...The three stages of Justice Justice is where the good reap rewards, the bad reap punishment. Justice can be split into three major categories: political, personal, and supernatural. Social justice includes the legal system, personal justice is where a ones own ethics, and supernatural justice is like karma. Webster's dictionary describes justice as "The administration of law; especially : the establishment or determination of rights according to the rules of law or equity." There are two influential people who argue opposite ideas and opinions on this. Sandel who believes justice is more “distributive” than punishing. While Immanuel Kant, proposed a different approach he stated that human beings should be respected because they can reason with others. Sandel does not believe there should be a political decision on justice because when there is free economic practice where both the buyer and the seller benefit this would allow for prostitution, buying of votes, and immigration. “First, individual rights cannot be sacrificed for the sake of the general good, and second, the principles of justice that specify these rights cannot be premised on any particular vision of the good life. What justifies the rights is not that they maximize the general welfare or otherwise promote the good, but rather that they comprise a fair framework within which individuals and groups can choose their own values and ends, consistent with a similar liberty for others.”(sandel) Kant concluded that...
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...Imagine not having control over anything you do in life; letting society control everything you do and living your life, as other people want you to live it. With viewing life from the libertarian philosophy, libertarians will argue that each person should be able to live life as they want as long as they are not harming others. With the governments today, they create laws that protect people from themselves. This is hard for libertarians to accept because in their opinions, each individual should have their own freedom. The core of libertarianism is the fact that we own our bodies, our earnings, and our earnings and this meaning the government has no right to take or limit any of these. Henry David Thoreau discusses in his “Civil Disobedience” many topics that are more informing on the topic of individual living rather than the community. Thoreau was a transcendentalist. Transcendentalists believed that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. They had faith that people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed. From Thoreau’s point of view, he would tell you to break a law regardless of the consequences if the law is unjust to another person. Thoreau not only harbored runaway slaves in his home, but he also refused to pay taxes since the money was going towards supplies that were going to...
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...Steve Xiong Dave Althausen POLS 365Z October 12, 2015 Police Shooting In many cases, a man was slaughtered subsequent to displaying some sort of toy firearm, notwithstanding directing it at officers, a beyond any doubt welcome toward gunfire. Many individuals, at any rate, passed on in the wake of being stunned with electric immobilizers, some from pressure or stifling, and some from reasons that stay baffling. However, most were shooting. The slaughtering of an outfitted individual prompts dissents and is called unjustified, or the executing of an unarmed individual is viewed as advocated. Whether regular citizens believe the organizations of justice is integral to the idea of procedural equity. That is, the place the general population believes the success of the justice framework, it will present authenticity on those institutions. A noteworthy group of examination illustrates "open perceptions of the justice’s reasonableness framework in the United States are more critical in molding its authenticity than observations that it is effective." Where people in general have trust, it will authorize law authorization with authenticity; and when it does as such, it is flagging that the general population's ethical estimations of good and bad are adjusted to those of its police organizations. On the other hand, authenticity disintegrates when regular people are dealt with unreasonably and general society is left with the conclusion that police offices are not accountable....
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...Let’s Debate? One of the greatest value this country holds is freedom of speech. It’s the first Amendment of the United States, making it one of the most sacred law. As citizens, being able to exercise this freedom is important because it let’s the government know if it’s been doing it’s job. But, should citizens be able to argue with one another like politicians do? In his book Justice: What’s The Right Thing To Do, Michael J. Sandel argues that citizens should openly address moral disagreements on matter of public policy. I agree with his statement because historically, change has been accomplished by citizens addressing issues. Back in the early 1900’s, the status quo in the south was segregation. Both blacks and whites accepted this system....
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...Should he be free to sell that one, too, even if going without a kidney would kill him (Sandel 72)? Some might object that, regardless of whether the practice already exists, it is clear that legalizing it would make it worse. Not only that, but it seems like the person would become like a marketplace selling his organs. If someone had mentioned that they want to donate their kidney to someone and dies, then it is fine. Then suppose that the person starts selling his kidney or any other organ of his body. Basically he or she is doing it for money, but what if the person's other kidney got damaged? Then what would the person do? Besides it will be a stronger cause of corruption because many people are poor and need money to feed their families so they sell their kidneys; however, this may cause future health problems to that person. Selling organs is wrong and it should not be allowed. Selling an organ is menacing, even for those organs which can be removed without killing the donor. Murphy say,“isn’s it more dangerous to have black market organ transactions?”(1). This is normally the first protestation embossed after anyone introduces the subject of manufacturing organs into material. You cannot gain an advantage from the sale of your organs if you are not alive. This problem is best addressed by allowing a futures market in organs. In a futures market, individuals could sell the right to harvest their organs after they die. Benefits would become part of the individual’s property...
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...editor: Belinda Hill Cover design: Milne Printers Ltd Printed by Milne Printers Ltd Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures iv List of Boxes iv Foreword v Acknowledgments and Disclaimer ix Part One: Introduction and Context of Inquiry 1 Introduction 2 New Zealand Context 3 21 Part Two: Communitarian Responses to Liberalism Introduction to Part Two 61 3 Civic Republicanism: Michael Sandel 63 4 The Politics of Recognition: Charles Taylor 83 Part Three: Multiculturalism Introduction to Part Three 105 5 Multicultural Citizenship: Will Kymlicka 107 6 Common Citizenship in a Multicultural Society: Bhikhu Parekh 151 Part Four: Critical Responses to Multiculturalism Introduction to Part Four 187 7 A Politics of Difference: Iris Marion Young 189 8 Against White Paranoid Nationalism: Ghassan Hage 223 9 Egalitarian Liberalism: Brian Barry 243 Part Five: Concluding Reflections 10 Diversity, Democracy, Justice 271 Afterword 306 References 307 Index of Names 335 iii Tables 1 Levy’s typology...
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...Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Instituto de Economía Primer Semestre 2016 Pobreza, Distribución del Ingreso y Políticas Sociales PROGRAMA Profesora: Claudia Martínez A. clmartineza@uc.cl Ayudantes: Lelys Dinarte (lidinarte@uc.c), Catalina Morales, Ela Díaz Clases: Martes y Jueves de 11:30 a 12:50 Sala 218 Ayudantías: Lunes 15:30-16:50. Sala 104 Atención de alumnos : fijar por email 1. Objetivo del Curso El objetivo del curso es entregar a los alumnos las herramientas técnicas que les permitan analizar y participar en el debate de políticas sociales y de estrategias de superación de la pobreza. En el curso se presentarán los principales aspectos asociados a la definición y medición de pobreza y distribución del ingreso, así como el diseño y evaluación de políticas sociales. Esto se realizará con un enfoque técnico, enfatizando el aporte que se pueda hacer desde el análisis económico. En el curso también se presentarán hechos estilizados de la política social en Chile y EEUU, con el objeto de aplicar las herramientas técnicas en el análisis de las políticas de ambos países. Un objetivo secundario es la introducción al uso de STATA, fundamentalmente en la construcción de estadísticas descriptivas de pobreza y distribución. 2. Requisito para dar examen La Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas ha establecido los siguientes requisitos mínimos para dar examen: 1. Haber sido...
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...1 JUSTICE, EQUALITY, AND RIGHTS by John Tasioulas For R. Crisp (ed), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics 1. The Nature of Justice Philosophers have advocated many divergent views as to the content of the correct principles of justice. In contemporary philosophy, for example, the live options range from the austere libertarian thesis that the claims of justice are limited to a small class of rights that protect us from coercive interference by others to more radically egalitarian doctrines that mandate the large-scale redistribution of wealth and other goods. But there is a prior, conceptual question: is there an illuminating sense in which these disagreements are aptly described as concerned with justice? Alternatively put, is there a concept of justice of which these rival accounts can be interpreted as offering different conceptions? (Rawls 1971/1999: 5-6). If not, the dispiriting conclusion looms that these disputes are „verbal‟ rather than genuine, like a debate about the nature of „banks‟ in which one party has in mind financial institutions and the other party the sloping bits of land at the sides of rivers. One answer is that the concept of justice marks out the entire domain of moral evaluation, or at least the whole of inter-personal morality, excluding only moral concerns relating purely to oneself or to non-persons, such as animals. This expansive reading of justice – as (inter-personal) moral rightness or virtue – has a venerable pedigree. The Greek...
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...POLITICS, THEOLOGY AND HISTORY RAYMOND PLANT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Politics, Theology and History is a major new book by a prominent academic and an active politician. It ranges widely across the disciplines of theology, political theory and philosophy and poses acute questions about the basic moral foundations of liberal societies. Lord Plant focuses on the role that religious belief can and ought to play in argument about public policy in a pluralistic society. He examines the potential political implications of Christian belief and the ways in which it may be deployed in political debate. The book is a contribution to the modern debate about the moral pluralism of western liberal societies, discussing the place of religious belief in the formation of policy and asking what sorts of issues in modern society might be the legitimate objects of a Christian social and political concern. Raymond Plant has written an important study of the relationship between religion and politics which will be of value to students, academics, politicians, church professionals, policy makers and all concerned with the moral fabric of contemporary life. r ay m on d pl an t is Professor of European Political Thought at the University of Southampton and a Member of the House of Lords. He was a Home affairs spokesperson for the Labour Party from 1992 to 1996, and Master of St Catherine's College, Oxford, from 1994 to 2000. Lord Plant's main publications are Social and Moral Theory in Casework...
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...WESTERNIZING ASIAN EYES..................................................................... 960 B. HORMONES FOR STATURE ........................................................................ 961 C. LIPOSUCTION ON A TWELVE YEAR OLD.................................................... 963 D. GROWTH STUNTING ................................................................................. 964 II. THE LAW, MEDICINE, PARENTAL RIGHTS, AND CHILDREN’S BODIES ................. 966 A. BACKGROUND LAW ................................................................................. 966 B. APPLICATION IN SHAPING CASES .............................................................. 969 C. ROOM FOR REGULATION .......................................................................... 971 III. WHAT IS REALLY WRONG WITH MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SHAPING OF CHILDREN? ............................................................................................................ 973 A. THE NONSUBORDINATION PRINCIPLE AS A LIMIT ON INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 974 B. CHILDREN AS PERSONS, PARENTAL RIGHTS ............................................. 977 C. MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SHAPING OF CHILDREN IS DIFFERENT ............... 981 IV. CONCERNING THE CHILD: ANOTHER VIEW OF PARENTHOOD ........................... 985 A. ALTERNATIVE MODELS ............................................................................ 987 B. COMMON PRINCIPLES ............................................................................... 991 V. RECONSTRUCTING...
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...In the United States, affirmative action refers to equal opportunity employment measures that Federal contractors and subcontractors are legally required to adopt. These measures are intended to prevent discrimination against employees or applicants for employment, on the basis of "color, religion, sex, or national origin".[1][2] Examples of affirmative action offered by the United States Department of Labor include outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs.[2] The impetus towards affirmative action is to redress the disadvantages[3][4][5][6][7] associated with overt historical discrimination.[8] Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.[9] Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger. Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger.[10] Affirmative action in the United States began as a tool to address the persisting inequalities for African Americans in the 1960s. This specific term was first used to describe US government policy in 1961. Directed to all...
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...mTELECOURSE STUDY GUIDE FOR The Examined Life FOURTH EDITION author J. P. White Chair, Department of Philosophy Santa Barbara City College contributing author Manuel Velasquez Professor of Philosophy Santa Clara University This Telecourse Study Guide for The Examined Life is part of a collegelevel introduction to philosophy telecourse developed in conjunction with the video series The Examined Life, and the text Philosophy: A Text with Readings, tenth edition, by Manuel Velasquez, The Charles Dirksen Professor, Santa Clara University. The television series The Examined Life was designed and produced by INTELECOM Intelligent Telecommunications, Netherlands Educational Broadcasting Corporation (TELEAC/NOT), and Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company (UR) Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1999 by INTELECOM Intelligent Telecommunications All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of INTELECOM Intelligent Telecommunications, 150 E. Colorado Blvd., Suite 300, Pasadena, California 91105-1937. ISBN: 0-495-10302-0 Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Lesson One — What is Philosophy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2007 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract This dissertation analyses the problem of how to create more just and democratic global governing institutions, exploring the approach of a more formal system of collective decision-making by the three main actors in global society: governments, civil society and the business sector. The thesis seeks to make a contribution by presenting for discussion an addition to the system of international governance that is morally justified and potentially practicable, referred to as ‘Collective Management’. The thesis focuses on the role of civil society, analysing arguments for and against a role for civil society that goes beyond ‘soft power’ to inclusion as voting members in inter-governmental decision-making...
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...WS 2013-14 MSc gEF Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik MSc kEF Management-Ethik MSc aZF Ethik (HMwL) Modul im SPF Management Management Ethik Prof. Dr. Michael Schramm schramm@uni-hohenheim.de Schramm Management-Ethik (WS 2013-14) zwei zentrale Begriffe vorab 1. Kontingenz in Managemententscheidungen bedeutet so viel wie „Ungewissheit“, hier: Ungewissheit der betriebswirtschaftlichen Folgen von managementethischen Vorleistungen Beispiel 01: Die Versenkung der Brent Beispiel 02: Korruption bei Siemens 2. Polydimensionalität von Managemententscheidungen Während der „Markt“ nur eine Dimension wahrnimmt (nämlich ökonomische Preissignale), sind Management-Transaktionen in Unternehmen immer polydimensional: ökonomisch + juristisch + ethisch 2 Schramm Management-Ethik (WS 2013-14) Agenda Intro 1. (Legal) Compliance & (Organizational) Integrity. Zwei managementethische Konzepte 2. Was ist eigentlich (Management-)Ethik? 3. Corporate Social Responsibility 4. Management-Ethik – Macro or Micro Approach? 5. Transaction Ethics. Polydimensionales Kontingenz-Management Outro: Markets & Morals 3 Schramm Management-Ethik (WS 2013-14) (Detail)Agenda Kapitel 5 5. Transaction Ethics. Polydimensionales Kontingenz-Management 5.1 „Transaction Ethics“. Das Grundkonzept 5.2 Die Fairness des Produktpreises 5.3 Management von Korruptions-Rhizomen 5.4 The Extended „Going Concern“: Stakeholder-Kooperationen & Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing 5.5 Verantwortungsmanagement „auf deutsch“...
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...HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World Accommodating people’s growing demands for their inclusion in society, for respect of their ethnicity, religion, and language, takes more than democracy and equitable growth. Also needed are multicultural policies that recognize differences, champion diversity and promote cultural freedoms, so that all people can choose to speak their language, practice their religion, and participate in shaping their culture— so that all people can choose to be who they are. 65 108 166 55 34 82 3 14 91 51 40 138 29 62 6 99 161 134 114 66 128 72 33 56 175 173 130 141 4 105 169 167 43 94 73 136 144 168 45 163 48 52 30 32 Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic 17 154 95 98 100 120 103 109 156 36 170 81 13 16 122 155 97 19 131 24 93 121 160 172 104 153 115 23 38 7 127 111 101 10 22 21 79 9 90 78 148 28 44 110 135 50 80 Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea...
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