...------------------------------------------------- Solar panel | | Solar PV modules (top) and two solar hot water panels (bottom) mounted on rooftops | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. The price of solar power, together with batteries for storage, has continued to fall so that in many countries it is cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid (there is "grid parity"). For example in 2015, an average home in Europe or the...
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...com/locate/eneco A model of competition in the solar panel industry Unni Pillai a,⁎, Jamison McLaughlin b a b College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257-Fuller Road, Albany, NY-12203, USA Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t We develop a model of competition in the solar panel industry. Solar firms manufacture panels that are differentiated both vertically and horizontally, and compete by setting quantities. The equilibrium of the model is consistent with a set of stylized facts that we document, including variation in prices, markups and market shares across firms. We calibrate the model using a new dataset data on prices, costs and shipments of leading solar companies, as well as solar sales in four leading markets. The calibrated model is applied to evaluate the impact of a decline in the price of polysilicon, a key raw material used in the manufacture of solar panels, on the equilibrium price of solar panels. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 12 June 2012 Received in revised form 14 May 2013 Accepted 20 May 2013 Available online 14 June 2013 JEL classification: L19 Ł13 O30 Keywords: Photovoltaics Competition Polysilicon 1. Introduction The electricity generation sector is the leading contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. Most plans to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions view solar photovoltaics as an electricity generation technology...
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...Efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic Research and developemnt in Solar PV industry Anushka Pal Riga Technical University Table of Contents Introduction: 4 Efficiency of solar cell 5 Factors affecting PV cell efficiency 14 Temperature 14 Dust 16 Solar irradiance 17 Losses in a solar cell 19 Optical losses 20 Collection losses 21 Resistance losses 21 Metal/semiconductor contacts 21 PV market 21 Cost analysis for PV 23 Parameters that can improve the efficiency of solar cell 30 Conclusions 31 Table of Figures: Figure 1 Best research cell efficiency 5 Figure 2 Measured efficiencies for LFC and PERC cells on p-type silicon 7 Figure 3 Progress in the conversion efficiency of HIT solar cells 8 Figure 4 Output power trends of single-sided HIT and bifacial HIT double modules throughout the year 9 Figure 5 Efficiency ratio of solar cells from a pilot solar series (300 cells). 11 Figure 6 Effect of temperature on PV cell characteristic. 14 Figure 7 Temperature effect on PV efficiency. 15 Figure 8 Effect of dust on PV cell power output. 16 Figure 9 Effect of irradiance on PV characteristic 17 Figure 10 PV module efficiency by different irradiation level 18 Figure 11 Energy output of PV for low radiation under 400 W/m2 18 Figure 12 PV power generation related to irradiance in a day 19 Figure 13 Photons with energy lower than the band gap energy...
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...PV StatuS RePoRt EUR 24807 EN - 2011 The Institute for Energy provides scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of community policies related to energy. Special emphasis is given to the security of energy supply and to sustainable and safe energy production. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Contact information Address: Via Enrico Fermi 2749 TP 450 21027 Ispra (VA) Italy E-mail: arnulf.jaeger-waldau@ec.europa.eu Tel.: +39 0332 789119 Fax: +39 0332 789268 http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu www.jrc.ec.europa.eu PV Status Report 2011 Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics July 2011 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, Renewable Energy Unit Via Enrico Fermi 2749; TP 450 I – 21027 Ispra (VA), Italia EUR 24807 EN Legal notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. The report does not represent any official position of the European Commission, nor do its contents prejudge any future Commission proposals in any areas of Community policy. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 64900 EUR 24807 EN ISBN 978-92-79-20171-4 ISSN 1831-4155 doi 10.2788/87966 The report...
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...Summary This is to about one of the leading real estate companies named PIXEL properties ltd. Now a days, this company is having a big problem about their sale of apartments. They are decreasing the amount of the sale of the apartments because of the announcement of the government to stop providing electricity for domestic use. If the company can’t find an alternative to increase their sale of apartments, it will make a big lose for the company. We discussed here three solutions which will help the company to increase the sale of apartments. Which are 1.discounts, 2.putting solar systems on the apartments, 3. Solving their problems about the apartment. Company Profile Company Name: Pixel properties LTD. Description of the Company: One of the REHAB certified real estate companies in Bangladesh. They provide luxurious apartments, office spaces, Shop spaces & building constructions facilities. Mission: without concentrate and elegant shelter life is truly worthless with Innovation Unlimited and to reduce the environmental impact of construction. History: They started their journey in 2004 in Bangladesh. Starting Capital: 5 Crore tk/- Present Capital: 8.6 Crore tk/-(Approximately) Management (Key Members): They have a board of 5 directors and a chairman. The names are given below: 1. Mr. Nasimul islam chowdhury (Chairman) 2. Mr. Ziaul kabir (Managing Director) 3. Ms. Shushmita Khan (Director) 4. Mr.Nafiz imtiaz Partho (Director) 5. Mr. Samiur...
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...award winning solar power user which runs their resort fully by solar power. They have a solar power plant of their own and this plant provides them with their essential electricity. This electricity and power is cheaper to them than the fossil energies. The price of fossil energy is increasing day by day. But expense for solar energy is not increasing. So, this helps their economically also. This solar power plant is very much eco-friendly and helps them to reduce the emission of carbon at a high rate. Hidden Valley Cabins and Tours are creating the example for the people that solar energy are very eco-friendly and they can be used for large facilities also. Contents Executive summary 1 Introduction 3 Purpose of the report 4 Findings 5 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 11 References 12 Introduction Solar power energy is one of the most discussed issues now a day. The whole world is experincing a crisis for the fossil energy. The day is not so far when all the available energy will be ended. So, the quest for an alternative source of energy was going by many people. As a result of this quest the solar power energy technology has been invented and this energy source is becoming more and more popular day by day. But there are only a few examples around the world and even in Australia that any resort or any structure is completely run by the solar energy. Hidden Valley Cabins and Tours are totally depended on solar energy. By...
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...Sherrah Adderley Ms. Marjorie Downie Eng 300 October 16, 2012 Should the government invest in solar energy? The impact of high crude prices on the economy has always been negative, resulting in high energy cost. Many Bahamians continue to struggle to keep their lights on due to the constant increases in surcharge on electric bills by The Bahamas electricity Corporation (BEC) .To reduce this energy load, the government should invest in renewable energy such as solar energy. Solar power is one way we can explore renewable energy. Maybe Bahamians are reluctant to explore renewable energy because of perceived difficulty or cost. The government should invest in solar power because; it reduces cost, environmental safe and may create jobs.(smith) Solar energy reduces cost. Since solar energy is hundred percent free it means that it can reduce the energy loads such as lowering electricity bills by the use of solar panels, solar lights and other solar products. Solar panel is cost effective as it requires no maintenance. (Van) Once installed, there are no recurring costs involved and money can be saved in the long run. Solar lights are easy to install. This is because there are a few wiring issues and little need to ever dig supporting trenches. Many Bahamians argue that it is misleading to say that solar energy is free However, the price of solar energy is found in the expense of the technology and other factors involved in extracting it and transforming it into...
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...Solar energy is simply the light and heat given off by the sun. most people actually want to know how we get power from solar energy. In other words, they really just want to know how we turn the sun’s heat and light energy into a usable power source. Both methods use solar panels to collect the solar energy but one process focuses on the sun’s heat and one process focuses on the sun’s light. The first process is called solar thermal which the energy works by harnessing the sun’s heat. The second process is the photovoltaic process Photovoltaic (PV) panels capture the light emitted by the sun and convert this energy into usable electricity. They do this by exciting the electrons in the solar energy which produces direct current (DC) electricity. DC electricity isn’t usable for most home needs. The DC electricity must go through a conversion process in a mechanical device known as an inverter. There many advantages of solar energy. The first one is Saving you money . After the initial investment has been recovered, the energy from the sun is practically FREE. It will save you money on your electricity bill if you have one at all. Solar energy does not require any fuel. The second one is Environmentally friendly. Solar Energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal) and sustainable, helping to protect our environment. It does not pollute our air by releasing carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide or mercury into the atmosphere like many traditional forms of electrical...
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...ESL students. The science class was very enlightening and attention-grabbing to say the least because Mrs. Molosky had to differentiate instruction to meet the needs of the different levels. Every 2-3 weeks the teacher replaces one subject with the other depending on the depth of the information within the chapter and the rate at which the students grasp the material. At this time Mrs. Molosky was teaching a unit in Science called “The Solar System and Beyond”. During my observing of this unit of instruction, I was able to compile the information needed to respond to the questions within the module. The following is the information: Were other content areas such as reading, writing, math and technology integrated into the science lesson by the teacher? Yes, the teacher did integrate the content area of Reading by using compare and contrast, sequence, categorizing and classifying information, and drawing conclusions. The subject area of Math was applied through teaching how to calculate the distance in astronomical units in the Solar System. Astronomical units are the standard unit for distance...
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...Rosario Carrillo HUM / 114 October 17, 2012 In Need of Alternative Sources of Energy There are many people that are debating how to best meet energy needs in the United States. The argument is that the country must decrease its dependence on oil and invest in alternative sources of energy. The United States uses oil daily witch tends to be very expensive. People believe that to best meet energy needs would be to find alternative sources, such as wind, and solar power. The truth is that alternative energy needs to become a major investment for everyone. The conservation of energy can result in the increased of financial capital, environmental quality, and comfort. The oil supply is decreasing daily and evenly that source will be extinct so why not start with alternative sources. Some argue that alternative sources are too expensive, but fail to realize that if he or she was to invest in an alternative source such as solar panels that they will acquire adequate lighting and a more healthful life. ”Solar incentives for homeowners reduce the energy cost by 30 to 50 percent” (Chiras, 2012, 5p. ). This is one of the reasons why it is important to invest in alternative sources of energy because the amounts of saving are so high. The price of electricity will increase witch will cause people to spend thousands of dollars on electricity because of the rising cost of oil. By encouraging more people to use alternative sources would help the United States to gradually clean...
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...ADVANTEGES OF SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy is a renewable resource that is environmentally friendly. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is available just about everywhere on earth. And this source of energy is free, immune to rising energy prices. Solar energy can be used in many ways - to provide heat, lighting, mechanical power and electricity. Think about the money you’ll save once you are off the energy grid. SOLAR COLECTERS Active solar systems use solar collectors and additional electricity to power pumps or fans to distribute the sun's energy. The heart of a solar collector is a black absorber which converts the sun's energy into heat. The heat is then transferred to another location for immediate heating or for storage for use later. The heat is transferred by circulating water, antifreeze or sometimes air. Applications for active solar energy include heating swimming pools, domestic hot water use, ventilation and industrial process air and water for commercial facilities such as laundries, car washes and fitness centers. SOLAR ENERGY [pic] BY: CARSON COLE DOMESTIC HOT WATER Another common way to use the sun's heat is with the use of a solar domestic hot water system. Depending on how the system is used, a typical system will provide 50 to 75 per cent of a family's hot water needs. With water heating accounting for about 20 per cent of home energy use, a solar DHW system is an attractive method of reducing a home's fossil...
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...Stardust is the NASA spacecraft that took samples of the Wild 2 comet. This craft returned samples that showed sampled of glycine, an amino acid used to make proteins. The mission took place in January of 2004 and the data was sent back to Earth in January 2006. These results were the first to prove that there are life ingredients in space. This proof restarts the issue of whether our species was created by a meteor or comet that came to Earth and left these similar samples. It’s perfectly logical to think believe if this one comet had these particles that many more could too. That they could be remnants of other planets or celestial bodies even. Dr. Carl Pilcher, Director of the NASA Astrobiology Institute which co-funded the research said, “The discovery of glycine in a comet supports the idea that the fundamental building blocks of life are prevalent in space, and strengthens the argument that life in the universe may be common rather than rare.” This is simply a hint of possibilities for what could be out there. Through this two-year journey much was accomplished. These accomplishments give scientists and astronomers even more of a reason to look into space in search for many things from life to more life ingredients. If our science today can accomplish something like this then the limitations are endless for future scientists and what they can find. Professor Donald E. Brownlee said it best when he said, “The discovery of amino acids in the returned comet sample...
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...depletion of natural resources, so is interest growing in environmentally friendly products and services. For example, the popularity of green cleaning products has increased in recent years. Nontoxic, biodegradable cleaning products are safer for use in the home meaning they are less likely to cause health problems. They also keep harmful chemicals out of the environment. Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) are another popular eco-friendly product; compared to traditional, incandescent light bulbs, CFLs use way less electricity. Here are a four of the many types of green technology used today; green energy, vehicles, building and appliances. Green energy as of today is produced by these forms of energy; solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. Solar power or solar energy is a technology that converts the power of the sun into usable energy. It is a resource that cannot be used up by us using it. Much of the world's...
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...SOLAR CHARGER A great kit for self-sufficiency It' SOLAR CHARGERS: 1. SOLAR CHARGER - this page - using a ZTX 851 transistor 2. Solar Light 3. Power Supply 5v Solar - Circuit 1 4. Power Supply 5v Solar - Circuit 2 5. Solar Charger - Push Pull circuit Some products are not yet available for 12v operation but inverters are available from 100watts to 4kw. The aim of this project is to cater for the other end of the range. We are looking at charging a 12v battery, using the cheapest set of solar cells and the cheapest inverter. This also means the cheapest 12v battery - a 1amphr (1AHr) gell cell or 6v cells salvaged from old analogue mobiles! THE PROBLEM The problem with charging a battery from a solar panel is the SUN! It doesn't shine all the time and clouds get in the way! Our eyes adjust to the variations in the strength of the sun but a solar panel behaves differently. As soon as the sun loses its intensity, the output from a solar panel drops enormously. No only does the output current fall, but the output voltage also decreases. Many of the solar panels drop to below the 13.6v needed to charge a 12v battery and as soon as this occurs, the charging current drops to ZERO. This means they become useless as soon as the brightness of the sun goes away. Our project cannot work miracles but it will convert voltages as low as 3.5v into 13.6v and keep delivering a current to the battery. Obviously the current will be much lower than the maximum, when the sun...
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...Publications (E) Energy 1-1-2010 The Role of energy storage with renewable electricity generation P. Denholm E. Ela B. Kirby M. Milligan Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/renew_pubs Part of the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons, Power and Energy Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Repository Citation Denholm, P.; Ela, E.; Kirby, B.; and Milligan, M., "The Role of energy storage with renewable electricity generation" (2010). Publications (E). Paper 5. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/renew_pubs/5 This Technical Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Energy at Digital Scholarship@UNLV. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications (E) by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact marianne.buehler@unlv.edu. The Role of Energy Storage with Renewable Electricity Generation Paul Denholm, Erik Ela, Brendan Kirby, and Michael Milligan Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-47187 January 2010 The Role of Energy Storage with Renewable Electricity Generation Paul Denholm, Erik Ela, Brendan Kirby, and Michael Milligan Prepared under Task No. WER8.5005 NREL/TP-6A2-47187 January 2010 Technical Report National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance...
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