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Joan of Arc

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Jeanne d’Arc

Son enfance:
Née en 1412 à Domrémy en Lorraine, Jeanne d’Arc est une jeune paysanne, fille de Jacques d’Arc et Isabelle Romée. Elle est la petite dernière d’une riche famille de laboureur. Contrairement à ce que la légende dit, elle n’a jamais gardé les moutons, mais elle passait plutôt ses journées à faire des tâches ménagères comme la couture et le ménage, tout pour devenir une épouse modèle et non pour partir à la guerre.
Elle a été décrite comme étant une jeune fille brune qui avait une tâche rouge derrière l’ oreille, qui pleurait facilement et qui aimait rire. Elle etait très devouée a Dieu, et était tres génereuse envers les autres. Elle prenait soin des malades et des pauvres. Durant la guerrre, quand elle voyait des réfugiés elle n’hésitait pas à leur offrir son lit tandis qu’elle dormait sur le foin dans le grenier.
Dans son village, elle était connue pour son courage et sa génerosité. Elle était même considérée comme la meilleure jeune fille du village. Elle n’a pas appris à lire ni à écrire, mais à la place sa mère lui a enseigné la religion. Sa foi lui a été apprise par sa mère sous forme de petites histoires. Tout au long de son enfance elle entendit des voix lui disant d’aller à l’eglise et d’être une bonne et gentille fille. C’était dans le jardin de ses parents qu’elle a declaré avoir entendu des voix pour la première fois. Elle avait 12 à 13 ans à l’époque. D’ailleurs elle a dit avoir entendu des voix venant de l’Archange Saint Michel lui révélant sa mission de libérer la France de l’occupation Anglaise et faire de Charles VII le roi de France. Elle a eu très peur la première fois et elle résista pendant quatre ans avant de répondre à l’ appel. Son père s’était formellement opposé à ce qu’elle parte de la maison mais elle y est allée quand même.
Elle a donc demandé au capitaine Baudricourt de la mener auprès du roi. Elle a du se déguiser en homme ce jour la pour aller chez Charles VII. Arrivée a Chinon, Charles lui a fait faire un test. Il s’est caché parmi ses sujets portant des vêtements simple et il voulait que Jeanne d’Arc le reconnaisse sans qu’il se présente. Jeanne d’Arc s’approcha de lui sans hésiter. Pourtant, Charles VII se méfiait toujours d’elle. Lui et sa cour voulait vérifier si elle était réellement ce qu’elle prétendait être et non une sorcière. Ils ont aussi verifié sa virginité. Elle a fait des predictions qui se sont réalisées et c’est ce qui a convaincu Charles VII.

Les batailles menées par Jeanne d’Arc:
Maintenant convaincu par les dires de Jeanne d’Arc Charles VII l’ envoya pour être à la tête de l’armée et repousser les anglais qui se sont installés sur le territoire francais. Durant la première nuit qu’elle avait passé dans les camps, elle tomba malade parce que elle n’était habituée à dormir dans des armures et surtout il n’y avait pas de femmes et donc elle s’est senti mal à l’aise.
La première ville qu’elle a liberée est Orleans. Elle a commencé par détruire certaines des redoutes ou petit forts construits par les Anglais pour interdire l'accès à la ville. Elle a détruite la bastille Saint-Loup et la bastille des Tournelles Pendant cette bataille elle a été touchée par une flèche qui lui traversa l'épaule mais elle a continué à se battre. A la fin, les Anglais ont abandonné Orléans. Ensuite Jeanne d’Arc est allée à Patay pour faire face au célèbre chef militaire anglais, Talbot. Elle a également gagné cette bataille. Petit à petit les Anglais ont commencé à quitter les villes telles que Jargeau, Meung et Beaugency. Les capitaines respectifs de ces villes ont ete tués ou faits prisonniers.
Jeanne d’Arc a accompagné Charles VII à Reims pour son couronnement. Sur leur route ils ont libéré la ville de Troyes. Lors de son couronnement à Reims, Charles VII a dû se contenter d’une couronne de remplacement, puisque l'originale était encore à la possession des Anglais à Saint-Denis.

Jeanne d’Arc trahie et s’est rendue:
Après le couronnement, Jeanne se dirigea vers Paris pour la libérer. Sa troupe libèrera de nombreuses villes en chemin. Elle fût blessée pour la seconde fois durant cette bataille. Le 23 Mai 1430, elle fût capturée par les Bouguignons plus précisemment par Jean de Luxembourg. A l’époque, c’était très commun que les membres de la famille d’un prisonnier de guerre payent une rançon pour le libérer. Mais la famille de Jeanne d’Arc n’avait pas assez d’argent donc n’a pas pu payer la rançon. Même le roi Charles VII n’ a rien payé. Donc finalement ce sont les Anglais qui ont payé sa rançon de 10000 francs d’or. Ces derniers ont fait emprisonné Jeanne d’Arc. Elle a essayé de s’échapper à plusieurs reprises mais n’ a pas réussi. Les Anglais désiraient la mort de Jeanne d’Arc mais ne possédaient aucun motif valable pour la condamner. Son procès a duré quatre mois. Les Anglais l’ont d’abord accusé de sorcellerie mais faute de preuve ils lui ont reproché d’avoir porté des vêtement d’hommes à la place. Les Anglais lui ont promis de la libérer si elle acceptait de se rendre et d’arrêter de porter des habits d’hommes. Epuisée et épouvantée, elle accepta et promis de ne plus en porter. Les Anglais lui ont fait signé un contrat alors qu’elle ne savait même pas lire. Dans ce contrat, “elle reconnaissait être hérétique, idolâtre, et invocatrice des démons.” Elle fut condamnée à l’emprisonnement à perpetuité. Alors qu’elle dormait dans sa cellule, les gardes s’y sont faufilé pour l’habiller encore une fois en homme. Dû à cela Jeanne d’Arc était alors accusée d’être retombée dans sa faute, par conséquent elle a été condamnée à mort. Elle a été brulée vive à Rouen le 30 Mai 1431 à l’âge de 19 ans. Le roi Charles VII n’est jamais intervenu pour aider Jeanne d’Arc alors qu’elle l’a aidé à accedé au trône. Beaucoup se demande pourquoi il n’est jamais venu pour libérer Jeanne et payer sa rançon, mais le mystère demeure toujours jusqu’ à présent.

Son importance pour la France:
Elle est une héroine, elle a libéré le pays de la domination anglaise. Jeanne d’Arc est un symbole politique pour la France. Le deuxième dimanche du mois de mai lui a été consacrée. Chaque année, le 8 Mai à Orléans, les gens se réunissent pour célébrer sa mémoire.
Elle est aussi importante pour nous puisque nous l’avons étudié en classe, mais aussi comme nous étudions la langue francaise, il est crucial que nous savions un peu de l’histoire du pays et des personnages importants. Mais à part cela, Jeanne d’Arc est un personage de renom international, donc en apprenant son histoire nous nous cultivons et nous gagnons en culture générale.

Sources:
Michelet, Jules. “Joan of Arc”. 1st edition. Ann Harbor Paperbacks. The University of Michigan Press.
“Biographie de Jeanne d’Arc”. Jesuismort. Web. 15 Fevrier 2012.
Adrian, Luc. “Jeanne d’Arc, un ideal d’incarnation”. Famillechretienne. 25 Fevrier 2012. Web. 26 Fevrier 2012.
“Jeanne d’Arc”. L’Internaute. Web. 15 Fevrier 2012.

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