...DISCRETIONARY ACCRUAL Earning manipulation has been an important issue to economists, investors, regulators, and publics because they usually use financial statement to measure company’s performance. There are two possibilities that could be done with revenues. First, increasing the revenues by recording the revenue earlier so it could increase. Second, decreasing the revenues by recording the revenue later so the numbers in financial report could decrease. Costs and expenses could be increased and decreased by relying on discretionary costs (Roychowdury, 2006). In order to make financial report, accrual accounting has been chosen because it is more rational and fair by stating the performance in reality. Financial statement users fascinated in how discretionary accrual should be understood, like how the numbers enhance or lessen the informative of reported earnings. Corporate financial reports use accrual accounting rather than cash accounting because accrual recording costs and benefits incorporate with economic transaction and it uses net income as primary periodic performance. Cash accounting does not record the full transaction of the full economic because it records the production costs, but not the potential cash received. It involves recording transactions when it enters or leaves. The advantages using cash accounting is because the transactions recorded are highly reliable because it has been completed and the amounts are specific. But, the earning measurement...
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...important, mainly in measurement methods of the changes on assets and liabilities way. This shift of fair value measurement method helps business executives for some sort of motive or target to conduct earnings management, thereby artificially adjusted profits. The authors focus on the study of earnings management in the listed Corporation under the fair value model during the financial crisis. We investigate the correlation between the application of fair value accounting and earnings management for providing the policy basis to improve fair value accounting and standardizing corporate earnings management behavior. We collect the sample data by selecting the Chinese A-share listed companies, and use the modified Jones model as a tool to prove the listed companies in the existence of widespread earnings management behavior. Descriptive analysis and regression analysis also could be to verify the fair value model dimension - the significant correlation between asset impairment losses and the extent of earnings management of listed companies. It comes to the conclusion that China's listed companies measured by fair value model do have an impact on earnings management, and the application of the fair value increases human subjective...
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...According to Jones and Butman (2012) behavior therapy is one of the popular, empirically based theory that seeks to understand personality development. Behavior therapy seeks to ascertain causes of problem behaviors, and intercedes to eliminate or decrease the occurrences of these problem behaviors, in more effective and efficient ways, using appropriate scientific methods. Jones and Butman argue that behavior therapy originated from a behaviorism viewpoint, which assumes that the universe is made up of mater and energy. The behaviorism standpoint also assumes a reductionism, which proposes that complex phenomena can be broken down into simple elements. Proposing that human behavior can also be broken down into simple elemental processes that are easily comprehended and studied (Jones & Butman, 2012). Behavior therapy theorizes that the self is comprised of behavior pattern, reflexes, perceptions and impressions. Behavior therapy concepts like classical conditioning, operant learning, and social learning theory, proposes that human behavior can be learned and modified. A classical conditioning model suggests that humans have innate reflexes (unconditioned) that can be conditioned through repeated training. For example in the case of anxiety, Wolpe’s...
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...25743 Corporate Financial Analysis – Assignment 1 Recommendation Report: JB Hi-FI (JBH.AX) – Consumer Discretionary Name | Student ID | Lecturer Name | Lecture Time | Question | Nathan (Fortunato) Foti | 11049614 | Lorenzo Casavecchia | 6PM | 1 | Agnes Ho | 10427514 | Lorenzo Casavecchia | 6PM | 2 | Carrie (Shuhan) Chen | 11624261 | Lorenzo Casavecchia | 6PM | 3 | Nhan Doan Chi | 11814668 | Lorenzo Casavecchia | 12PM | 4 | Han Han | 11862618 | Lorenzo Casavecchia | 6PM | 5 | Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 3 2. Industry Analysis 4 2.1. Competitive Forces 4 2.2. Industry Life Cycle 5 2.3. Potential Investment Risks 5 3. Ratio Analysis 6 3.1. Profitability 6 3.2. Liquidity 6 4. Earnings Management 7 5. Relative Valuation Analysis 8 6. References 9 7. Appendix 10 7.1. Profitability Ratios 10 1. Executive Summary This report aims to provide insight into JB Hi-Fi and covers an analysis of the Industry, Ratios, Earnings Management and Market Pricing. JB Hi-Fi Pty Ltd (JB Hi-Fi) can be classified to operate in various industries including online video games, video game and recorded music retailing, domestic appliance retailing, computer software retailing, online camera and camcorders. Their main competitors are Harvey Norman, Good Guys, and EB Games. From the report, the key competitive forces are highlighted and the potential risks of investing in the company are listed. The ratios covered in this report...
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...Muhammad Kashif Khurshid Lecturer Department of Management Sciences National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Faisalabad Campus Akhtar Mahmood MS Business Administration National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Islamabad, Faisalabad Campus Abstract The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of firm size on earnings management for the textile sector of Pakistan. For this purpose annual ten years data was obtained from 2004 to 2013 for fifty selected firms from the textile sector of Pakistan. Natural logarithm of total assets was used as the proxy of firm size. On the other hand earning management was the dependent variable of this study. Earnings management was measured through discretionary accruals by using modified Jones model. Descriptive statistics, correlation and panel data analysis was used for capturing the impact of firm size on earnings management. The statistical results of this study revealed that there is positive and significant impact of firm size on earnings management. Keywords: Firm Size, Discretionary Accruals, Earnings Management, Karachi Stock Exchange INTRODUCTION Different views exist regarding the relationship of earning management with firm size. First the firm size relates to the internal control system; large the firm size less the earning management. The large firms have the more effective internal control system and team of qualified and competent...
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...1 Analysis of Three Instructional Design Models 2 Abstract Instructional design models provide for a systematic approach of implementing the instructional design process for a specific educational initiative (Morrison, Ross, & Kemp, 2004). This paper will briefly describe the purpose and what instructional models are followed by process of three selected models: (a) the Dick and Carey systems approach; (b) Morrison, Ross and Kemp model (also known as the Kemp model); and (c) the Three-Phase design (3PD) model. The process description for each model will serve as the foundation and supporting points required for comparing and contrasting process of the models. 1 Dick and Carey, Kemp, and Three-Phase Design models for Instructional Design Instructional design (ID) models can provide a systematic approach of implementing the instructional design process for specific educational initiatives (Morrison, Ross, & Kemp, 2004). Gustafson & Branch (1997) states that there is a wide variety of instructional design models describing the ID process created for different situations and settings (as cited in Gustafson & Branch, 2002b; Ryder, 2006). The purpose of the instructional design models offer both educational and training organizations design steps, management guidelines and teamwork collaboration options with designers, technicians and clients (Gustafson & Branch, 2002a). Specifically by definition, a model can be defined as “a way of doing something; an explicit representation...
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...Volume 3 Number 1 2004 Accounts Manipulation: A Literature Review and Proposed Conceptual Framework by Hervé Stolowy, HEC School of Management (Groupe HEC), Department of Accounting and Management Control, 1, rue de la Libération, 78351 - Jouy en Josas Cedex, France and Gaétan Breton, Université du Québec à Montreal, Department of Accounting Sciences, P.O.B. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8 - Canada Abstract Accounts manipulation has been the subject of research, discussion and even controversy in several countries including the USA, Canada, the U.K., Australia, Finland and France. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature and propose a conceptual framework for accounts manipulation. This framework is based on the possibility of wealth transfer between the different stakeholders, and in practice, the target of the manipulation appears generally to be the earnings per share and the debt/equity ratio. The paper also describes the different actors involved and their potential gains and losses. We review the literature on the various techniques of accounts manipulation: earnings management, income smoothing, big bath accounting, creative accounting, and window-dressing. The various definitions of all these, the main motivations behind their application and the research methodologies used are all examined. This study reveals that all the above techniques have common elements, but there are also important differences...
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...Dr. Madeleine Leininger Model Bowie State Univerity NURS-430V Sandra White October 03, 2015 Dr. Madeleine Leininger BRIEF OVERVIEW According to Creasia&Friberg, 2011, Nursing theories are composed of Concepts and propositions that characterize the central occurrences of interest to nursing discipline to include: person, environment, health /illness, and nursing. Dr. Madeline Leininger has drawn from a background in cultural and social anthropology and applied it to her model which is now known as Leininger’s Cultural Care Theory. The theory was initiated from clinical experiences recognizing that culture and a holistic concept was the missing link in nursing knowledge and practice (Leininger, 1988). This presentation will take a look at how person, environment, health/illness, and nursing are greatly affected by different cultures and subcultures. Nurses are responsible for taking care of not only our own communities, but an ever-growing world around us. The ultimate goal of this theory is to provide culturally appropriate nursing care (Leininger, 1988). BACKGROUND OF THEORIST MODEL Dr. MadeleineLeiningeris called “a living legend”. She was born in Sutton, Nebraska in July 13, 1925. As a Nurse, anthropologist, teacher, mentor and visionary she became the founder of the Transcultural Nursing Movement. She was the one who proclaimed that “the world was fast becoming a global community and nurses needed to be able to recognize it and deliver culturally competent...
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...Effective Communication Danita Rowel HCS/ 325 Monday, August 31, 2015 Instructor: Dr. Lisa Jones Effective Communication Communication is a very important aspect in organizations. In this paper I will discuss an organization model and different techniques used to help become successful (Buchbinder, 2012). In order to become successful within an organization, one must be able to communicate internally and externally. Without effective communication, an organization can fail in so many ways. There are many ways an individual can fail in communicating with other staff members. Teamwork plays a major role in effective communication. Effective Teamwork Effective teamwork is very important in organizations. One great way to help with communication is working in teams with different ethnicities and nationality. A team must be able to work together effectively to achieve goals and purposes. In healthcare, teamwork is required to perform great quality care. Even physicians must practice teamwork, because they rely on their nurses to help deliver care. There is no physician known that can run a practice alone without the help of others. In teamwork, one must be able to lead, be committed, and understand the aspects of the job. By performing these methods, the team members can learn how to achieve higher level goals and deliver member satisfaction. There can be the best outcome ever when pulling together as one in an organization. I believe that the best organizational structure...
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...“the fear that everyone in the room knows what you are thinking. The feeling that everyone in the room wants to control you and get you to act in a certain way...trying to force you to do certain things and act a certain way,” (IRI Training). Though people with paranoid schizophrenia suffer from delusions and hallucinations, rarely do they also suffer from disorganized thought and speech. (Jones and Hayward 28). Disorganized schizophrenia is characterized with inconsistent speech and thought, but not delusions ("Schizophrenia”). Patients may also fail to show normal emotional responses. Their responses may seem “flat” or inappropriate such as laughing at sadness and being sad upon hearing happy news (Jones and Hayward 28). Residual schizophrenia is a chronic category diagnosed to those with a history absent of psychotic symptoms, but not of negative symptoms (Jones and Hayward 29). Catatonic schizophrenia is diagnosed when a person withdraws or even becomes mute ("Schizophrenia”). It is characterized by extreme over or under activity, being negative, and repeating others words or actions (Jones and Hayward 28 and 29). Schizoaffective disorder is a combination of schizophrenic symptoms and major mood...
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...Budget Management Analysis Budget management is an important concern for organizations, especially today with the economic strain on businesses. The strategies to manage budgets and possible variances will be addressed within the context of this paper. A comparison of five expense results with the budgetary expectations and reasons for possible variances will be presented. Benchmarking techniques that may improve budget accuracy in future forecasts will also be concentrated on within the body of information presented Managing a Budget within the Forecasts According to Finkler, Kovner, and Jones, (2007), organizations exercise control over operations through the use of a management control system. The determination of whether a business is able to appropriately budget for future expenses, economic downturns, and risks is critical in today’s economic crisis. The methods by which a budget is created are specific and take into consideration several factors that provide target, actual, and variance results. The strategies used to create a budget vary among industry, organization, department, and/or manager just to name a few. Budget variances, strategies, and benchmarking techniques are critical to the final budget formulated for a business. A budget is a way to assist managers to follow a set strategic plan to ensure resources are used to efficiently to achieve the goals and follow the mission of the organization. A budget provides estimates of revenue, expenditures...
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...------------------------------------------------- Strategic Management ------------------------------------------------- David Jones [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Business Environment Analysis 5 Macro Environment 5 Economic Factors 6 Environmental Factors 7 Legal factors 7 Technology Factors 8 Societal values and lifestyles 8 Micro Environment 9 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 9 Bargaining Power of Customer 10 Threat New entrants 10 Rivalry firms 11 Substitute Products 11 Internal environment analysis 12 Core Competencies 12 Strategies and Implementation 14 E-commerce Strategy 14 Pricing strategy 15 Differentiating strategy 16 Location strategy 16 Challenges facing Business environment 17 Uncertainty 17 Unemployment 17 Recommendation 18 Conclusion 19 Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to identify and explain the core concepts of strategic management of a retail industry, David Jones. In conducting this research, academic journals, textbooks, David Jones’ company reports and online news are used as the sources of information. This report analyses the external environments such as macro-environment and industry environment as well as examine the internal core competencies, using PESTEL model and Porter’s Five Factors. Moreover, core strategies and their application will also be addressed in the...
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...Homework assignment 1 Due first week of Nov. in class. This assignment is to check the solution against the business rules, modified the solution as needed to conform. Point out discrepancy without modification is also acceptable, however more exhaustive search will be needed to make up for lack of solution. Submit the modified ER Diagram in hand drawn paper form with the modified portion in color. Please write a few lines justify the changes that you made. I.e. Class level is not indicated in the diagram. Instructors need to be recorded in meeting. “Martial Arts R Us” (MARU) needs a database. MARU is a martial arts school with hundreds of students. It is necessary to keep track of all the different classes that are being offered, who is assigned to teach each class, and which students attend each class. Also, it is important to track the progress of each student as they advance. Create a complete Crow’s Foot ERD for these requirements: * Students are given a student number when they join the school. This is stored along with their name, date of birth, and the date they joined the school. * All instructors are also students, but clearly, not all students are instructors. In addition to the normal student information, for each instructor, the date that they start working as an instructor must be recorded, along with their instructor status (compensated or volunteer). * An instructor may be assigned to teach any number of classes, but...
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...Econometric Analysis of the Daily Exchange Rate between the Dollar and the Yen By: Andrew Dupere Intro: The purpose of this model is to explain the variation in price of the USD/JPY currency pair by trying to understand how other financial markets such as stock indexes and other exchange rates affect the USD/JPY. I am personally interested in this study because I trade the USD/JPY along with many other individuals and institutions. An accurate model will provide insight how stock indexes affect the USD/JPY, opportunities to trade the USD/JPY and a foundation to do studies on other currency pairs. Literature Review: A similar study was done by a group of economists (Saeed, Ahmed; Rehmat Ullah Awan) from The University of Sargodha in Pakistan titled “An Econometric Analysis of Determinants of Exchange Rates in Pakistan”. For variables the study used the money supply in each country, the foreign exchange reserve of each country’s government, the government debt of each country and a dummy variable to account for news releases. To calculate each variable (without the coefficient) the respective United States value was subtracted from the Pakistani value and the variables represented the difference between the determinants in each country. Another study on exchange rates was done by A. D. Cohen, from The University of Witwatersrand called “An Econometric Model for Foreign Exchange Rate Forecasting”. For variables, Cohen used balance of payments, foreign exchange reserves, employment...
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...scientific management, sparked the automation revolution, the third great transition in the history of humanity (after the Neolithic Revolution, a result of the development of agriculture around 6,000 B.C and the industrial revolution in the 18th century) (Souza, 1999, p.1). However, it can be argued that Taylor’s greatest contribution to capitalism was not the revolution itself, but how Taylorism brought about the era of competition and syncretism with contrasting or corresponding concepts on organisational management and workplace practices, particularly Fordism, which arguably extended the dynamics of Taylorism centered on the use of assembly line. This essay will examine how Fordism developed organisational management and modified workplace practices by exploring known historical application of its principles and theories. Thereupon, it will further analyse how elements of Fordism still exist in modern management sciences, taking example from Nike’s organizational system and Bangladesh sweatshops. How Fordism changed Organisational Management and Workplace Practices First of all, it is essential to explore the pre-Ford era to understand the changes Ford instilled in workplace practices. The pre-Ford era mainly involved skilled craft workers operating...
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