...Joint attention Does joint attention facilitate language acquisition in children? Joint attention is that shared focus of two individuals on a single object. This is simply achieved when one of the individuals alerts the attention of the other to the object mainly through pointing, eye gazing or through the use of verbal and other non verbal indications. An individual focuses their gaze on the other individual, points their finger on the object and then returns their gaze on the individual. Cross sectional description of a child’s ability to follow an eye gaze was first presented by researchers Scafie and Bruner the first time in 1975. They found out that children aged between eight to ten months followed a line regarded to them, children between eleven and fourteen months old also did the same. This form of early research showed that it is possible to bring objects to the attention environment of an infant through the use of an eye gaze (Moore & Dunham, 2009). A good development in language is of critical importance when it comes to an infant’s readiness for school and achievement in academics (Janus & Offord, 2007). Language development is also a key facilitator in the development of social skills of an individual which optimizes the involvement of the individual in social and economic activities of the society (Zubrick et al., 2009). There is increased attention from researchers in early child development in language so s to better understands human development. Language...
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...teens to fifty years of age. Although 8% of the population has the Gene HLA-B27, they do not have AS, however, 9 out of 10 people with AS have the Gene. Recently two more Gene's were found that have been associated with AS, IL23R & ARTS1. AS is diagnosed by blood tests, physical examination, Xray's and family history. AS affects the Sacroiliac Joint (SIJ) the Spine (LX, TX,& CX) and can also affect the eyes, lungs, bowel, and skin. As a result of the inflammation in AS patients, new bone may grow around...
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...According to studies conducted by NHS, “pressure ulcers incidence can be decreased by half annually and the tools to accomplish this are through quality evidence in National Institute for health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines”. Pressure sores are common. A research conducted by NIHR program in Leeds suggests that complicated sores are common with estimation occurrence...
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...Department of Justice Ministère de la Justice Canada Canada WORKING DOCUMENT THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN A Selected Literature Review Research and Statistics Division October 1997 WD1998-2e UNEDITED Research and Statistics Division/ Division de la recherche et de la statistique Policy Sector/ Secteur des politiques WORKING DOCUMENT THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN A Selected Literature Review Research and Statistics Division October 1997 WD1998-2e UNEDITED The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice Canada. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 2.0 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH .............................................................. 3 3.0 FACTORS AFFECTING CHILDREN’S POSTDIVORCE ADJUSTMENT ................. 6 3.1 Child Characteristics............................................................................ 6 3.1.1 Gender ................................................................................. 6 3.1.2 Age at Divorce ....................................................................... 8 3.2 Family Characteristics.......................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Socio-economic Status .............................................................. 9 3.2.2 Ethno-cultural Background...................................................
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...Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s map for the patient process of essential care for the elderly. It summarizes the IHI map and then discusses the specific goals of The Joint Commission (TJC) and how they relate to the IHI map. The paper then continues on to discuss how the standards of TJC are put into effect at McKenzie Willamette hospital to provide the essential care for the older patient. Essential Care of Frail Older Adults Overview On the improvement map from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s (IHI) website, the patient process “Essential Care for Frail Older Adults” is outlined. IHI states that the purpose of this process is to “Ensure coordinated, reliable, and safe care for frail older patients as they enter the hospital.” As the title of the map indicates this patient process is related to the care of our older adult patients. The IHI website indicates that it would be moderately challenging to implement this patient process for the following reason “Either it involves multiple units or disciplines OR requires a substantial shift in culture an/or operations, but not both of these.” This patient process will need to be implemented in any medical facility that may treat the frail older adult including medical, surgical and emergency departments of hospitals along with nursing homes and intensive care units and also in the transfer of care between the above-mentioned agencies. This patient process aims towards delivering safe, fair, and evidence –based...
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...Introduction: The U.S. spends more per capita, and the highest percentage of GDP, on healthcare than any other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country as reported in the March 2009, “Trends in Healthcare Costs and Spending” by Kaiser Family Foundation. Given the unusual relationships in healthcare between consumers, payers, and providers, the ethical implications involved in healthcare decisions, it is nearly impossible to define the “right” amount to be spend in healthcare. As our nation is debating what the appropriate amount to be spend on healthcare is, this project aims on understanding the drivers for this high cost and possible ways to control them. One of the important drivers for this high healthcare cost that we identified and will discuss in this paper is unnecessary care. Although there are number of factors contributing to unnecessary care, this paper focuses on four key issues mainly sterilization, hospital acquired infections, medical errors and hospital readmissions. Sterilization: Background of the issue Hospitals are hygienic paradoxes. It is where patients are cured from diseases and acquire a new one. Hospital hygiene is difficult to achieve. According to the World Health Organization estimates, “more than 1.4 million people worldwide are affected by infections acquired in hospitals” (Cleanhospitals.net). Why are there so many unclean hospitals and what body of people holds them accountable for medical negligence...
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...D.A.C.N.B. ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigates the clinical utility of testing functional systems within the central nervous system, compared to testing individual motor nerves with manual muscle testing. Design: Private practice. Study Subjects: Patients were examined by the treating chiropractor from his existing patient pool. Methods: Chiropractic management was decided on by the treating chiropractor. A series of twelve tests were designed to discover disorders of functional systems within the CNS. The tests described were to evaluate the function of 12 systems: 1) spinal cord, 2) myelencephalon/reticular formation, 3) vagal system, 4) trigeminal motor system-muscles of mastication, 5) vestibulospinal system, and bulbo reticular area, 6) reticular formation, 7) diencephalons and gait locomotion system, 8) mesencephalon, 9) cardiac sympathetic autonomic system, 10) pyramidal system, 11) limbic system, 12) sensory system. Results: This chiropractic approach tests the nervous system after provocation of functional systems instead of sensory challenges to more discreet portions of the body. Conclusion: For chiropractic patients who are not responding to discreet treatment programs, this method of evaluation may be valuable as it tests underlying system problems within the CNS. Nearly all the functional systems have a related motor activity that results in inhibition and facilitation patterns. Case series...
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...altering body fat content and absorption of energy. “Heritability of obesity from parents also influences obesity in children.” (Karnik, Kanekar, 2011). The behavioral factor of childhood obesity is directly correlated to lack of physical activity. A lot of children spend a great deal of their time indoors watching television, playing video games and being on the computer. Television advertisements related to unhealthy snack foods contributes to a child’s choice for unhealthy, eating behaviors and obesity. The children of today want instant gratification, and what better way to get it by grabbing a bag of candy, chips or something else that is readily available, and takes no time to prepare. Environmental factors are seen in settings at home, school and community....
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...Effectiveness of Music Therapy in Treating Children with Autism: A Literature Review Abstract This literature review explores the use of music therapy in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and its degree of effectiveness in helping children to better develop social and communication skills. All of the sources discussed used improvisational music therapy to conduct different types of studies that address the usefulness of music therapy. Researchers used different methods of measuring children’s responsiveness to music therapy. A majority of the authors claim music therapy has a considerably positive effect in treating children with autism; however, some results indicated there is not enough evidence to confirm music therapy has a significant impact or that it is the best form of treatment for autistic individuals. There is a need for further research in order to determine whether or not music therapy is the most effective form of therapy. Future studies may be more strategically designed to minimize the difficulty in analyzing such complicated results. In addition, there should be studies that have clinical value and contain a larger number of participants so that the results may be better generalized. Introduction For years, scientists, doctors, psychiatrists, and several others have been trying to determine the cause of autism as well as a cure for the disease. Autism is a type of Pervasive Developmental Disease that is characterized by an inability to form...
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...sense of clients and their situations. How do social workers figure out what is going on with clients? By assessment, that is assessing the client. Assessment is a very vital stage in social practise, with out it one cant solve client’s problem. During intervention , social workers have to find out various things about the c;lient like name problem age living environment , martial status, if he/she has children, legal history, individual characteristics( intellectual/cognitive abilities, emotional functioning), activies of daily living, social functioning, satisfaction with present job, brief family history, relationship with parents, colleagues etc., current financial situation etc. This applies to individual and the problem facing him at that particular time. Through assessment one gets the core problem facing the individual for example a client may say that he abuses drugs, and the social worker just takes the information without asking f/assessing further to know what made the client to use drugs. In social work, it is the assessment that determines the nature of the client’s current situation at a particular point in time. Resulting in the product of a written assessment(variously called a psychosocial study, intake...
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...gangs are studied, patterns emerge, the paths that often lead to gang life are able to be greater understood, and this understanding may lead to better practices in gang prevention and intervention. Women and girls have not been well-studied in relation to gang life until recently. According to Holsinger (2000), female delinquency has historically been ignored altogether, or researchers have tried to plug the female experience into theories formulated for males. Female roles in gangs were viewed as unimportant, and when they were studied, it was only in relation to their male counterparts (Campbell, 1990). Because the female experience is so much different from the male experience in a wide array of ways, it is important to take into consideration the different factors that may lead girls and women to pursue the gang life and join gangs. It is estimated that between 8-and-32% of gang members are female. That number has been disputed by several surveys, but as one researcher clarified, 32% of the jurisdictions surveyed did not even consider females as gang members “as a matter of policy (Curry and Decker, 2000).” Numbers vary greatly according to which methodology was used in the study, who was being asked, etc. Girls join gangs primary for the sense of affirmation and friendship. Their home life backgrounds vary from males in that they have a very increased likelihood of having experienced sexual trauma or abuse. The numbers on this...
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...patients in the United States do not achieve adequate control of hyperuricemia or gout-related symptoms” (Zychowicz, Pope, & Graser, 2010). Due to the indescribable pain associated with gout, quality of life is a major issue for patients diagnosed with it. Few diseases match the pain caused by gout. In the 17th century, gout left physician Thomas Sydenham unable to ‘endure the weight of the clothes nor the shaking of the room from a person’s walking briskly therein’. Reverend Sydney Smith described his attacks in the 19th century as like ‘walking on eyeballs’ (Greener, 2011). Evidence of uric acid deposition in joints has been found in mummified Egyptian remains from more than 4000 years ago. However, Hippocrates is thought to be the first person to accurately describe gout in 400 BC. He wrote, ‘Persons affected with the gout who are aged, have tophi in their joints, who have led a hard life, and whose bowels are constipated are beyond the power of medicine to cure” (Bhattacharjee, 2009). Many powerful figures in history...
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...Medical Errors Worksheet NUR 4828- Nursing Leadership and Management Role Transition Project Team 2: Ankita Patel, Kailanie Perez, Molly Plude, Sandy Rivera, & Heather Ryan 2. Problem: According to a recent study (www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1103053?query=featured_home (Links to an external site.)), warfarin, insulin, oral antiplatelet agents, and oral hypoglycemics accounted for more than two-thirds of the drugs tied to hospitalization for adverse drug events in older adults. Most events were associated with unintentional overdoses at home. Medication errors can occur in clinical settings or at home because humans are not perfect and therefore, they make errors too and so do the man-made machines. The patients are more likely to experience medication errors at home than a hospital because a health professional is not present to double check medications, no standard process to follow like the hospital does, no set schedule take them, and no alerts before taking them. The patients have to be more cautious when taking high-alert drugs such as warfarin, antiplatelet agents, insulin, and oral hypoglycemics because these can lead to serious and even life-threatening situations....
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...Rotator Cuff Repair PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Wells K (2013) defined rotator cuff injury as a condition involving damage to the rotator cuff tendons because of continuous irritation and tear. There are two factors that can predispose a person to this type of injury. The first type is intrinsic factor which means coming from within, this includes poor blood supply to an organ, normal attrition or degeneration with ageing and calcification of tendons. The other factor is called extrinsic factor which means coming from the outside. Some of the factors considered extrinsic are injury from accidents, falls and too much stress on the shoulders as a result of different movements involving exertion (Bilal, 2013). The injury is frequently associated with athletes who move their arms above the head in a repetitive manner like pitching, swimming, tennis and weight lifting (Wells, 2013). Paul’s occupation which is carpentry work and the repeated pitching and lifting of the ball during the rugby game eventually contributed to the irritation of his tendons from excessive pressure on the acromion process or bony knob of the shoulder. This also resulted to the swelling of bursa which is the lubricating sac between the tendons and the bones from subsequent rubbing against the acromion. Consequently, the shoulder becomes painful and if left untreated can lead to a tear in the rotator cuff and eventual injury to the shoulders (NMA News Direct, 2011). Predisposing Factors: Carpentry (repetitive...
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...pain of 'megrim' or migraine resulted from the swelling of blood vessels within the head. Interestingly, this explanation of blood vessel swelling is close to the belief today that such swelling is involved in migraine headaches (Edmeads, 1997). At the turn of the twentieth century, Sir William Osler proposed that headaches were due to 'muscular rheumatism' of the head. This was probably the first suggestion that muscle abnormalities might be involved. During the 1940s, Wolff carried out a series of experiments that showed that involuntary contraction of scalp and neck muscles could result in headache development. Other causes have been suggested; these were more serious than muscle dysfunction and would evidently require other medical interventions (Solomon, 1993). In the worldwide view, headache can be such a big health problem as evidenced by the establishment of the World Headache Alliance in 1997. The organization exists to alleviate the burden of headache worldwide, in particular, by sharing information among headache organizations and by increasing the awareness and understanding of headache as a public health concern with profound social and economic impact. Worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), migraine alone is 19th among all causes of years lived with disability (YLDs). Headache disorders impose recognizable burden on sufferers including sometimes substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and financial cost. Repeated headache attacks...
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