...The Willoughby Plan The English and French sent agents negotiate with the resisting Kalinago. The Windward was the last island frontier, the first diplomatic effort by the English to establish a foothold in Kalinago territory in the Windward was the Willoughby Plan of 1667.William Lord Willoughby, governor of Barbados has long recognized the great financial gain that he, Barbados and English would have if the Windward could be converted into slave based sugar plantations. In 1630 the Kalinago had repelled small scale military expedition. The Willoughby plan was not yet organized. Peace Treaty In response the Kalinago showed some flexibility. Willoughby wanted the Kalinago to sign a peace treaty that would remove any obstacles to expanding the plantations which used enslaved labor and that would promote English interests. In 1666 the Kalinago were tricked by the English to sign a treaty which actually signed away their ‘rights’ to inhabit Tortola. The Kalinago leaders of the Lesser Antilles met with Willoughby’s delegation to negotiate the peace on March 23rd 1667. At the signing of the treaty were all the chief of all the Kalinago tribes. The conditions of the treaty said:- 1. The Kalinago of St. Vincent shall acknowledge themselves subjects of the King of English and be friends to all the amity with the English and enemies to their enemies. 2. The Kalinago shave have liberty to come to and depart from and any English island receive their protection...
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...1. Who were the peoples whom Europeans came into contact with in American in 1492? The peoples who Europeans came into contact with in the American in fourteen ninety two is the Ciboney or Guanahacabible. They also met the three major Caribbean groups whom they labelled Arawak, Caribs and Maya. 2. Choose one South American indigenous group and one Caribbean indigenous group. How were they described by European explorers/ invaders [refer to appearance, religious, beliefs, gender role and political system]? One South American indigenous group is the Taino. The Taino were very religious people, and they had very distinctive theological ideas. They expressed their religious beliefs through complex rituals and ceremonies. At the core of their religious beliefs was the recognition of a spirit world in which both humans and gods were classified and ranked. They called their religious spirits or gods, Zemis. They displayed these gods in the shape of images made from gold, wood, stone and bones. Each person had his or her own highly personal way of worshipping Zemis and Zemi, images reflected the thinking of the individual worshipper. Each person then had his or her Zemi images; sometimes several were carried around the necks. Many of the Zemi images have survived and we can see that they were designed to show the supernatural powers of the gods. For example, some Zemi images were carved with prominent sexual organs to show the fertility power of god; others...
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...Indigenous and African people have had similar experiences in the past which have shaped and transformed their history, culture, and society in many ways. During these experiences, both African and Indigenous people have used different forms of resistance in order to escape European colonialism and slavery. For Europeans, slavery was a major factor in their economic success. Millions of African and Indigenous slaves suffered at the expense of European settlers. The objective of the Europeans was to strip African and Indigenous people of their land, possessions, dignity, and even their lives in order to benefit themselves. Given the results of slavery and a look at the society in which we live today, this objective was not a complete success. Some forms of resistance were impactful, while others caused more harm than good. African slaves have been shown to use more secretive forms of resistance while Indigenous slaves used more open forms. Considering the various forms of resistance that African slaves used in comparison to the forms that Indigenous slaves used, and the outcome of this resistance, it can be stated that African slaves were far more victorious in their endeavours for emancipation than Indigenous slaves were. The land that Indigenous people occupied was highly sought after by Europeans for economic activity, as it contained commodities and people who they established as cheap and productive labour (Beckles and Shepard, 118.) Because of this, the Indigenous people...
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...created and developed. Together with their continental cousins in Mexico, Guatemala, Peru and elsewhere, the ancient Caribbean communities engaged with and used their environment in dynamic and creative ways. The Caribbean, then, was home to an old and ancient cultural civilisation that continues to shape and inform our present-day understanding and identity. In this chapter we will learn about: 1. The culture of indigenous Caribbean people 2. The Ciboney 3. The Taino 4. The Kalinago 5. Continental cousins: Maya, Aztec, and Inca 1 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-43544-4 - Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems Hilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. Shepherd Excerpt More information 1 The culture of indigenous Caribbean people It has taken over 7,000 years for a Caribbean civilisation and culture to evolve. Throughout its history different groups of people like the Taino, Kalinago and Maya brought a range of beliefs, practices and traditions to create the foundations of the rich Caribbean culture that still exists today. Researchers generally agree that before 1492 the populations of the Caribbean region were very...
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...Trecy I. Spencer Dr. Tara Innis FOUN 1101 6 March 2015 All over the Caribbean, the Amerindians have left a rich legacy Forty generations before the arrival of the Columbus, the Caribbean was inhabited by an indigenous people referred to as Amerindians. They were divided into two main groups, the Arawaks (Taino) and the Carib (Kalinago). They had a rich culture and thriving society the evidence of which can be seen all over the Caribbean today. The Arawaks came to the Caribbean from the Orinoco region to Trinidad then spread through the Caribbean. They were of average height, well-shaped and slightly built. They generally wore no clothes except for the married ladies who wore a cotton loin cloth (nagua). It was a common custom for them to do body printing, they would paint their faces, eyes and noses. They wore embellishments made of gold, or an alloy of gold and copper (guanine) in their noses. Tainos, as they called themselves, had organized societies where they lived in villages, carved wood, made pottery, wove cotton and practised religion based on respect for nature and their ancestors which was directed by priests or shamans. They hunted, fished and also planted crops especially cassava in amounts which were adequate for their families. Various types of fish, shellfish, turtle and manatee were consumed. These were captured with nets, hooks made of bones and harpoons; the turtles were caught with a remora (sucker fish). Small animals like the agouti, utia and iguana...
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...The Indigenous Heritage Of The Caribbean And Its Contribution To A Caribbean Identity Text from the Untold Origins Exhibition held at the Cuming Museum, October 2004 to February 2005. The Cuming Museum 155-157 Walworth Road London SE17 1RS 020 7525 2163 cuming.museum@southwark.gov.uk www.southwark.gov.uk/DiscoverSouthwark/Museums ‘Mabrika Mabrika- welcomeIt has been very important to be able to look at the objects in the Cuming Museum. It makes me realise how much we can regain from what we have lost of our culture by studying these objects.’ The Honourable Charles Williams, Carib Chief of the Carib Territory, Commonwealth of Dominica, on a visit to the Cuming Museum, October 6 2004. He is holding a ceremonial baton or club, used by chiefs as a badge of office on ceremonial occasions. From the Schomburgk collection. Introduction The Caribbean has always seen people on the move - from the settlement of people from the South American mainland thousands of years ago, the forced settlement of enslaved people from Africa, to the 'Island hopping' and immigration abroad in search of work in the 20th century. Within the Untold Origins exhibition we explored what happens when people and cultures move and come into contact with each other. What do people preserve from their original culture to maintain their sense of identity? How does contact with a new culture change how they view themselves? The histories and stories of the people who populated the Caribbean prior to...
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...How accurate is it to assert that "...by 1492 the Caribbean region was part of world civilisation"? Since the emergence of our species, early humans lived by hunting, fishing and collecting wild plants. These were referred to as Paleolithic societies, which had to follow their food and as a result, were forced to live mostly nomadic lives wandering from place to place in search of food. Eventually these early humans learned to cultivate plants, herd animals and make airtight pottery for storage. This settled lifestyle was known as Neolithic societies. It is through this progression from Paleolithic to Neolithic, that “civilisation” is said to have its beginning. In my interpretation I think that civilisation refers to an organized way of people existing together and working towards improving their way of life while striving for the continuation and development of their existence. The Oxford Dictionary defines “civilisation” as “the stage in human social development and organization which is considered most advance”. A key point to note is the reference of the term advance indicating development. Professor V. Gordon Childe (1892-1957), a very influential theorist of civilisation in the Western world during the first half of the twentieth century had identified a number of characteristic for what would constitute a civilisation. Some of these characteristics included, surplus of food resulting from development in animal husbandry, plant cultivation and storage methods. Other...
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...Tanti at the Oval Paul Keens-Douglas was born in Trinidad but spent his childhood in Grenada. He is well-known for his dramatic presentations, storytelling, poetry and advertising as both writer and performer. One of his dramatic presentations which is a part of the Tim Tim storytelling is called Tanti at the Oval. This is a public performance, due to the fact that the listener can hear the laughter of the audience throughout. In his performance, Mr. Keens-Douglas (from hence to be called the narrator) appears to be speaking angrily to his wife as he uses the phrase “woman you don’t know how you nearly lose a husband”. We can tell that he is angry because his first statement is “don’t ask no stupid question”, also because of his tone of voice which is loud and by him saying that he is “vex, vex, vex”. He is speaking to her about one of their relatives named Tanti Merle. Tanti Merle is described as a sixty-five (65) year old woman from St. Vincent who is currently visiting Trinidad. It is her (Tanti Merle’s) birthday and the narrator’s wife convinced him to take Tanti Merle with him to the Oval to see a cricket match. The match is being played between Trinidad and the Combined Islands. The latter of which Tanti Merle is a fan. The Oval refers to the Queens Park Oval which has been in existence for one hundred and five (105) years (Besson, 1).[1] Cricket was a growing sport at this time. It was very popular then and still is today. The narrator...
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...clearly reasoned responses. Candidates were required to choose three questions, one from each Module. They were required to respond to one document analysis and two essay questions. This paper contributed 50 per cent to the candidates’ overall grade. Paper 03, was the internal assessment component. Candidates were required to complete a research paper on a topic of their choice from within the syllabus. This paper contributed 20 per cent to the candidates’ overall grade. Unit 1: The Caribbean in the Atlantic World Paper 1- Short Responses that Test Coverage Module 1 This Module focused on Indigenous Societies and their encounter with the Iberians. Question 1 This question required candidates to describe two economic features of either the Kalinago, Taino or Tupi, and to outline two features of the political...
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...Impact of Societal Social Institutions on People These embody all the ideas and beliefs of members of the society about how they think their lives should be organized. Dominant ideas and beliefs are those usually of the ruling class or the rich and powerful and tend to be the ones people find legitimate. Minority and weaker beliefs are also apart of the social institution but are not felt to be legitimate by the majority of the society and so may be suppressed and alienated. These ideas are normally in competition with one another for supremacy. So how can ideas be the building block of an entire society. Each institution becomes tangible through social organizations. So religious beliefs of the Christian are made tangible through the church. The ideas and beliefs forming the institution become concrete in the society through social organisations which reflect how these ideas are held. In each institution there are values (ideas on how something should be ranked in society), norms (yardsticks and standards that have evolved on how we should act), statuses (assigned positions or locations), and roles (expectations of behaviour). They are then the fundamental building blocks of society and vary over time and are based on the ideals which the people of the society have on accomplishing the tasks of living together collectively The Family Nancie Solien defines the family as "group of people bound by that complex set of relationships known as kinship ties“. It is the basic unit within...
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...Candice Payne English 102 Research paper on carnival Mardi gras Just the name Mardi gras conjures up images of drunken, bead-wearing revelers dancing through the streets of New Orleans. But how, and when, did this huge mid-winter party get started? Here's a look at the history of Mardi gras throughout the ages and across the nations. Herman states, Historians tell us that the ancient Romans probably kicked off the Mardi gras celebrations. (pg. 115)Their mid-February festival known as Lupercalia honored the god Lupercus, alternately known as the god of fertility and the god of agriculture and pastoral shepherds. In either case, his party definitely had Mardi Gras-like qualities, including days of feasting and drinking. And a little enjoying the "pleasures of the flesh", probably, too -- in fact, the term Carnival, often synonymous with Mardi gras, is derived from the Latin expression meaning "farewell to the flesh." Like most of the ancient Roman and Greek festivals, Lupercalia was adopted and adapted by the Church as a way of subtly converting the local pagans to Christianity. The carnival-like celebration of Lupercalia thus morphed into a last "fling" before the beginning of the Lenten period. Lent refers to the 40 days of pertinence and purification celebrated between Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday. During Lent, the religiously faithful refrain from a number of indulgences of the "flesh", including eating meat. (pg. 220) What began as a Roman-based...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Certificate of Secondary Level Competence® SOCIAL STUDIES SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May–June 2014 CXC CCSLC/SS/05/12 Published in Jamaica, 2012 by Ian Randle Publishers 11 Cunningham Avenue P O Box 686 Kingston 6 www.ianrandlepublishers.com © 2012, Caribbean Examinations Council ISBN ---------------------------------------- (pbk) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Cover and book design by Ian Randle Publishers Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica Telephone Number: +1 (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: +1 (876) 967-4972 E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2012 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC CCSLC/SS/05/12 This document CXC CCSLC/SS/05/12 replaces CXC CCSLC/SS/05/2006 issued in 2006. Please note that the syllabus has been revised and amendments are indicated by italics. First issued 2006 Revised 2012 Please check the website www.cxc.org for updates on CXC’s syllabuses. CXC CCSLC/SS/05/12 Contents INTRODUCTION .......................................................
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...500 extraordinary islands G R E E N L A N D Beaufort Sea Baffin Bay vi Da i tra sS t a nm De it Stra rk Hudson Bay Gulf of Alaska Vancouver Portland C A N A D A Calgary Winnipeg Newfoundland Quebec Minneapolis UNITED STATES San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego Phoenix Dallas Ottawa Montreal ChicagoDetroitToronto Boston New York OF AMERICA Philadelphia Washington DC St. Louis Atlanta New Orleans Houston Monterrey NORTH AT L A N T I C OCEAN MEXICO Guadalajara Mexico City Gulf of Mexico Miami Havana CUBA GUATEMALA HONDURAS b e a n Sea EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA Managua BAHAMAS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA San Juan HAITI BELIZE C a r PUERTO RICO ib TRINIDAD & Caracas N TOBAGO A COSTA RICA IA M PANAMA VENEZUELA UYANRINA H GU C U G Medellín A PAC I F I C OCEAN Galapagos Islands COLOMBIA ECUADOR Bogotá Cali S FR EN Belém Recife Lima BR A Z I L PERU La Paz Brasélia Salvador Belo Horizonte Rio de Janeiro ~ Sao Paulo BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE Cordoba Santiago Pôrto Alegre URUGUAY Montevideo Buenos Aires ARGENTINA FALKLAND/MALVINAS ISLANDS South Georgia extraordinary islands 1st Edition 500 By Julie Duchaine, Holly Hughes, Alexis Lipsitz Flippin, and Sylvie Murphy Contents Chapter 1 Beachcomber Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Aquatic Playgrounds 2 Island Hopping the Turks & Caicos: Barefoot Luxury 12 Life’s a Beach 14 Unvarnished & Unspoiled 21 Sailing...
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