...A Brief Overview of International Law by Janet Munro-Nelson March 2009 (Download pdf) In matters of world-wide concern, it is international law that determines the responsibilities and obligations of each State, organisation or individual. In the past 50 years, the world has become even more interconnected with the huge leaps in communication and technology, and a growing dependency on other countries for resources and services. Despite recent bad press from some governments, international law is both necessary and important for international cooperation at every level. On a day-to-day level, international law functions effectively with little or no awareness by the participants and without any noticeable seams. One can travel internationally, television events are broadcast world-wide and postal and electronic mail is delivered across borders due to international agreements. The term “international law” actually covers different subsets of law including private international law, public international law, supranational or regional agreements and foreign policy law. When the term “international law” is used in the media or in everyday discussion, the reference is generally to public international law. A short overview of both private international and public international law is given below. Private International Law “Private international law” (as civil law countries such as France, Italy and Spain refer to it) or “conflict of laws” (as common law countries such as the...
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...Два-три десятилетия назад по всей стране шли острые дискуссии, между сторонниками технического развития общества, считавшими, что научно-техническая революция является ключом к решению всех социальных проблем, с одной стороны, и представителями гуманитарных наук, утверждавшими, что целью общественного развития должен быть человек, а не техника, что только через признание главнейшей ценностью человека, его духовных запросов и исканий можно совершенствовать общество и решать задачи, стоящие перед ним,— с другой. Первые получили название «физиков», вторые—«лириков». Речь шла фактически о том, что важнее: иметь автомобиль, самолет, холодильник, или же сохранить способность восхищаться, негодовать, думать о «высших материях», мучиться загадками бытия. «Физики» считали все это пустой лирикой и говорили, что с точки зрения физических, химических и иных естественно-научных достижений человек не представляет ничего загадочного, что уже в ближайшее время будет сконструирован искусственный человек, который будет несравненно совершеннее природного, естественно-рожденного индивида. В подтверждение они ссылались на достижения кибернетики, бывшей в то время, пожалуй, самой молодой наукой. «Лирики», возражая им, говорили, что запрограммированный робот не может сравниться с живым существом, что и сам человек, и его задачи в мире не исчерпываются добыванием материальных благ, что ему предстоят грандиозные, задачи раскрытия самых глубинных тайн мироздания и смысла собственного существования, и что...
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...Business Structures jhjh FIN/571 Jan 25,2015 Wiuu Business Structures There are many forms of business structures suitable for different kind of business. Business owners should chose the most appropriate business structure that is most suitable for their needs. Sole Proprietorship is most easy to form and less costly business structure. In this business structure, single person has complete rights to make all management decisions and receive business profits. Access to funding the company is limited to personal assets. The owner is legally responsible for the business contracts. Partnership is business structure having more than one owner. Partnership increasese the diversity of the business and also brings in more capital into the business. Profit is shared among the partners. There is less flexibility and freedom to make management decisions. Partners need to reach consensus to reach management decision. General partners are liable for the debt and obligation of the partnership. In a Limited Liability Company, General partners and limited partners are not personally liable for the debts and obligations. Individuals in partnership can file personal income taxes, self employment taxes based on their contribution to the partnership. Provides flexibility in business ownership with partners deciding on their own contribution to business operations. Individual partners are not obligated to consult with other partners in certain business agreements. General Corporation...
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