...The life of Johannes Gutenberg and his invention of the movable type printing press has had an intensive impact on our society. Although he lived over half a millennium ago, we have seen his actions of bringing literacy to the public increase exponentially in influence over the years. In order to truly appreciate and understand his actions and the sacrifices he made to pursue this dream, one must first understand the circumstances of the incredible journey which he experienced between his birth and death. Gutenberg was born in the year 1398 in the town of Mainz, Germany. As he grew, his family was generally well off and could afford certain luxuries which other families could not. In fact, his parents were patricians of Mainz. This meant that...
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...experimented with block printing by the 11th century, Johannes Gutenberg created movable type in the 15th century and invented a machine that is widely known as the printing press (History of the Printing Press, 2007, The Story section, para. 2). This significant discovery led to the publication of books that promoted literacy and expanded knowledge. This paper provides a background and analysis of the social, economic, and political factors that influenced this important discovery. As a result of this invention, the expansion of knowledge challenged many traditional beliefs and created a paradigm shift in human relationships among different regions of the world. There were Social, Economic, and Political Factors that played a huge role in the printing press as well. During the late medieval times, society was making a change into the coming years. Occurring was a pickup in social factors that lead to emerging capitalism, this sparked off more literacy among the wealthy and upper, middle-class. With new interest of literacy and knowledge, the printing press did not satisfy the demand. Manuscripts, prior to the discovery of the printing press, took years to develop. Thereafter, pages were published using time-consuming wood graving techniques with limited reusability. Pages were compromised of a number of blocks jointed together to raise the words off the page and were then pressed and copied onto another (Ament, 2007). Gutenberg first experimented with metal typography referred...
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...Yelyzaveta Tymchenko Dale Williams English 1020-101 July 4, 2013 Should e-books Take Over? In the current world, it is hard to see people with paper books in their hands. But people with smart phones, PC’s and other technological innovations can be seen in every place. Is it true that nobody is reading paper books in the world anymore? Some people say that e-books are more ecological and useful because there is no need to waste paper. However, others have a different opinion, and think that nothing can replace traditional books. Some people argue that there is no need in paper books anymore, while others people argue that there is need in paper books, and that it is more beneficial than e-books. There are two main words that need to be defined: traditional books and e-books. Today, most of the people are familiar with the term book. On a daily basis humans are using books for information, studying, researching or just for reading during their leisure time. A book is defined by Oxford dictionary as “a written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewn together on one edge and bound in covers”. It is a literary composition that is published or intended for publication as such a work (Oxford dictionary). Also, the term book can be referred to some literature works. In science a book can be called a magazine, journal or newspaper. However, as society grows everything is starting to improve, for example different technologies and even knowledge about certain things. ...
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...Printing press is a machine that transfers lettering or images with the contact of various forms of inked surfaces onto papers or similar kind of material into different ways. Printing press is used for printing many copies of a text on papers to form a book or similar kinds of reading material. Around 1446 several print masters were on the process creating effective technology of printing with movable metal type. The rapid cultural change in Europe fueled a growing need for the rapid and cheap production of written documents. A number of people had previously attempted to make a metal type movable printing press, but it was not until a method was invented for producing metal type in large quantities that printing with movable type became economically practicable. Johannes Gutenberg, the son of a noble family of Mainz, Germany was the first person to demonstrate the practicability of movable type printing machine. Gutenberg, who was a stonecutter and goldsmith, invented an alloy of lead, tin and antinomy that would melt at low temperature, cast well in the die, and is durable in the press (Kreis, 2011). As long as the metal in which they were cast did not wear down, it was possible to use and reuse the separate pieces of type, simply by arranging them in the desired order. The innovation of type from an alloy was durable and produced high quality printed books and was suitable for printing than the clay, wooden or bronze types which were already invented in East Asia. The mirror...
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...achievements in the fields of agriculture, shipping, astronomy, printing, oil, martial arts, ammunition and mathematics. Ancient Chinese inventions such as gunpowder, silk, paper, printing, tea, wheel barrow, iron plows, deep drilling, porcelain, toilet paper and the compass were and still are important pieces of Chinese and global life. These inventions were major blocks in the building of the world as we know today. The four main innovations which I consider to be essential aspects of our contemporary lives are paper, printing, gun powder, and compass. Certainly the most important invention of Chinese culture is paper. The invention of paper was a great contribution to both the Chinese and the world civilization. According to Sayre, it was in the year 105 A.D during the Han dynasty, that the invention of the paper was first reported by Cai Lun. Paper made of hemp had been used by the Han for over 200 years, but Cai Lun improved both the techniques and the quality of the paper by using verity of materials such as, tree bark, hemp and rags. The basic principles of papermaking invented by Cai Lun are still in use today (Sayre, 2012, p.226). Before the invention of paper, characters were written on animal bones, turtle backs, bamboo or stones. The storage of great ideas and paintings were a difficult task. Paper made it easy to express people’s thought in writing and educateing the people (Bellis, 2011). It has promoted and quickened the steps of human civilization and development...
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...COMPARATIVE LITERATURE: SHARING KNOWLEDGES FOR PRESERVING CULTURAL DIVERSITY – Vol. II - The Impact Of Media On Literature - William Egginton and Bernadette Wegenstein THE IMPACT OF MEDIA ON LITERATURE William Egginton and Bernadette Wegenstein The Johns Hopkins University Keywords: media, media studies, media theory, history of media, new media, comparative literature Contents U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S 1. Introduction 2. Current Media Theory and Media Studies 2.1. Origins of Discipline 2.2. New Media Theory 3. Historical Examples 3.1. Oral Transmission 3.2. Pictography 3.3. The Andean Khipu 3.4. Manuscript 3.5. Print 3.6. Theater 3.7. Photography 3.8. Moving Image 3.9. Radio and Television 3.10. The Digital 4. Conclusion Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary The growing consensus among literary scholars is that the meaning of literature cannot be properly studied or understood outside of the specific medium of its transmission and archival. This realization can be considered a revolution in literary studies, and its fundamental ramification is the confluence of literary studies and theory with media studies and theory. The fields of media studies and media theory are dedicated to the analysis and understanding of the myriad media through which information is communicated. Under the influence of these fields, the media through which literature is communicated is no longer considered...
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...What is the role of institutions according to North? How far does this theory go towards explaining the contours of world development in the pre-modern growth era? Maddison (2006) stated that he “would characterise the whole period 1000-1820 as ‘protocapitalist’”. He believes the transition from pre-modern to modern economic growth took place at around 1820. This will set the stage for this discussion. Within that period, there were two groups of countries which were differentiated by their deviation in economic growth. They were the Group A nations, which included Western Europe, Western Offshoots and Japan, while the rest of the world made up the Group B nations. The contours of world development in this era, largely shaped by Douglass North’s theory of institutions, can be categorise into two main subsets which are Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and population demographics, for the purpose of this essay. North (1990) defines institutions as “the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human action”. Institutions exist in every economy, in the form of either formal or informal constraints, developed to define the choice sets, within which individuals and organisations make their decisions. Economic growth is heavily dependent on the productivity of an economy, which in turn is affected by the costs involved. In the neoclassical world of complete information, the gains of trade are only negated by the costs...
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...Carel Bou Maroun Research Paper on Media ENG 203 – Layla Al Kadi Harmouch Introduction: Everywhere you go, you hear people talking about Media. Media is the plural of Medium. But what is a medium? A medium is a mean of mass communication. How can you communicate with a big number of people without what we call a medium, such as newspapers, television, or the Internet for example? Simply, you can’t. Media are elements that help to communicate messages. Any element. In a classroom for example, media are the walls, the board, and even the people inside it. The term mass communications alludes to any type of correspondence that at the same reaches a huge number of people, including yet not constrained to radio, TV, daily papers, magazines, bulletins, movies, record. (Wimmer and Dominick, 1983.) As we all know it, some media are more active and used than others today. For instance, we can think about televisions or mobile phones. But we all know that television is not the first technology used to spread messages. “Media are the result of technology.” (Avery and McCain, 1982.) Day by day, new technologies are emerging and the “old” ones are being forgotten. This is what our modern-day world looks like. It’s constantly changing, moving, evolving… The innovation and models for creating and conveying media substance are always advancing. (Croteau, David, Hoynes, and Milam, 2003.) Media are also socialization agents. You learn...
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...Sustainable Human Resource Management: Is it the future or just an interesting theory? Abstract: The purpose of this work was to understand whether sustainable human research management is a solution for the future of HRM. For this reason a research was made regarding the concept of sustainability, its relationship with HRM, and some early versions of how this concept might work. The research showed that while the general knowledge of this perspective idea has been around for a few decades, researchers have only covered some of the basics about this topic. The research also demonstrated some of the positive implications this idea could inflict if it could actually be successful implemented. From the results it can be concluded that while this is still a raw idea, the recent economic struggles will force organizations to plan ahead and figure out how to achieve sustainability. Introduction: A green and healthy lifestyle is becoming more and more popular all around the world: people are sorting and recycling almost everything after it has been used for the first time, companies are looking for ways to look out for the environment, and governments are spending huge amounts of funds on developing alternatives for oil and other natural resources. People are starting to realize that they cannot continue living like they have for the last couple of centuries; they are starting to think about the future. All of this is being done in order to preserve the most valuable thing that...
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...organization founded by six companies in 1999, defines Wi-Fi simply as “connectivity”, connectivity in a way that provides freedom and the ability to move about without being tethered by cables, or stuck at a workstation. Wi-Fi symbolizes the ability to transfer data from one source to the next via a wireless link. Any product that houses the radio technology 802.11, a standard that has received widespread adoption, is considered a wireless device. The standard was developed in 1997. Fathers of Wi-Fi With any popular invention or supposed novel idea controversy seems to always linger in the background. When we think of the printing press we think of Johannes Gutenberg, however roots of printing with movable type can be traced back 350 years before he was born. With Thomas Edison we think of the light bulb, though research will show that a man by the name of Sir Humphrey Davy first demonstrated the light bulb in 1806, and the start of Facebook is easily disputable due to the litigation process being highly publicized. The same goes for the invention of Wi-Fi, while Vic Hayes’ name is synonymous with its inception a man by the name...
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...History of Advertising | Research Paper | Contents Introduction 2 What is Advertising 2 Need of Advertisements 2 Merits and Demerits of Advertisements 2 History of Advertisement 2 Chronology of Advertisement 3 History of Indian Advertisements 6 Chronology of Indian Advertisement 7 Different Stages of Advertising In India 9 Conclusion 10 Future of Advertisement 11 Introduction The origins of advertising lie thousands of years in the past. One of the first known methods of advertising was an outdoor display, usually an eye catching sign painted on the wall of a building. Archaeologists have uncovered many such signs, notably in the ruins of ancient Rome and Pompeii. An outdoor advertisement excavated in Rome offers property for rent, and one found painted on a wall in Pompeii calls the attention of travellers to a tavern situated in another town. What is Advertising Advertising is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media;...
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...professional experience. It is presented in good faith. Although the authors and the publisher have made every reasonable effort to make the information presented accurate and authoritative, they do not warrant, and assume no liability for, its accuracy or completeness or fitness for any specific purpose. The information is intended primarily as a learning and teaching aid, and not as a final source of information for the design of building systems by design professionals. It is the responsibility of users to apply their professional knowledge in the application of the information presented in this book, and to consult original sources for current and detailed information as needed, for actual design situations. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley and Sons. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance...
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...YE AR S CE L EB RA TIN G6 HISTORY HISTORY A World Transformed II: World in Flux E D I TOR PW AA -TA ST IC Y EA R S! RESOURCE Tania Asnes A L PACA-IN-CHIEF 2 0 1 2 Daniel Berdichevsky the World Scholar’s Cup® ® HISTORY | 1 History Resource 2012: A World in Flux Table of Contents Preface: A Swiftly Texting Planet ................................................................. 2 I. The Determinators....................................................................................... 4 Toward a model for technological change............................................. 5 I’m on Team IDUAR ................................................................................ 6 Disruptive technologies..............................................................................8 Classic Technologies ...................................................................................9 The time of wheels ..................................................................................9 How the stirrup stirred things up ......................................................10 Print all about it: the printing press ................................................... 11 II. Transformations in Everyday Life .......................................................... 13 Turning on the lights ................................................................................. 13 Picking up the telephone .......................................
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...Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова Физический факультет Кафедра английского языка Mass Media Составитель: Гариян А.А. Москва 2012 Part 1 Mass Media Different types of Mass Media There are different types of mass media that we are accustomed to in this day and age. Whether it's children, young people, or adults, we've all had our share of media-related exposure every day. Learn more about what the media comprises in our modern-day world. Mass media refers to communication devices, which can be used to communicate and interact with a large number of audiences in different languages. Be it the pictorial messages of the early ages, or the high-technology media that are available today, one thing that we all agree upon, is that mass media are an inseparable part of our lives. Entertainment and media always go hand in hand, but in addition to entertainment, mass media also remains to be an effective means of communication, spreading information, advertising, marketing, and in general, of expressing and sharing views, opinions, and ideas. There are several types of Mass Media: 1) Print Media: •Newspapers •Magazines •Booklets and Brochures •Billboards 2) Electronic Media: •Television •Radio 3) New Age Media: •Mobile Phones •Computers •Internet •Electronic Books Print media encompasses mass communication through printed material. It includes newspapers, magazines, booklets and brochures, house magazines, periodicals or newsletters, direct mailers, handbills...
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...Hugo Münsterberg concerning the psychology and the psychological impact of film. Published in 1916 under the title, The Photoplay: A Psychological Study, it was the first empirical study of an audience reacting to a film. Münsterberg also provided such a keen analysis of a screenplay's (then called a photoplay) grammar of visual construction and nascent cinematic conventions and their psychological impact on the audience, that his incisive words still echo today in numerous film school lecture halls and classroom seminars. And there was psychologist L.L. Thurstone, arguably the Father of Attitude Scale Construction and Measurement (a signature area of theory and research in social psychology), who developed scales for the measurement of attitudes toward movies for the famous and notoriously politicized Payne Fund Research in 1928. This study’s practically avowed purpose was to indict (not investigate) the medium of film as a source of inspiration of bad behavior in a youthful audience. Few psychologists, however, followed Münsterberg and Thurstone into the thicket of entertainment media influences and effects. It was not until the advent and market penetration of television in the 1950s coupled with concerns about unconscious influences of advertising, in all its forms and venues, that the attention and media...
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