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Anion test;
Carbonate;
The following paragraphs present the chemical reactions that you will observe in the lab this week. Compounds containing the carbonate ion (or the related ion bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate, HCO3-) react with acids to give carbon dioxide (CO2), a colorless, odorless, and slightly acidic gas. For example, the reaction of baking soda (NaHCO3) with acids such as those in lemon juice or buttermilk releases carbon dioxide which causes baked goods to rise:

HCO3- + H+ CO2 (g) + H2O

In this equation the sodium ion, Na+, does not participate in the reaction and is a spectator ion. It is not included in the net ionic equation, given above.

Many other gases are colorless and odorless, like CO2. To confirm that the gas formed is carbon dioxide, it can be allowed to react with Ba(OH)2, barium hydroxide, to form a white insoluble precipitate of barium carbonate, BaCO3:

CO2 + Ba2+ (aq) + 2 OH- (aq) BaCO3 (s) + H2O
Sulfate;
Cl- + H+ (aq) HCl (g).

In this reaction, the sulfate ion, SO4-2, from the sulfuric acid, is a spectator ion and is not included in the net ionic equation.

Another useful reaction for identification of the chloride ion is its reaction with silver nitrate to form a white precipitate of silver chloride:

Cl- + Ag+ (aq) AgCl (s)

As discussed above, nitrate and sodium are spectator ions and do not appear in the net ionic equation.

To test the properties of the sulfate ion, you will examine the reactions of Epsom salts. This salt, MgSO4.7H2O, is used as a purgative and, as an aqueous solution, to soak tired feet. Since it dissolves in water to form Mg2+ and SO42-ions, it will not react with a solution containing SO42- and HSO4- ions, such as H2SO4. It will, however, form insoluble precipitate of BaSO4 when in the presence of Ba2+ ion:

Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 (s)

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