 7th & 9th day * On the second week symptoms become more aggravated Patient’s manifestations Patient’s manifestations Signs & Symptoms Signs & Symptoms Process Process LEGEND LEGEND Typhoid Fever Typhoid Fever Macrophages & intestinal epithelial cells attract T cells & Neutrophils w/ interleukin 8 causing inflammation of the intestinal wall Macrophages & intestinal epithelial cells attract T cells & Neutrophils w/ interleukin 8 causing inflammation of the intestinal wall Toxins are injected into the intestinal cells Toxins are injected into the intestinal cells Peyer’s patches Peyer’s patches Bacteria...
Words: 495 - Pages: 2
...discovery that has saved millions of lives. Everyone expected Jeanna Giese to die, but one doctor did not give up. B write the word from Part A next to its definition 1The feeling when something hurts you. pain 2The person who controls a business or the workers manager 3 To help someone who is sick ; treat 4 A medical condition with higher than normal body temperature; fever 5. Available for sale; on the marker 6. An organization that sells goods or services to make money; Company 7. Medicine that is not liquid, you can pick it up and take it with water; pill 8. To stop something from happening; prevent 9, Almost the same; similar 10. Someone who goes to see a doctor; patient 11. 12. To make or create spmething ; produce A person who does a study to learn more about something ; researcher. A Felix Hoffmann's father was in a lot of pain, so Hoffmann did research and developed a mixture with salicylic acid. It worked well. Hoffmann told his manager at Bayer about this. The Company developed a drug called aspirin. It helped stop pain and lower fevers. They tested the new drug and found that it worked well. At first, Bayer sold aspirin ply through doctors. Then they made it in the form of a/ an pill and sold it in drugstores. By the 1950s, new painkillers came on the marker. These new drugs were similar to aspirin. Then a/ an researcher found that aspirin helped to prevent heart attacks. Doctors...
Words: 370 - Pages: 2
...Evidence-Based Fever Management Teaching Intervention for Emergency Room Nurses Alonya Elgrably Dominican University of California E-MAIL: ERSPRSTAR@gmail.com March 04, 2010 Signature Page This capstone project is assembled under the direction of the candidate’s program advisor and approved by the Director of the Master’s program and the Chair of the Nursing Department. It has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Nursing, Dominican University of California, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science, Nursing. ______________________________________________ __________________ Candidate Date ______________________________________________ __________________ Advisor or Director Date ______________________________________________ __________________ Department Chair Date ______________________________________________ __________________ Dean of the School of Health Sciences Date Evidence-Based Fever Management Teaching Intervention for Emergency Room Nurses Fever has long been a common childhood illness faced by parents, physicians, and nurses. In fact, 30 percent of visits to the emergency room included fever as the main complaint (Watts, Robertson, & Thomas, 2003). Over the decades the research has shown fever to be an adaptive physiological mechanism and shown to improve survival rates and shorten the duration of the disease...
Words: 6319 - Pages: 26
...Diseases THEIR TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL This project is designed to inform or further the reader’s knowledge about the different diseases and how they are transmitted and can be controlled. Therefore, it is divided into three (3) major sections. These sections includes: water borne diseases, food borne diseases and air borne diseases. These subtopics will go into further details as to make it simpler for your understanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION WATER BOURNE DISEASES FOOD BOURNE DISEASES AIR BOURNE DISEASES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First I would like to thank the Lord who is the head of my life who has given me the strength, courage, and inspiration in completing this assessment. I would also like to thank my teacher who has helped me in every step of the way. I would also like to thank my friends and family, specifically my parents who has provided the necessary resources needed to complete this assessment and also in giving me the ongoing encouragement and assistance. Once again I say thank you. WATER BOURNE DISEASES HOOKWORM Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine can cause intestinal disease. The two main species of hookworm infecting humans are Anclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Hookworm eggs are passed in the faeces of an infected person. If an infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) or if the faeces from an infected person are used as fertilizer...
Words: 2608 - Pages: 11
... the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, “mono effects about 45 of 100,000 people, mostly teens and young adults” (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2013). A person with mono is contagious for several days before symptoms begin to appear and for some time after. The virus is spread through saliva by kissing, sharing drinks and food, sharing cups and utensils, sharing toothbrushes, and sharing toys that have drool on them. Many people are infected with the virus and have no symptoms; those that do suffer symptoms are usually teens and young adults. Once the virus is picked up it has an incubation period of four to six weeks (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012) . The most common symptoms of mono are fever, fatigue, inflamed throat, strep throat, headache, swollen tonsils, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, enlarged spleen, swollen liver, and rash. Mono is a viral infection so antibiotics are not effective; treatment consists of bed rest, drinking fluids, antibiotics for throat and skin infections, corticosteroids, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and gargle with salt water. Some other...
Words: 1296 - Pages: 6
...known as “the kissing disease”, and it is indistinguishable from other members of the herpes virus group (123helpme, 2014). The most frequent mode of transmission is intimate salivary contact. It can also be transmitted from shared drinking and eating utensils, toothbrushes, etc. Mono is not likely to spread by sneezing or from hard surface contact. It is also known as Glandular Fever, because it affects the lymph nodes in the neck, arm pits and groin. It may last anywhere from one to eight weeks, and some people suffer from mononucleosis for months at a time. It is all dependent of one’s immune system. Recuperation is a slow process, which can demand twice as much sleep and resting periods. This disease can drain strength and energy and as well muscle loss. Balance is also affected. Usually exposure to this virus happens at late adolescence for half the population. The peak incidence for girls is 14-16 and boys 16-18. After initial contact with the virus, there is an incubation period of 4-6 weeks and then the symptoms start appearing. Symptoms include fever, sore throat and lymph adenopathy. Fevers may reach as high as 102 degrees Fahrenheit and may remain high for 3-4 weeks. Other symptoms include enlargement of the spleen and liver, fatigue, loss of appetite, periorbital edema, petechiae, and a fine rash. Clinically white blood cell counts and liver enzymes are elevated, and anemia may occur with low platelet counts. Mono is not a fatal disease, but because it is a virus...
Words: 1346 - Pages: 6
