...Corporate Reputation Review Volume 12 Number 4 A Systematic Review of the Corporate Reputation Literature: Definition, Measurement, and Theory Kent Walker Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada ABSTRACT A systematic review of the corporate reputation literature is conducted. The final sample of 54 articles (and one book) consists of well-cited papers, and papers in journals that have published high quality work in corporate reputation. The sample is then analyzed and the three fundamental problems in the reputation literature are addressed – the need for a comprehensive and well-accepted definition, the difficulty in operationalizing corporate reputation, and the ongoing need for more developed theory. Two main findings evolve from this analysis: (1) reputation may have different dimensions and is issue specific, and (2) different stakeholder groups may have different perceptions of corporate reputations. The implications for future research are discussed. Corporate Reputation Review (2010) 12, 357–387. doi:10.1057/crr.2009.26 KEYWORDS: corporate reputation; definition; operationalization; organizational identity; organizational image; systematic review INTRODUCTION There are many reasons why organizations and researchers should care about corporate reputation. The relationship between reputation and a sustained competitive advantage is widely acknowledged in the literature (eg, Fombrun and Shanley, 1990; Fombrun, 1996;...
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...Ehriq White Professor Griggs Writing 391 (Literature Review) 23 February 2014 INTRODUCTION Cyberbullying has become an extremely hot topic issue among parents and school officials as technological advancement has changed social behaviors over the last two decades. Cyberbullying occurs through texting, emails, social networks and the posting of inappropriate pictures of the person or persons victimized. While technology is a positive change for the future, bullies has created a significant challenge to the safety of society’s youth. Hinduja & Patchin (2008, p. 156) In providing and overview of the literature, this review will describe researchers’ concerns and findings. After reviewing definitions of traditional and cyberbullying, this paper will describe findings on the means of bullying and the effects on perpetrators and victims. To conclude the literature review, a short overview will detail experts’ thoughts on solutions. BODY The rapid development of technology has allowed a social change among today’s youth. The access to internet has reached unprecedented levels among adolescents through many devices provided through technology. In comparison to the 1980’s into the 90’s, the internet can be accessed almost at a moment of the day. Researchers like Perren, Dooley, Shaw & Cross (2010), concluded that a high percentage of victims in Swiss and Australian adolescents of cyberbullying have one or two computer systems in their home. They also describe that today’s youth...
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...Topic: Cyberbullying Definition of the Problem: This topic was chosen because nowadays, the Internet has been our daily need. Ever since social networking started, more and more people are getting involved with the use of Internet. Between cellphones, social networking sites and online gaming, today's youth have more outlets for interacting with each other virtually than they do for interacting with each other in person. However, with all of the good social interaction that is done using these technological advances also comes the bad. In addition to the physical and verbal bullying that may take place at school, one unfortunate issue that society is strongly facing is Cyberbullying, also referred to as "electronic bullying." Both can be defined as "An aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself" (Smith et al., 2008). This topic is relevant because cyberbullying is a growing menace in today's society, especially among teenagers. Cyberbullying can be detrimental to a person’s mental and physical health. The victims of cyberbullying can experience social isolation, fear and feel unsafe. It can lead to emotional and physical harm, feelings of shame and anxiety, low or loss of self-esteem, concentration and learning difficulties. There have also been incidents where people, especially teenagers, have committed suicide. Review of Related...
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...people of all ages have to the internet and various social media sites. Cyberbullying behavior should not simply be considered an inevitable part of school life and dismissed as a natural consequence of being a teenager. With little supervision, students are engaging in cyberbullying behaviors that are hostile; placing both the cyberbullying victim and the cyberbullying harasser at risk for negative social-emotional and academic consequences. Cyberbullying is the one of the latest issues to be defined by school districts and law enforcement. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary added the word cyberbullying in their 2004 revised edition: “the electronic posting of mean-spirited messages about a person (as a student) often done anonymously.” After interviewing 279 students (ages ten to 18) researchers Heidi Vandebosch and Katrien Van Cleemput further clarified the definition of cyberbullying in 2008. Their research identified specific communication patterns that led them to add that cyberbullying is not just a one time action, but rather “a part of a repetitive pattern of negative offline or online actions;” and the hostile actions are “intended to hurt (by the perpetrator) and perceived as hurtful (by the victim.)” (Vandebosch and Van Cleemput 500) Consistently, cyberbullying is viewed as hostile misbehavior. When considering whether internet access has actually increased the rate of cyberbullying, Heidi Gholamhosseini sought one expert’s opinion. A professor of Health...
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...Cyberbullying by Nicole M. Aune A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree With a Major in School Psychology Approved: 2 Semester Credits The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout December, 2009 ii The Graduate School University of Wisconsin~Stout Menomonie, WI Author: Title: Aune, Nicole M. Cyberbullying Graduate Degree/ Major: MS School Psychology Research Adviser: MonthlYear: Number of Pages: Dr. Amy Schlieve December 2009 29 Style Manual Used: American Psychological Association, 5th edition ABSTRACT A literature review of research pertaining to cyberbullying was completed. Findings indicate that cyberbullying is becoming more prevalent as students spend an increasing amount of time using technology that keeps them connected to people at all hours of the day. There are many different ways in which cyberbullies reach their victims, including instant messaging over the Internet, social networking web sites, text messaging and phone calls to cell phones. There are different forms of cyberbullying including, but not limited to, harassment, impersonation, and cyberstalking. It has been found that there are differences between not only the prevalence of cyberbullying between males and females but also the ways in which males and females cyberbully. Like bullying, cyberbullying is a serious problem which can cause the victim to feel inadequate and overly self-conscious, along with...
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...Cyberbullying by Nicole M. Aune A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree With a Major in School Psychology Approved: 2 Semester Credits The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout December, 2009 Author: Title: The Graduate School University of Wisconsin~Stout Menomonie, WI Aune, Nicole M. Cyberbullying Graduate Degree/ Major: MS School Psychology Research Adviser: Dr. Amy Schlieve MonthlY ear: December 2009 Number of Pages: 29 Style Manual Used: American Psychological Association, 5 th edition ABSTRACT A literature review of research pertaining to cyberbullying was completed. ii Findings indicate that cyberbullying is becoming more prevalent as students spend an increasing amount of time using technology that keeps them connected to people at all hours of the day. There are many different ways in which cyberbullies reach their victims, including instant messaging over the Internet, social networking web sites, text messaging and phone calls to cell phones. There are different forms of cyberbullying including, but not limited to, harassment, impersonation, and cyberstalking. It has been found that there are differences between not only the prevalence of cyberbullying between males and females but also the ways in which males and females cyberbully. Like bullying, cyberbullying is a serious problem which can cause the victim to feel ...
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...How not to be a victim of Cyberbullying Abstract: Bullying is a persistent willful act by an individual or a group to intimidate or hurt a weaker-than-bully victim. Cyber bullying in the social media is a very dangerous problem, especially because the major users of social networks are youngsters and adolescents who themselves are the top targets of conventional bullying. Bullying of any form causes deep scars in the psyche of the victim and at times may be even fatal. It is important to understand the causes, consequences of bullying which this report addresses. Introduction to the problem Bullying is generally an aggressive act intentionally designed to cause hurt, bodily/mental, to a person of lower power strata. Cyber bullying is a version of bullying in a digital world, where almost no bodily harm is met. In the United States, cyber-bullying is legally defined as “cyber-bullying could be limited to posting rumors or gossips about a person in the internet bringing about hatred in other’s minds; or it may go to the extent of personally identifying victims and publishing materials severely defaming and humiliating them” (Definitions.uslegal.com, 2015). Other definition of cyberbullying (Menesini & Spiel, 2012), has been more general not restricted to legal point of view, incorporating the electronic nature of the issue and specifically outlining the methods used for such bullying. Statistics indicate that between a substantial proportion (20-40%) of the children...
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...Alli Carpenter WRTG 2010-060 Literature Review Pressure to be Perfect Media has become an increasingly important aspect of today’s society. People interact with many different forms of media on a daily basis. Because of the frequent usage of media, it is reasonable to assume that it has its effects on people. The topic discussed in this paper is the impact social media has truly had on society. Focusing on the main factors that cause an influence to the general well being of people in modern society, this paper will discuss how the effects of media are determined and explore what is believed to be the two main categories in which media affects today’s society: mental illness and body dissatisfaction. In reviewing the literature on the different effects that media has on society as a whole, ten pieces of literature that discuss the effects that media has on the psychological well being of society will be shown, and that ultimately what is at stake in this conversation is the health of our society. In reviewing the literature regarding the health impacts of social media on society, the authors used in this paper discuss either mental illness or body dissatisfaction. Authors such as Dohyun Ahn, Sheri Bauman, and Sandee LaMotte discuss the mental illnesses in their articles (“Is the Social Use of Media…”, “Associations Among Bullying…”, and “The Health Risks of Cyberbullying…” respectively. The remaining seven authors who focus on body image and how it is influenced by...
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...connected to friends as if they were thousands of miles away. Teens abuse these apps by constantly going onto those apps to check what their friends are doing. Thanks to the advancements of technology and science diseases like smallpox, and rinderpest are no longer a problem to worry about thanks to the great improvements in science and technology. Modern society cannot function without the use of a cell phones, computer, or a tablet. Everything now-a-days is digitized. There used to be a time where kids would just tease and joke around with each face to face but now kids go online and make fun of each other. Most people do not get why the evolution of bullying going through cyberbullying is bad. Conn the writer of Cyberbullying And Other Student Technology Misuses In K-12 American Schools says: Cyberbullying may be even more devastating to children and teenagers because it is “on” 24/7, anonymous, insidiously vicious, and is often committed by perpetrators who are simply “bored” or who react in anger to a “friend’s” rejection by publishing...
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...Running head: THE PERILS OF SEXTING 1 The Perils of Sexting xxxx xxx THE PERILS OF SEXTING 2 The Perils of Sexting Have you ever thought about sending a nude photo to your longtime boyfriend? Perhaps you even there was no harm because you would be together forever. Think again! There is harm, real harm that may hurt you in many more ways than you can imagine and not many resources exist to help you through the extent of the harm caused. Imagine you and your boyfriend breaking up, he sends that photo you thought was innocent to a friend. That friend sends it to many other friends who send it to the entire high school student body. Not only are you trying to recover from a devastating breakup, but thrown into a world of cyber bullying with everyone at school making comments behind your back. Afraid to tell your parents, afraid to go to school, what do you do? What teens do not consider are the perils of sexting, psychological or criminal. Even though many teens are educated and taught right from wrong, they believe they are invincible and often fail to realize negative consequences to risky behavior. Why do teens not understand the treacherous aftermath of sexting? Teens should know there are the real consequential repercussions of their sexting behaviors. Figure 1: Teenage sexting statistics THE PERILS OF SEXTING 3 Figure 1: Teenage Sexting Statistics (2015) from studies done by The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, The Pew...
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...technology enables anyone to have the potential to access to platforms for sharing their opinions. When one has access to a platform opinions and comments are created that can be both powerful and scathing for the good or bad. In extreme instances, becoming more commonplace, options and comments expressed can turn into threating harassment. In turn, many are experiencing a continuous pattern of “digital harassment” called cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is determined to be a new cause of fear in our society, especially in younger generations and adolescents. The narrative of this paper will discuss cyberbullying, its negative influence through the use of modern technology, and the ethical/social implications of that negative influence. How the technology of the Internet and social media use by adolescents causes mental health issues through cyberbullying, a negative and evasive ethical and social implication of technological use. Cyberbullying The term cyberbullying has been used more frequently in the past ten years, but what is actually considered cyberbullying? According to...
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...Literature Review Pressure to be Perfect Media has become an increasingly important aspect of today’s society. People interact with many different forms of media on a daily basis. Because of the frequent usage of media, it is reasonable to assume that it has its effects on people. The topic discussed in this paper is the impact social media has truly had on society. Focusing on the main factors that cause an influence to the general well being of people in modern society, this paper will discuss how the effects of media are determined and explore what is believed to be the two main categories in which media affects today’s society: mental illness and body dissatisfaction. In reviewing the literature on the different effects that media has on society as a whole, ten pieces of literature that discuss the effects that media has on the psychological well being of society will be shown, and that ultimately what is at stake in this conversation is the health of our society. In reviewing the literature regarding the health impacts of social media on society, the authors used in this paper discuss either mental illness or body dissatisfaction. Authors such as Dohyun Ahn, Sheri Bauman, and Sandee LaMotte discuss the mental illnesses in their articles (“Is the Social Use of Media…”, “Associations Among Bullying…”, and “The Health Risks of Cyberbullying…” respectively. The remaining seven authors who focus on body image and how it is influenced by the media can be separated by three...
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...information is spread to a large group of people. For instance, Kickstarter is a web-based company that helps to raise large amounts of money in a short period of time. Another use of the Internet and crowdsourcing happened in January 2010 when an earthquake devastated Haiti. Relief groups were able to take advantage of crowdsourcing efforts to get the medical aid, food, shelter, and rescue help that was needed (Introduction to Sociology, 2015, p. 493). Without the advancements that have been made to technology Haiti would not have received the help they did as quickly and the results could have been much worse. While the Internet can be used for good, it can also enable negative behaviors that can have devastating lasting effects. Cyberbullying can be more devastating than bullying because it never leaves the person alone. It creeps into their personal private space when you are...
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...therapists treating the victims, the therapeutic aspects related to bullying, and how the use of therapy can lessen the long term effects that bullying will have on the bullies and their victims. Although, there may not be a complete solution to bullying itself, there is a solution that will limit some of the damaging done to a person from victimization of bullying, by implementing anti-bullying programs in the school systems, and using therapists for all children involved to help the children process their thoughts, feeling, and emotions that stem from bullying. There are many different forms of bullying that school aged children are faced with. There is face-to-face bullying in school and out of school, and then there is what is known as cyberbullying, bullying that is sent through technology devices such as computers, cell phones, or any other form of technology that has access to the internet and...
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...policy to ensure all forms of online abuse and cyberbullying are punishable by the university. There are three specific revisions necessary to incorporate social media into Central Methodist University’s behavioral policy; the new policy must encompass all forms of social media presently existing and...
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