...Throughout time, torture has been used to extract important information from people who are unwilling to give it. Some argue that it is a necessary, justified and effective way of forcing someone to release vital information they may not have wanted to, while others argue it is unjustified, unnecessary, violent and inhumane. Governments sometimes characterise torture as an indispensable interrogation tool for gathering strategic intelligence. However as highlighted by countless historical figures such as Napoleon Bonaparte and Greek philosopher Aristotle, torture is almost always pointless because most people, if put in sufficient pain, will say absolutely anything to stop it (Scott, 1995). Therefore this essay sets out to argue that torture...
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...knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.” Consider knowledge issues raised by this statement in two areas of knowledge.(Question #4) Technological advancements and increasing globalization in our world have led to vast improvements in the access and diffusion of knowledge in almost every single society. The statement, “That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.” raises certain issues about the nature of knowledge and the implications of knowledge as we know it. Hence, it will be my aim to explore whether or not knowledge can be the same for everyone, and to investigate the timelessness of knowledge, questioning if it is actually possible to discard knowledge. The scope of this essay will focus on the natural sciences and human sciences in terms of Areas of Knowledge (AoK), and reason, perception, and language within the various Ways of Knowing (WoK). Whilst I realise that perhaps any AoK could have been utilized to explore the extent to which knowledge is personal or shared, the natural and human sciences lend themselves particularly well to this investigation due to the prominent role of inductivism in both these AoK. The five key steps to inductivism; observation, hypothesis, experiment, law, and theory require the use of perception and reason to validate knowledge in these AoK, and hence the aforementioned WoK become distinctly useful in the analysis of this knowledge issue. Moreover, due to...
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...Drama Essay Bruce Burton’s statement from Living Drama (2001), states ‘Drama is an art form which is directly concerned with living, with the way we lead our lives. Through drama we explore the way the humans being think, feel and communicate, learning to understand others and ourselves much more fully.’ I agree with this statement and believe that theatre is directly concerned with the way people live their lives. Through drama, we explore many aspects of our lives and learn to understand ourselves and others in differing perspectives. Various theatre styles reflect and address the contextual issues of their times, thus providing evidence to my thesis. Theatre is involved in many aspects of our lives, whether we are aware of it or not. It is present in politics, in religion, in the way we participate in the rituals of daily life. It was in Ancient Greece that the first theatre originated – drama had its roots in religious ritual and celebration, particularly in the worship of Dionysus, the god of festivity. Festivals were serious religious occasions in Ancient Greek times. Tragedies were the main types of plays performed during these festivals – these plays always told the stories of Greek heroes and gods, and showed how good and evil were always in conflict. Citizens of Ancient Greece valued the teachings and values Ancient Greek theatre presented to them, and it affected what they believed in and the way they lived their lives. As the Ancient Greek plays idolised...
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...born to Joachim Descartes and Jeanne Brochard on March 31st 1596 in La Haye, France he was first credited with being “the father of Modern Philosophy”. Throughout Descartes years of study he was plague by the decision to question how much of his knowledge were true and how much were false. He set out to establish a system of knowledge on a foundation of beliefs whose truth could not be doubted. Descartes basic strategy was to consider anything false that present even the slightest doubt. This form of doubt is called the “hyperbolic doubt” and serves to clear the way for what Descartes considers as the unprejudiced truth. It was from this point that Descartes sets out in search for what lies beyond all doubts. Throughout this philosophy essay I will divulge more into what foundationalism is and how it attempts to address the problem of the infinite regress with respect to justification. Foundationalism has a long history; some view it as a structure of justification that we consider as a factor of what we take for granted based on knowledge. Foundationalism can also be defined as the search for the first cause; the search for beliefs that can serve as justifications for other beliefs, it is like searching for the truth; to a foundationalist knowledge is dependent upon justification. The idea of justifying what we belief and how we come to belief what we know puts us in a position to question our beliefs, not everything that we believed in life is known, and nothing can be...
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...AS Philosophy & Ethics Course Handbook 2013 to 2014 [pic] OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/type/gce/hss/rs/index.aspx OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) You are studying Philosophy of Religion and Religious Ethics and will be awarded an OCR AS Level in Religious Studies. The modules and their weightings are: |AS: |Unit Code |Unit Title |% of AS |(% of A Level) | | |G571 |AS Philosophy of Religion |50% |(25%) | | |G572 |AS Religious Ethics |50% |(25%) | If you decide to study for the full A Level you will have to study the following modules at A2: |A2: |Unit Code |Unit Title |(% of A Level) | | |G581 |A2 Philosophy of Religion |(25%) | | |G582 |A2 Religious Ethics |(25%) | Grading | ...
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...Theory of Knowledge Essay Question – 4 “That what is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow”. ------------------------------------------------- Consider knowledge issue raised by this statement in two areas of knowledge. Examination Session: - May 2014 School Code: - 002272 School Name: - Indus International School, Bangalore Candidate Number: - 002272-0091 Name: - Nidhey A Pan Word Count: - 1471 “That what is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow”. Consider knowledge issue raised by this statement in two areas of knowledge. As I have studied in an Indian curriculum until grade 10 the knowledge that I had until then for the subject of environmental studies (AOK) was nothing but only about the rising concerns of the environment learn most of the stuff that was given in book to get good marks. But this was all discarded when I joined the IBDP curriculum and took that to study as a standard level subject. What I have learnt now is that this subject not only taught me about the environmental concerns but also about the different aspects of the environment and also to practically applies the concepts that we have learnt. Whatever knowledge I had earlier about the subject of learning by heart the stuff, has now been changed, as it is not learning by heart but apply the concepts that we have learnt and perform practical experiments related to the subject. This is because the way of teaching has changed. The schools...
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...Devry HUM 303 Entire Course (All Discussions+Assignments +Project+Final Exam) IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work then Click The Link Below For Instant Down Load http://www.hwspeed.com/Devry-HUM-303-Entire-Course-82382322147.htm?categoryId=-1 IF You Face Any Problem Then E Mail Us At JOHNMATE1122@GMAIL.COM QuestionCourse project This course will take you through huge chunks of human history from the Paleolithic era through the Vietnam War and into our postmodern world. Your course project will culminate in a nine-ten page paper. Your research paper will require a minimum of five academic-scholarly sources. Both in-text citation and an end reference page as specified by the APA style sheet are required. Scrupulous documentation plus high originality, analysis, insight, and fresh applications of ideas are highly prized. Mere reporting, describing, and finding others’ ideas are discouraged, and plagiarism is grounds for failure. Your paper is to be 70–80% original and 20–30% resourced (documented via turnitin.com). Details and milestones follow. Your final grade includes points accumulated for your discussions; proposal; a two-part annotated bibliography; a draft; and a final paper. The following are guidelines to assist you in completing the course successfully. Guidelines for the Proposal (100 points): A proposal offers a detailed and full description of your project (as best you know it at the time of writing) in no more than 2 pages. To succeed, students...
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...Summary and Analysis on Lifeboat Ethics In his essay “Lifeboat Ethics: the Case Against Helping the Poor,” Garrett Hardin focuses on his argument against helping the poor. He argues that poor countries will have a massive population which will overload the environment, the poor are complacent, and also the fact that earth can only support a finite amount of people. Hardin’s argument is convincing because it is based on a known fact; each population requires a specific amount of resources in order to maintain itself, but when the population exceeds this finite number, there will be an insufficient amount of resources. Hardin believes that ignoring poor countries and focusing on wealthy countries will ensure the prosperity for the future. Hardin states the increase in population differs from rich countries and poor countries. In Hardin’s argument, he states that, “As of 1973, the U.S had a population of 210 million people, who were increasing by 0.8 percent per year … another 210 million people (say the combined populations of Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Morocco, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines) who are increasing at a rate of 3.3 percent per year. Put differently, the doubling time for this aggregate population is 21 years, compared to 87 years for the U.S.” as we all know, the earth has a limited amount of resources, this justifies Hardin’s argument of ignoring poor countries (page 2 line11-15). But with Hardin’s argument is a prediction error. Hardin...
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...Essay#1 Scientific revolution was a movement that took place in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It marks a decisive break between the middle ages and the modern world. During this historical time, many scientific methods were discovered. Among them are mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry. Along with these methods, tools such as microscope, thermometer, sextant and slide rule were invented to be used for scientific research. Talented people from around the world during this time period used their knowledge to come up with these scientific methods and utilized them to answer many other questions. Some of their findings are known as formulas. Today’s generation use these formulas as theories and tries to develop them to solve problems. Observation, experiment and invention existed as early as middle ages but in the mid-15th century the belief about the physical universe was questioned. Curiosity among talented people around the world intensified. This ultimately led to development of science. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres. His model of the Universe was alternative to Claudius Ptolemy’s geocentric system which was widely accepted since ancient times. It is believed that Copernicus’s theory of Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres lit the torch in scientific revolution. In 1576, Tycho Brahe set up Uranilborgh observatory. It was a huge step in astronomy. The mystery of the...
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...Medicine People around the world are dying to get high, off the cannabis also known as marijuana to treat certain medical conditions, which is why marijuana is something that should be legally justified to treat specific pre existing medical conditions in all fifty states (Meltzer,2004). The controversial issue of legalizing marijuana for medical use is a worldwide concern, although thirteen states already have legalized marijuana for medical reasons. The legality of marijuana has been a hotly debated subject for decades until the government of US and many other established countries outlawed its use, smoking marijuana had been a widespread activity for thousands of years (Meltzer, 2004). Marijuana has been illegal in America since 1923. Since the authorities banned the recreational use, sale, and growth of this substance many groups have sprung up and protests have been organized to fight for the right to possess and use the plant (Meltzer, 2004). Opinions appear to be pulled in two directions: that the use of marijuana is an extreme social, moral, and health ‘danger’ that must be stamped out, or that it is an innocuous, pleasant pastime that possesses health benefits and should be legalized(Zimmer,1997). It may be some time before all the truths concerning the use of this ancient drug in our society are fully known. An understanding of the history and attitudes of peoples who have long used the plant may play a large role in furthering our handling of the situation in modern...
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...justice, life and pursuit of happiness to good effect for masses once challenged by terrorism, racism, poverty and recession? What good it has brought to its people? Why does America deserve to lead world community? Finally, conclusion is inquired about by addressing the question that How American dream can be pursued in its true democratic meaning? Isn’t it strange that few render democracy as the bludgeoning of the people, by the people, for the people? On the other hand, for some, it is a government of all the people, by all the people, for all the people; a government after the principles of eternal justice, the unchanging law of God; the idea of freedom. Idea of democracy as rule of people traces its expression from Athens in ancient Greek. From a philosophical stand point doctrines of natural law evolved into the idea of natural rights, i.e., all people have certain rights, such as self-preservation, that cannot be taken from them. Then, why should majority rule minority? Tocqueville (1945) argues that the doctrine of the sovereignty of the people and the power of public opinion are corollaries to the...
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...recognised in the law of torts. On the one hand, as stressed in Hoffman v Jones, ‘the most equitable result that can ever be reached by a court is the equation of liability with fault’. Courts have energetically defended the view that fault is crucial in establishing responsibility. On the other hand, the same jurisdictions have operated a shift since Rylands v Fletcher from this doctrinal claim to adopt a strict liability standard in particular circumstances. Despite its appearance in statutes, many claim that a satisfactory justification for strict liability in tort law has yet to be found. This essay will nevertheless argue that this stand is unsupported and untrue: it is nonsensical to call for one unique explanation for this area of the law. The law on strict liability responds to a social demand which should not be reduced to one ‘metatheory’. The first two parts of this essay will be dedicated to the analysis the ‘social and economic benefits’ of strict liability mentioned in Chavez v Southern Pacific Transportation Co. We shall then argue that these justifications are best understood when interrelated with a broader moral justification. I] Social justifications: distributive justice and social harmony The main aim of the law of torts is to compensate victims for the damage they suffer. Strict liability plays a very key role in respect of this. It is important to note that strict liability is generally imposed upon dangerous activities, such as nuclear power production...
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...Moral Acts One of the most difficult things in life is to determine, as an adult, what might be considered right and morally acceptable. Other situations are more obvious to many and will get the same reaction afterwards. But why are these acts good and moral? The real question is whether morally good acts are willed by God because they are morally good, or are they morally good because they are willed by God? This question was first raised by Socrates to Euthyphro in Plato’s dialogue in 380 B.C. In this essay, I will explain how this question relates to the Divine Command Theory of Morality and attempt to explain how it poses a dilemma within philosophy by contradicting how the logical thinking process works by creating a false dichotomy. To begin, The Divine Command Theory has been a main stay in philosophy since ancient times and has created numerous arguments throughout the ages, some of which are heavily debated till this day. The Divine Command Theory states that actions are considered morally good because they are commanded by God, or more simply phrased by Dale Tuggy in his writing, “to be right is to be commanded by God, and to be wrong is to be forbidden by God” (Tuggy, 53). Since God created the heavens and Earth, according to various religions past and present, God must have created the good will and moral acts. This seems legitimate in all aspects of thinking, especially for the believers in God, but what about the people around the world that do not believe...
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...As an Athletic Trainer ethics play a major role. In many cases I evaluate many of the injuries sustained by my student-athletes offering varied suggestions on how we should move forward with either a Doctor Visit or in house rehabilitation. With this responsibility comes opposition from both parents and coaches as they insist I clear an athlete for play or don’t deliver the whole truth to the parents and or coach. Although not as controversial as assisted suicide it poses significant risks and eyebrow raises in the sports world. Doctors, nurses, and various medical personal have a harder role. They wager people’s lives and future and decide in some countries whether or not to permit such an act. In this essay we will explore the facts on Euthanasia: Assisted Suicide, my view, the world view and its progress. Before I begin, however, let me note what I will not try to do. I will not try to show you that Physician Assisted Suicide is a fully justifiable course of action what I will do is give you facts and statistics of this rapidly growing controversial issue.. What I will show you is the compatibility to the commitment to good end-of-life care. One of the most important public policy debates today surrounds the issues of euthanasia and assisted suicide. The outcome of that debate to whether or not it should be made available will profoundly affect family relationships, interaction between doctors and patients, and concepts of basic ethical behavior. Although not accepted widespread...
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...Extended Essay In World Religions [pic] “An Investigation into the Sacrificial Blood Rituals of the Maya Culture.” Abstract This essay focuses on the religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Mayan civilization that spanned from the borders of present day Honduras up to Mexico, but which only a certain amount is truly known. The principal reason why I chose to focus on these people was to challenge myself to try and gain a greater understanding of why they engaged in such strange rituals as bloodletting and even human sacrifice? What prompted them to commit such acts? I proposed that the performance of these actions, as they seemed to be so entwined with their culture, must have had something to do with their religious beliefs but which ones exactly, and how did they originate? It was with this in mind that I conducted an investigation into the sacrificial blood rituals of Maya culture. Thus, from conducting library based research - using books, Encyclopedias and the Internet - I found out that the Mayans had created for themselves a complex Creation Myth and pantheon of gods. It was to supposedly sustain these gods, who were constantly fighting against one another, that the Mayan conducted bloodletting and human sacrifices, believing that in return the gods would provide them the water needed to grow their maize. The gods, replenished by this blood, were able to maintain the harmony of the universe by preventing any one group of...
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