...animals, including reptiles, farm animals, and rodents. In 1885, Dr. Theobald Smith, a Department of Agriculture researcher investigating hog cholera, is the first to identify Salmonella enterica, formerly called Salmonella choleraesui. Dr. Smith worked under Dr. Daniel E. Salmon, who became the bacteria’s namesake.1 There are around 2,500 different serotypes of Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella can be grouped into typhoidal (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi) and non-typhoidal (including Typhimurium and Enteritidis, the most common serotypes in the United States.2 In the early 20th century, Irish immigrant Mary Mallon was identified as the first asymptomatic carrier of typhoid. Now an infamous public health case study, “Typhoid Mary” infected an estimated 51 people with typhoid fever over the course of her career before being forcibly quarantined by state public health officials. In spring 1985, 168,000 to 197,000 people were sickened with salmonellosis in northern Illinois, comprising the largest outbreak of Salmonella food poisoning in United States history. Investigators determined the cause to be Salmonella typhimurium strain of bacteria associated with the Hillfarm Dairy in Melrose Park, Illinois. 3 Salmonella has also been used as a tool of bioterrorism. In 1984, 751 individuals were deliberately poisoned by salad bars at 10 Oregon restaurants. Followers of Indian mystic guru Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh hoped to incapacitate the voting population of the city so that their own candidates...
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...Advanced Pathophysiology Case Study 6 Case Study 6 Scenario: John is a 4 year-old boy who was admitted for chemotherapy following diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). He had a white blood cell count of 250,000. Clinical presentation included loss of appetite, easily bruised, gum bleeding, and fatigue. Physical examination revealed marked splenomegaly, pale skin color, temperature of 102°F, and upper abdomen tenderness along with nonspecific arthralgia. Pathophysiology signs and symptoms The primary pathophysiological etiology for signs, symptoms and laboratory findings in 4 year-old John’s case study are secondary splenomegaly as a result of primary Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Because of its proximity to the diaphragm, splenomegaly results in pain or fullness in the left upper abdomen (subsequent tenderness and loss of appetite) that may spread to the left shoulder (non-specific arthralgia). Splenomegaly may result in anemia (bruising, bleeding gums, decrease in pallor) fatigue and frequent infections (4 year old John’s WBC 250, 000 count and fever 102°F). However, in John’s case, some of the symptoms related to splenomegaly can also overlap with those of his diagnosis of ALL such as fever and abdominal distention. Additionally, anorexia, headache, seizures, lethargy, arthralgia, infection, and bruising are also potential side effects (Ghazi et al., 2010). Pathophysiology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia-AML comparison According to Gedaly...
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...Kawasaki Disease Bilitis Rangel Chamberlain College of Nursing NR281: Pathophysiology September 2015 Kawasaki Disease (KD) Introduction Many people in the United States are not aware of Kawasaki Disease (KD) as it mainly affects children under the age of five of Asian descent, however in the United States there have been cases in the African American community (Saguil, A.; Fargo, M; and Grogan, S.; 2015). The first case of Kawasaki Disease (KD) presented itself in Japan in 1961, to a 4 year old boy who had the following symptoms high fever, bleeding lips, strawberry tongue and diffuse erythematous of the oral cavity and mucous membrane (Kawasaki, T., Naoe, S. 2014). Kawasaki Disease affects the coronary, small and medium-sized arteries in the body, affecting the blood supply to the muscles in the heart. Kawasaki Disease (KD) is the leading cause of heart disease in children (Laurito, M; Stazi, A; Delogu, A; … and Crea, F; 2014). Kawasaki disease is also known as Kawasaki Syndrome (KS) and mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome as it affects the skin, lymph nodes and mucous membranes in the mouth, nose and throat. The disease starts of with a high fever and a skin rash that results in peeling and while this can be scary to parents, it is treatable and most children recover without any side effects. Etiology The etiology of Kawasaki Disease (KD) is unknown, but epidemiological and clinical characteristics show that infectious agents in its pathogenesis are involved. There is...
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...CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF CANINE DESTEMPER ; A CASE REPORT ABSTRACT; A one year old laboradar dog was presented with the history of diarrhea,vomiting ,convulsions with evident nervous signs.Temperature was taken that showed fever of 104*F. The animal was depressed and anorexic.scanty nasal discharge, hyperkeratinisation of foot pad and serous occular discharge were also seen.On the basis of clinical signs and disease history it was diagnosed that dog is suffering from canine distemper disease.After that animal was treated symptomaticaly. KEY WORDS; canine distemper, nervous signs, hyperkeratinisation. INTRODUCTION; Canine distemper is viral disease of dogs which is highly contagious....
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...Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiolog y, prevention and control Special edition: Chikungunya and Zika virus October 2014 Featuring • Spread of chikungunya from the Caribbean to mainland Central and South America: a greater risk of spillover in Europe? • Aspects of Zika virus transmission • Cases of chikungunya virus infection in travellers returning to Spain from Haiti or Dominican Republic, April-June 2014 www.eurosurveillance.org Editorial team Editorial advisors Based at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden Albania: Alban Ylli, Tirana Telephone number Belgium: Sophie Quoilin, Brussels +46 (0)8 58 60 11 38 E-mail eurosurveillance@ecdc.europa.eu Editor-in-chief Ines Steffens Austria: Reinhild Strauss, Vienna Belgium: Koen De Schrijver, Antwerp Bosnia and Herzogovina: Nina Rodić Vukmir, Banja Luka Bulgaria: Mira Kojouharova, Sofia Croatia: Sanja Musić Milanović, Zagreb Cyprus: to be nominated Czech Republic: Bohumir Križ, Prague Denmark: Peter Henrik Andersen, Copenhagen Senior editor Estonia: Kuulo Kutsar, Tallinn Kathrin Hagmaier Finland: Outi Lyytikäinen, Helsinki Scientific editors Karen Wilson Williamina Wilson France: Judith Benrekassa, Paris Germany: Jamela Seedat, Berlin Greece: Rengina Vorou, Athens Hungary: Ágnes Csohán, Budapest Assistant editors Iceland: Haraldur Briem, Reykjavik Alina Buzdugan Ireland: Lelia Thornton...
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...Euphorbia Hirta or "tawa-tawa" Tawa Tawa or Gatas Gatas (Euphorbia Hirt) The Mindoro Post, within its article entitled "Dengue Fever Cure using Tawa tawa" (released The month of January 2010, utilized July 2010), creates, "many individuals understand and also have attested in order to the truth that these people and many more happen to be healed associated with dengue using a simple grass. This particular grass is known as Gatas Gatas within the land associated with Leyte. However in Butuan and Cagayan de Oro these people call this “Tawa Tawa” · At the same time, a wesite upon Filipino therapeutic grass offers the organic category associated with Tawa Tawa grass as well as explains which, "its blossoms tend to be several, each about 5 to 8 cm across. Sepals as well as petals tend to be obovate-oblong, yellowish-green, as well as protected along with big, reddish-brown smears” The effectiveness of Tawa Tawa Plant · One of the studies proving Tawa Tawa's efficacy is an investigatory project entitled "The Effectivity of Euphorbia hirta L. (Tawa-tawa), Prepared in Teabag Form, on Increasing Platelet Levels in Mus musculus (White Mice)." The said science project won the Student Research Presentation sponsored by the College of Agriculture atXavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan in thePhilippines. · The said project, as the title suggests, probes on increasing blood platelet levels using Tawa Tawa plant. For the...
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...belonging to the genus Plasmodium. This disease is prevalent in tropical as well as subtropical areas in a wide circle around the equator, including a large part of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Even though the agent for P. falciparum malaria has existed for 50,000 to 100,000 years, the population of the parasite did not rise until approximately 10,000 years ago, at the same time with progresses in agriculture (Harper and Armelagos) together with the human settlements development. Human malaria parasites’ close relatives are still common in chimpanzees. A number of evidence proposes that the origin of P. falciparum malaria may be from gorillas (Prugnolle, Durand and Ollomo). The disease was previously referred to as marsh fever or ague because of its relationship with marshland and swamps (Reiter). Malaria was, at one time, common in the majority of North America and Europe, but it is no longer prevalent, although imported instances do take place (Webb). Malaria used to be the most significant health hazard faced by U.S. military personnel in the South Pacific in the course of the Second World War, where approximately 500,000 men became infected (Bray), and 60,000 American troops lost their lives from malaria during the South Pacific and African campaigns (Byrne). Scientific research on malaria made its initial important progress in 1880, when Charles Alphonse, an army doctor from France in the Constantine military hospital, in Algeria, viewed parasites within...
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...Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 557–740 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman Associate Editors Paul Arguin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Ermias Belay, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Sharon Bloom, Atlanta, GA, USA Mary Brandt, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Corrie Brown, Athens, Georgia, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Michel Drancourt, Marseille, France Paul V. Effler, Perth, Australia David Freedman, Birmingham, Alabama, USA Peter Gerner-Smidt, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stephen Hadler, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Nina Marano, Nairobi, Kenya Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Morens, Bethesda, Maryland, USA J. Glenn Morris, Gainesville, Florida, USA Patrice Nordmann, Fribourg, Switzerland Didier Raoult, Marseille, France Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ronald M. Rosenberg, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Frank Sorvillo, Los Angeles, California, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Senior Associate Editor, Emeritus Brian W.J. Mahy, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, UK Managing Editor Byron Breedlove, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Copy Editors Claudia Chesley, Laurie Dietrich, Karen Foster, Thomas Gryczan, Jean Michaels Jones, Shannon O’Connor, P. Lynne Stockton Production William Hale, Barbara Segal, Reginald Tucker Editorial Assistant Jared Friedberg Communications/Social Media Sarah Logan Gregory Founding Editor Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases...
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...From "Three Men in a Boat" by Jerome K. Jerome I remember going to the British Museum one day to read up the treatment for some slight ailment. I got down the book and read all I came to read; and then, in an unthinking moment, I idly turned the leaves and began to study diseases, generally. I forgot which was the first, and before I had glanced half down the list of "premonitory symptoms", I was sure that I had got it. I sat for a while frozen with horror; and then in despair Г again turned over the pages. I came to typhoid fever — read the symptoms — discovered that I had typhoid fever— began to get interested in my case, and so started alphabetically. Cholera I had, with severe complications; and diphtheria I seemed to have been bom with. I looked through the twenty-six letters, and the only disease I had not got was housemaid's knee. I sat and thought what an interesting case I must be from a medical point of view. Students would have no need to "walk the hospitals" if they had me. I was a hospital in myself. All they need do would be to walk round me, and, after that, take their diploma. Then I wondered how long I had to live. I tried to examine myself. I felt my pulse. I could not at first feel any pulse at all. Then, all of a sudden, it seemed to start off. I pulled out my watch and timed it. I made it a hundred and forty-seven to the minute. I tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It had stopped beating. I patted myself all over my front, from what I call...
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...Pathophysiology of cellulitis in adults. Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue, is a common presentation to Emergency Departments (ED). The clinical spectrum of presentation can vary from local inflammation to diffuse inflammation involving a whole limb, to more severe, even life threatening presentations of necrotizing fascitis and associated sepsis. The rationale for choosing this condition is to enable me to efficiently differentiate between those cases that require immediate medical or surgical intervention and treatment and those that can be managed effectively as an outpatient, and to gain a keen understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition. The terms cellulitis and erysipelas are often used interchangeably and current usage tends to regard erysipelas as a form of cellulitis rather than a separate entity, making clear distinction difficult (Hay 2004, Kilburn et al 2010). Erysipelas affects the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, with distinctly raised lesions and clear lines of demarcation between involved and uninvolved tissue. Cellulitis extends more deeply, involving the deeper dermis and subcutaneous fat and lacks the distinctive anatomical features of erysipelas. For the purpose of this essay I will be using the term ‘cellulitis’ to refer to both conditions. This essay will endeavor to discuss the incidence, its clinical presentation, risk factors, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and classification according...
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...Pertussis (whooping cough) 1. Characteristics of the disease Pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative bacillus. The disease usually starts with cold-like symptoms and maybe a mild cough or fever. The disease usually starts with cold-like symptoms and maybe a mild cough or fever. In babies, the cough can be minimal or even not present. The most dangerous symptom in babies is the potential development of apnea. About half of babies younger than 1 year who get the disease require hospital care. Early symptoms include a runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. Pertussis in its early stages appears to be nothing more than the common cold. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms appear including fits of many and rapid coughs, vomiting and exhaustion after coughing fits. These violent coughing fits cause the air to go from the lungs, resulting in a forced inhale with a loud "whooping" sound. Coughing fits generally become more common and bad as the illness continues, and can occur more often at night. Pertussis is an airborne disease that spreads easily from coughs and sneezes of carriers. The first known description...
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...endemic mycoses, such as coccidioidomycosis, are infections caused by fungal organisms that are not found in normal human flora and are instead acquired from environmental sources. In contrast, organisms found in normal human microbial flora cause opportunistic infections. Endemic fungal infections are acquired almost exclusively by inhalation of molds in the environment. Soil, dust, and dirt are the natural reservoirs for most of these infections, demonstrated by an increase in cases following dust storms, seismic events, archeological digging, or recreational activities (Fauci et al., 2008). The incidence of endemic fungal infections has risen substantially over the past several decades, especially in geographic locations in which there has been substantial population growth (Fauci et al., 2008). Healthcare providers may be required to recognize and treat an increasing number of severe coccidioidal infections as growth and urbanization to these areas increases. Additionally, a recent study of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Arizona suggested coccidioidomycosis might be a common cause. Patients with CAP and endemic exposure should receive laboratory evaluation for coccidioidal infection. Because of its subtle onset and increased incidence, coccidioidomycosis infection is a serious health concern for residents of the Southwest, including the suburban areas of Phoenix. This paper will summarize the incidence and prevalence of coccidioidomycosis in Maricopa...
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...CASE STUDY: PNEUMONIA SUBJECTIVE: This is a 63 year old female with complain of cough for 1-week with yellowish sputum accompanied with fever and chills at home. She denies current chest pain during examination but claims of on and off chest pain episodes for about 5 days from the visit. She complains of having shortness of breath for 2 weeks. She went to ER 6 days ago with fever of 100.4 ḟ. She reports a Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA), which was negative for Pulmonary Embolism (PE) but found positive for Pneumonia. Patient reports to take antibiotic started during the ER visit but has not been taking the breathing treatment at home. The patient has no known drug allergy. Patient denies postnasal drip and sneezing and no hemoptysis. Patient denies any abdominal pan, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lower extremity swelling nor dysuria. He also denies smoking. Past Medical History is coronary artery disease with stent, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CKD, Stage 3 (GFR 30-59), anxiety disorder, stridor 2nd to history of intubation and tracheostomy, gastric rectal bleeding with chronic anemia, major Depression – recurrent, non-alcoholic cirrhosis, obesity (BMI-30-39.9), obstructive sleep apnea and venous stasis. OBJECTIVE: PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT Ht. 5’1, Wt. 175 lbs. BMI = 33.1 VS are BP 155/69, HR= 83-97, T 37.7, RR 32, SpO2 91-93% @ 2L O2 by nasal cannula General: She appears to be calm and breathing fairly, saturating well without oxygen but...
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...difficile can also occur. In these cases, the colon can become inflamed, and form patches of raw tissue that can bleed. The symptoms of this severe form of C. difficile, include, watery diarrhea ten to fifteen times per day, abdominal cramping, fever, bloody stools, nausea, dehydration, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diarrhea is a fairly common illness and effects many people after a course of antibiotics. It is wise to seek medical treatment if symptoms last for more than three days, or the onset of fever, severe pain, bloody stools, or more than three bowel movements in a day. The onset of C. difficile after antibiotic use is due to the normal gut flora being destroyed or hampered. This lack of healthy and normal bacteria in the gut can allow for the growth of C. difficile. Our patient has currently been on a ten day treatment with Augmentin. This prior antibiotic use could have...
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...Case Example: A 10 year old girl was bitten on the leg by a neighborhood dog and received several stitches 5 days ago. This morning she complained of increasing pain, and her mother noticed that the area around the stitches as red and warm to the touch. Her mother brought her to the pediatrician’s office where she is diagnosed with a wound infection and prescribed a 14-day course of an antibiotic she has taken in the past. 1. What is the first line of defense against infection and tissue injury, and why did it fail in this case? (One sentence) The first line of defense was skin of the 10 year old girl it failed due to it being punctured by the dog’s teeth which require several stitches to repair. 2. How does the second line of host defense...
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