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John F Kennedy

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Submitted By mort9083
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indholdsfortegnelse Indledning 2 Abstract 2 Vejen til præsidentposten 3 Den kolde krig 4 Ich bin ein Berliner 5 Hvem var Eisenhower? 6 Hvad opnåede de? 7 Myten om Kennedy 9 Konklusion 10 Litteratur liste: 11

Indledning

I 1960 bliver John F Kennedy taget i ed som præsident af USA. Kennedy og hans charme faldt i god jord hos Amerikanerne. Og hans popularitet blev ikke mindre da han lovede at han nok skulle få gang i Amerika igen, efter forgængeren Dwight D. Eisenhower. Men hvad opnår Kennedy i virkeligheden? Jeg vil i denne opgave prøve at belyse nogle af hovedepunkterne i hans præsident karriere, samtidig vil jeg forsøge at gå i dybten med måde Kennedy førte sin udenringspolitik. hvilket han senere hen skulle blive specielt kendt for. I opgaven vil jeg også kommer ind på hvordan Kennedy skilte sig ud fra tideligere præsidenter, og på den måde opnår den popularitet han fik. Til sidst vil jeg så på hvorvidt Kennedy levede op til de forventninger der var fra befolkningen. Altså om den kennedy befolkning mødte og så, og var den Kennedy der styrede USA bag det hvide hus' lukkede døre.

Abstract

in this paper, i am going to analyze and interpret the conflicts revolving the foreign policy in America during the period John F. Kennedy was president. I am also going to give a short account of John f. Kennedys way to becoming President. I have researched the aspects of the cold war revolving John F. Kennedy and his part in it, during the time period of 1961-1963. By doing that I can analyze his actions and choices, and find out how he differs from his predecessor.

Vejen til præsidentposten

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, bedre kendt som John F Kennedy blev født i 1917. Allerede i en tidelig alder sigtede han højt med sit liv, i 1940 dimitterede han fra Havard universitet med en bachelorgrad i jura. Året efter gik han ind i flåden, hvor han gjorde tjeneste under 2. Verdenskrig tjeneste i Stillehavet og modtog en tapperhedsmedalje for sin indsats. Efter krigen blev John F. Kennedy´s politiske karrierer for alvor skudt i gang. Fra 1947-53 sad han som demokrat i repræsentanternes hus. I perioden som medlem af Repræsentanternes Hus mødte Kennedy Jacqueline Bouvier, som han giftede sig med 1953.

Fra 1953-1960sad John F. Kennedy som senator for Massachusetts en post han overtog fra Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Kennedy blev genvalgt til Senatet i 1958, og i 1960 blev han opstillet som demokraternes præsidentkandidat. Ved det amerikanske præsidentvalg i 1960 vandt han over Eisenhowers vicepræsident Richard Nixon, i et meget tæt valgkamp, hvor Kennedy opnåede 49,7% af stemmerne mod Nixons 49,5%. Grundet det amerikanske valgsystem opnåede Kennedy imidlertid 303 valgmænd mod Nixons 219, og Kennedy kunne således blive valgt som præsident, selvom 14 demokratiske valgmænd nægtede at støtte Kennedy på grund af hans støtte til Borgerrettighedsbevægelsen

Den kolde krig

Kennedy´s tid på præsident posten var bestemt ikke en stille periode. Højdepunktet er uden tvivl Cubakrisen, som siges at være det tætteste vi nogensinde har været på en atomkrig mellem to atommagter. I juli-august 1962 modtog den amerikanske regering efterretninger om sovjetisk militæroprustning på Cuba, men Sovjetunionens leder, Nikita Khrusjtjov, forsikrede amerikanerne om, at der udelukkende var tale om defensive våben. Den 14. oktober afslørede et amerikansk
U-2-spionfly imidlertid en rampe til affyring af offensive mellemdistanceraketter. Den Amerikanske krigstab blev hurtigt enige om at USA måtte tage en konfrontation med Sovjet for at få raketterne fjernet, men der var ikke enighed om midlerne. Præsident John F. Kennedy endte med at forkaste militære løsninger og iværksatte i stedet en blokade som senere hen blev ændret til en "karantæne" af Cuba fordi det efter internationale regler er ulovligt at lave en blokade af lande. I en tv-tale den 22. oktober 1962 meddelte han offentligheden, der da for første gang blev gjort bekendt med krisen, at alle skibe på vej mod øen med raketter, atomladninger og andet offensivt materiel ville blive opbragt. I talen siger han blandt andet:
"Neither the United States of America nor the world community of nations can tolerate deliberate deception nor offensive threats on the part of any nation, large or small”
Kennedy giver altså her stærkt udtryk for at hverken han eller regeringen ønsker at krisen skal udvikle sig til en krig. Cubakrisen og Kennedys tale finder sted ca. 3 uger før det amerikanske midt valg, det var derfor ikke nok blot at informere befolkningen om krisen, man skulle have både krisen og håndteringen af den præsenteret på sådan en måde at det ikke ville skade, men derimod gavne partiet politisk standpunkt.
Kennedy modtog den 26. oktober et telegram fra den sovjetiske leder Khrusjtjov, hvori der stod, at hvis USA garanterede, at landet aldrig ville deltage i et angreb på Cuba, ville missilerne blive fjernet. Inden, amerikanerne nåede at svare på tilbuddet, kom der imidlertid et nyt telegram fra Sovjet, hvori der stod, at raketterne på Cuba kun ville blive demonteret, hvis amerikanernes ditto i Tyrkiet blev det samme.
Kennedy havde imidlertid is i maven. Han lod som om, han slet ikke havde modtaget telegram nummer to og svarede blot bekræftende på det første. 28. oktober 1962 accepterede Khrusjtjov det amerikanske svar. To uger, hvor verden havde været på renden af en atomkatastrofe, var nu slut. I den efterfølgende tid blev de cubanske missiler pillet ned og blev fragtet tilbage til Sovjetunionen. Til gengæld har USA lige siden været forpligtet af løftet om aldrig at angribe Cuba.

Ich bin ein Berliner

Efter anden verdenskrig sluttede blev Tyskland opdelt i fire besættelseszoner mellem sejrherrerne, som blev administreret af hver af magterne USA, England, Frankrig og Sovjet. På samme måde blev hovedstaden Berlin, der ellers befandt sig langt inde i sovjetbesættelseszonen, inddelt i fire områder, der blev styret af de samme fire nationer.
I Juni 1961 rejste Kennedy til Vienna I Østrig, for at have et topmøde med den sovjetiske leder Nikita Khruschev. Topmødet var ikke kun en fiasko, i dets forsøg på at opbygge tillid, det øgede også spændingerne mellem de to supermagter - specielt omkring diskussionen det omhandlede opdelingen af Berlin. Under mødet truede Khruschev flere gange med at afskære de allieredes adgang til Vest Berlin.
Kennedy var overrasket over Khruschev´s aggressive stil og tone, og var urolig over truslen fra Khruschev.
I en tale til det Amerikanske folk i Juni 25. 1961, meddelte præsident Kennedy at Amerika måske blev nød til at forsvare dets rettigheder i Berlin med militære midler:
"So long as the communists insist that they are preparing to end by themselves unilaterally our rights in West Berlin and our commitments to its people, we must be prepared to defend those rights and those commitments. We will at times be ready to talk, if talk will help. But we must also be ready to resist with force, if force is used upon us. Either alone would fail. Together, they can serve the cause of freedom and peace."
Han siger altså at hvis tidspunktet er rigtigt, så vil de være til at tale med, men de vil også stå klar med militære midler for at forsvare sig mod et angreb fra Sovjetunionen. Dog vil han ikke selv angribe, kun forsvare hvis det bliver nødvendigt. i de tidelige morgentimer den 13. august 1961, blev folket i Østberlin vækket af støj og larm fra tungt maskineri ude på gaden. Kennedy valgte med vilje ikke at gøre noget ved opførelsen af muren, men forsatte i stedet modvilligt med testningen af atomvåben.
Kennedy nåede ikke selv at løse krisen mellem Amerika og Sovjetunionen før hans død i November 1963, hvor han blev skud af Lee Harvey Oswald under en kortege kørsel på Elm Street i Dallas.

Hvem var Eisenhower?

Forgængeren for John F. Kennedy var præsident Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Eisenhower var general i det amerikanske militær og senere hen og politiker, for til sidst at blive præsident i perioden 1953-61. Eisenhower tog i 1915 afgangseksamen fra West Point militærakademiet og begyndte herefter en militær karriere i Krigsministeriet. I december 1941 blev han brigadegeneral i generalstaben med ansvar for logistik, i januar 1942 blev han forfremmet til generalmajor og samme år generalløjtnant, for i 1943 at blive firestjernet general. Han udnævntes i juni 1942 til chef for de amerikanske styrker i Europa og ledede i november samme år de allieredes landgang i Nordafrika samt indtagelsen af Sicilien og dele af Syditalien i juli 1943. i december 1943 bliver han udnævnt til øverstbefalende for de allierede styrker og ledede invasionen af Normandiet. Med strategisk overblik og udpræget organisatoriske samt diplomatiske evner var han i stand til at samordne de allieredes militære. Efter krigen blev Eisenhower stabschef og leder af den amerikanske demobilisering i Europa; 1950-52 var han NATO's øverstkommanderende Både Demokraterne og Republikanerne ønskede den populære krigshelt som præsidentkandidat, og efter at have erklæret sig for republikaner nomineredes Eisenhower i 1952 af Det Republikanske Parti. Han sejrede stort over demokraten Adlai Stevenson ved valgene i 1952 og 1956
Den da 70-årige tidligere krigshelt blev betragtet som en passiv, uinspirerede præsident sammenlignet med sin energiske efterfølger, den kun 43-årige John F. Kennedy. Den amerikanske offentlighed huskede hans mange fiske- og golfture samt hans fumlende svar til pressemøder, og mange historikere betragtede hans præsidentembede som en fiasko. Eisenhower blev især kritiseret for at have svigtet den amerikanske borgerrettighedskamp, for at have undladt at bremse mccarthyismen samt for at have ladet Moskva tage føringen i atomvåben- og rumkapløbene. Kennedy adskilte sig politisk fra Eisenhower både på udenrigspolitik og indenrigspolitik. Kennedys udenrigspolitik var anti-kommunistiske og neo - fascistisk, hvor Eisenhowers var højreorienteret. På indenrigspolitikken adskilte de to herre sig også fra hinanden. Kennedys indenrigspolitik var langt mere liberal, hvor Eisenhowers var yderst højreorienteret.

Hvad opnåede de?
Eisenhower afsluttede Koreakrigen uden at gå ind i andre krige. Han stabiliserede, og eskalerede ikke, den sovjetisk-amerikanske rivalisering. Han styrkede de europæiske alliancer, alt imens han fjernede støtte til europæisk kolonialisme. Han reddede det republikanske parti fra isolationisme og mccarthyisme. Han bevarede velstanden, afbalancerede statsbudgettet, promoverede teknologisk innovation, hjalp (omend modvilligt) borgerrettighedsbevægelsen og advarede, i den mest mindeværdige afgangstale siden Washingtons, mod et ’militært-industrielt kompleks’, der kunne sætte nationens friheder i fare,
Kennedy gennemførte foruden den succesfulde aftale med russerne og afslutningen på Cuba-krisen og den efterfølgende aftale om nedrustning med Sovjetunionen og Storbritannien er især oprettelsen af Fredskorpset en af Kennedys politiske succeser. Programmet skulle få amerikanske frivillige til den tredje verden og hjælpe dem med blandt andet uddannelse og udvikling, og det har vist sig at være et meget succesfuldt program, der har haft flere 100.000 mennesker sendt af sted til over 100 lande
Eisenhower og Kennedy forvaltninger både styret Amerika i en periode med stigende indenlandsk velstand og international Kolde Krig. Kennedy administrationen reducerede skatter og var mere villige til at konfrontere de sovjetiske i Den Kolde Krig. Eisenhower administrationen var villig til at lade nationale og internationale begivenheder indtræffer , da de skete. Kennedy administrationen ønskede landet at bevæge sig fremad hurtigere og lovet at sætte en mand på månen inden udgangen af 1960'erne. Vi fik til månen i 1969.
De to formandskaber havde både ligheder og bemærkelsesværdige forskelle . Mens Eisenhower opretholdt en mere stiv tilgang fra administration , han indrømmede, at han ikke kunne lide virksomhed som politik. Han fortalte engang reporter:
‘the word “politics ”…I have no liking for that.” Omvendt selvom Kennedys tilgang var langt mindre formelle og organiseret, Så nød han de udfordringer han blev fremstillet for i hverdagen. Kennedy lavede på et pressemøde et lille personligt angreb mod Eisenhower, da han udtalte:
“I do have a great liking for the word politics! It’s the way a president gets things done. ”
Kennedy formandskab markeret ny epoke, en æra af forandring og en splittelse mellem det gamle og det nye.

Myten om Kennedy

Da Kennedy i 1960 bliver valg til som Amerikas 35. præsident, bringer det nyt håb ind i de amerikaske hustande. Her kommer den hidtil yngste præsident som afløste den ældste. Det var en hel ny generation der kom til magten. Kennedy kom med en ny tilgang til problemerne. Her kommer en ung mand med masser af gå på mod og en vilje til at føre landet mod endnu bedre tider. Sådan ser det i hvert fald ud. Myten om Kennedy går på, at datidens borgere så Kennedy som en frelser, men var han virkelig det? Hvor meget opnår Kennedy i virkeligheden i sin korte tid som leder af supermagten Amerika, og hvor meget var bare snak?

Under sin valgkampagne til præsidentposten ligger Kennedy meget vægt på at Amerika har stået stille under Eisenhower tiden, og at Sovjetunionen havde overhalet dem både økonomisk og militært. Han lovede Amerikanerne at hane ville få gang i Amerika igen. Og der skal ikke herske nogen tvivl om at Kennedy fik sat skub i mange ting, Bla startede han i foråret 1961 trådte den længste uafbrudte økonomiske vækstperiode i USA i 100 år, En fremgang der først standses med Richard Nixons valgsejre i 1969.

I en improviserede tale ved University of Michigan, talte han til 10.000 studerende, han spurgte dem hvor mange af dem som skulle være læger, var villig til at bruge deres dage i Ghana. Han spurgte også hvor mange teknikkere og ingeniøren der var villige til at arbejde fremmede steder, og bruge deres liv på at rejser rundt om jorden og hjælpe fremmede lande. Præsidentens spørgsmål Til de studerende var inspirationen bag "the Peace Corps" Kennedy var ikke en mand, som man løb om hjørner med. Hvilket han i 1962 beviste da storkoncernen United states steel hævede stålprisen 6 dollars pr ton, en ændring mange andre firmaer sprang med på. Kennedy blev rasende og beordrede forsvarsministeren Robert McNamaratil kun at placere ordre hos små firmaer der ikke havde hævet prisen. Et par dage efter meddelte den næststørste producent Betlehem Steel at man opgav prisforhøjelsen. Derpå faldt de øvrige til føje.
Konklusion
Kennedy var på mange måder et frisk pust i den Amerikanske præsident række. Han var den hidtil yngste præsident, og den første katolik nogensinde til at blive taget i ed som præsident, hvilket adskilte ham fra hans forgænger. Både Kennedy, og hans forgænger var højreorienteret konservativ. Men der slutter ligheden også, Kennedys udenrigspolitik var anti-kommunistiske og neo - fascistisk, hvor Eisenhowers udenrigspolitik var højreorienteret. Kennedys Hans indenrigspolitik var dog overraskende langt mere liberal, hvor Eisenhowers indenrigspolitik var yderst højreorienteret. Ud fra ovennævnte scenarier fra Kennedys præsident periode kan det også konkluderes at Kennedy var en man med is i maven, og som ikke lod sig løbe om hjørner med.

Litteratur liste:

Den store danske. John F kennedy: http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/USA_og_Nordamerika/USA_efter_1945/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy
Wikipedia. John f. Kennedy: http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy Den store danske. Cubakrisen http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/USA_og_Nordamerika/USA_efter_1945/Cubakrisen JFK tale d. 22/7-1961 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYVPx3x3oCg Den Store Danske. Cubakrisen http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/USA_og_Nordamerika/USA_efter_1945/Cubakrisen john F Kennedy library http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/The-Cold-War-in-Berlin.aspx Dwight D. Eisenhower. Den store danske http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/USA_og_Nordamerika/USA_efter_1945/Dwight_David_Ike_Eisenhower Kristlig dagblad. john F Kennedy http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/artikel/520755:Historie--Eisenhower--Den-vagtsomme-koldkriger www.altinget.dk/kennedy http://www.altinget.dk/usa/artikel/kennedy præsidentens fredskorps http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Peace-Corps.aspx --------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. Den store danske. John F kennedy
[ 2 ]. Wikipedia. John f. Kennedy
[ 3 ]. Den store danske. Cubakrisen
[ 4 ]. Den Store Danske. Cubakrisen
[ 5 ]. JFK tale d. 22/7-1961
[ 6 ]. John F Kennedy library
[ 7 ]. john F Kennedy library
[ 8 ]. Dwight D. Eisenhower. Den store danske
[ 9 ]. Kristlig dagblad. John F Kennedy
[ 10 ]. Kristlig dagblad. John F Kennedy
[ 11 ]. www.altinget.dk/kennedy
[ 12 ]. presidentens fredskorps

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...Inspiration of One Man “Our problems are man-made; therefore, they may be solved by man. No problem of human destiny is beyond human beings.” This is one of the most independent sayings I have heard by John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States. Although, John may not be around today, is famous quotes and speeches are still changing the lives of others. His sayings provide great advice for anyone; along with many others like Einstein, Franklin, and Roosevelt. One of the most motivated, and educated sayings is, “Let us think of education as the means of developing our greatest abilities, because in each of us there is a private hope and dream which, fulfilled, can be translated into benefit for everyone and greater strength for our nation” (Kennedy, John). To explain, this expression means if you try hard enough at succeeding your goal, it will come true and many benefits will come from it. If you take this advice, one day you shall too reach higher and touch the stars. So, when you’re struggling in school, or even at work look to this for inspiration and hope. Another great one of JFK’s is, “So, let us not be blind to our differences - but let us also direct attention to our common interests and to the means by which those differences can be resolved” (Kennedy, John). At a time of war people tend to fight over ridiculous matters, like each other’s differences, but with common interest you can settle those matters to forgive and become friends, is what this quote...

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