...Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 49, No. 5, 410–432, 2001. BASELINE STUDIES OF THE CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY SOURCE CLAYS: INFRARED METHODS ´ JANA MADEJOVA AND PETER KOMADEL Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-842 36 Bratislava, Slovakia INTRODUCTION Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has a long and successful history as an analytical technique and is used extensively (McKelvy et al., 1996; Stuart, 1996). It is mainly a complementary method to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and other methods used to investigate clays and clay minerals. It is an economical, rapid and common technique because a spectrum can be obtained in a few minutes and the instruments are sufficiently inexpensive as to be available in many laboratories. An IR spectrum can serve as a fingerprint for mineral identification, but it can also give unique information about the mineral structure, including the family of minerals to which the specimen belongs and the degree of regularity within the structure, the nature of isomorphic substituents, the distinction of molecular water from constitutional hydroxyl, and the presence of both crystalline and non-crystalline impurities (Farmer, 1979). The interpretation of the absorption spectra of the Source Clays in the middle-IR (MIR) region (4000– 400 cm 1) given here follows those of Farmer and Russell (1964), Farmer (1974a, 1979) and Russell and Fraser (1994). In addition, reflectance spectra in the near-IR (NIR) region (11,000–4000 cm 1), where overtones...
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...The different types of clay minerals can be further differentiated into sub-groups according to the degree of ordering and type of isomorphic substitution (Luis and Mercedes, 2011). Three main groups are Kaolinite group, Illite group, Smectite group. Kaolinite has a structure which consists of one silica sheet and one alumina sheet bonded together into a layer about 0.72nm and stacked up repeatedly (Figure 4a).Numerous hydrogen bonds held the layers together and results into a tightly stacked layers.Illite consists of repeated layers of one alumina sheet in between two silicate sheets (Figure 4b). The layers are 0.96nm thick and held together by potassium ions (Muni, 2007). Montmorillonite has a structure similar to Illite, however, the layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces and exchangeable ions (Figure 4c). Water can freely enter the bond and separate the layers in montmorillonite, resulting in swelling. Montmorillonite ids often dubbed a swelling or expansion clay (Muni, 2007). The Subracent alluvial soils of Peninsula Malaysia contain Kaolinite, Gibbsite, Goethite, Anatase, Mica, Chlorite and mixed layers. Dominating with more that 50% of this clay fraction in some cases is the most important mineral, Kaolinite. The buffering action is controlled by Kaolinite at pH above 5.5. The formation of gibbsite and anatase is dependent on texture and drainage conditions (Shamshuddin, 1986) ...
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...Social enterprise is an enterprise which help to improve the human life style by teaching them skill as well as the environment but without caring if it can earn profit or not. Although this seen no profit to the investor as if they believe doing this can maximize their utility by helping the weak can further their capacity to realize their social and environmental goals. The social enterprise that we choose for this assignment is Eden Project. The project is located at Kaolinite pit, which is 2 kilometres from the town of St Blazey and 5 kilometres form the large town of St Austell, Cornwall in the United Kingdom. The project since started at January 1995 because of the hole it give the owner of the project an idea that they need a large place for their plant, so in 1996 they began to design the Eden, the works started in 1998, then finally paid off the funded in 2000 as well as let the visitor visit how they build Eden and the first plant come in the Eden, at last Eden open the door at 2001. The motivation of the Eden Project is that they wish to explore ideas and innovations that can help human being to tread lighter on the planet. How they save the environment? First they cutting the carbon that their produce by planting thousands of plants and also limited the energy use so the building of Eden is special as most of the light come from sunlight. Next they change the waste into useful item with the process of measure, reduce, reuse, recycle and reinvest, for example they...
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...minerals by weight and concentrates the heavier dark colored sand sized particles in long streaks, this process is known as hydraulic sorting. Flakes of placer gold are deposited in a stream by the same process. Some of the granite rocks also in the Catalina mountains have dark brown blotches, known as rock varnish. This mineral patina gives the landscape a dark brown and tan cast. Rock varnish tends to develop best on weathering and erosion resistant rocks that posses moderately rough surfaces. Metamorphic rocks that are commonly well varnished include sandstone and basalt, whereas siltstone and shale disintegrate too rapidly to retain such a coating. Rock varnish is a thin coating of clay minerals which include illite, montmorillonite and kaolinite stained by high concentrations of manganese oxides and iron. The clay minerals settle as dust from the atmosphere. Manganese which is also derived from windborne dust and rain, produces a dark brown to black coloration on surfaces exposed to air. Mirco colonies of bacteria inhabit the varnish and gain energy by oxidizing the manganese. This bacteria anchors itself to rock surfaces with the clay particles, which provide protection against extremes in temperature and humidity. Though this process the manganese becomes attached firmly to and darkens the clay. The next observation were tinajas and these are rock basins that hold water. These tinajas also known as rock tanks in English are best formed in the bedrock channels of steep canyons...
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...productive soil Plants require 16 elements for growth and reproduction Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen are acquired through air and water 13 are from soil Primary= N, P, K Secondary= Ca, Mg, S Micro= Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Cl, Fe, Mo Most NEB soils contain large amounts of all the elements, but only a small % of these total amounts are available to the plant Factors that affect availability: Form and chemical properties of the element Soil pH Interactions with soil colloids Microbial acitivity Soil physical conditions: Aeration Compaction Temperature Moisture Mineral Components of Soil: 1. Silica= Si 2. Quartz= SiO2 3. Hornblende 4. Feldspar 5. Pyrite * Secondary= Montmorillinite, Kaolinite, Illite Structure Net negative charge absorbs positive particles Interactions Soil Minerals Soil Organic Matter Soil H2O Soil Air Broadcast application produces same yields as banded applications Mobile nutrient Wet soil? Band? Optimum moisture (structure aggregation) pH? Highly fertile soil Band applications produce higher yields than broadcast regardless of rate Immobile nutrients Drier soil Low fertility Wet and cool conditions Soil with high P fixing capacity Soil Fertility Evaluation Asses nutrient status of soil-crop system Diagnose suspected nutrient imbalances Monitor effects of management Provide basis for fertilizer recommendations Objectives of Evaluation Improving fertilizer use efficiency Decreasing...
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...University of San Carlos Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines CERAMIC INSULATORS: AN IDEAL FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY By: Kirby Emmanuel C. Oraiz Frank Joseph P. Ruiz Ramel Joseph A. Derecho University of San Carlos Talamban Campus Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City, Cebu INTRODUCTION: Science and technology are in continuous development. This leads to ever more demanding and intelligent technology. The demands made on modern materials are increasing with the same dynamism. The features that are demanded include greater strengths for material-saving constructions, lighter components for energy saving, higher quality for more security and longer service life. After all, cost-effectiveness plays a crucial role. Ceramic materials have in the past made an important contribution to this process of innovation. Requirements for the successful application of ceramics include constructions that are appropriate to the materials and the manufacturing processes, as well as appropriate applications. The point is not that common materials can be displaced, but rather that customised products allow completely new solutions. In order to make intelligent and effective use of the properties of ceramics, it is not sufficient simply to take an existing structural component and to replace it in every detail with a ceramic part. A drawing of the component used so far, however, together with a great deal of supplementary information, can show the way to the mass-produced ceramic component...
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...BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH REPORT NUMBER RR 99–03 BGS Rock Classification Scheme Volume 3 Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks C R Hallsworth and R W O’B Knox Subject index Bibliographical Reference Rock classification, sediments and sedimentary rocks Hallsworth, C R, and Knox, R W O’B. 1999 BGS Rock Classification Scheme Volume 3 Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks. British Geological Survey Research Report, RR 99–03. © NERC Copyright 1999 British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG UK HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS DOCUMENT HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS DOCUMENT u The general pagination is designed for hard copy use and does not correspond to PDF thumbnail pagination. u The main elements of the table of contents are bookmarked enabling direct links to be followed to the principal section headings and sub-headings, figures and tables irrespective of which part of the document the user is viewing. u In addition, the report contains links: 1 from the principal section and sub-section headings back to the contents page, 1 from each reference to a figure or table directly to the corresponding figure or table, 1 from each figure or table caption to the first place that figure or table is mentioned in the text and 1 from each page number back to the contents page. Return to contents page Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Principles of this classification 1.2 Summary of the structure and development of the classification scheme 1...
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...issertationThe Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Earth and Mineral Sciences PORE-SCALE IMAGING AND LATTICE BOLTZMANN MODELING OF SINGLEAND MULTI-PHASE FLOW IN FRACTURED AND MIXED-WET PERMEABLE MEDIA A Dissertation in Energy and Mineral Engineering by Christopher James Landry © 2013 Christopher James Landry Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 The dissertation of Christopher James Landry was reviewed and approved* by the following: Zuleima T. Karpyn Associate Professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Li Li Assistant Professor of Energy and Mineral Engineering Russell T. Johns Professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Maria Lopez de Murphy Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Luis Ayala Associate Professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Associate Department Head for Graduate Education *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT Three investigations of pore-scale single-phase and multiphase flow in fractured porous media and mixed-wet porous media are presented here. With an emphasis on validating and utilizing lattice Boltzmann models in conjunction with x-ray computed microtomography. The objective of the first study is to investigate fracture flow characteristics at the pore-scale, and evaluate the influence of the adjacent permeable...
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...CONVERSION FACTORS FROM ENGLISH TO SI UNITS Length: 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft 1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 ft2 1 ft2 1 ft2 1 in.2 1 in.2 1 in.2 1 ft3 1 ft3 1 in.3 1 in.3 1 in. 1 in.3 1 ft/min 1 ft/min 1 ft/min 1 ft/sec 1 ft/sec 1 in./min 1 in./sec 1 in./sec 3 0.3048 m 30.48 cm 304.8 mm 0.0254 m 2.54 cm 25.4 mm 929.03 10 4 m2 929.03 cm2 929.03 102 mm2 6.452 10 4 m2 6.452 cm2 645.16 mm2 28.317 10 3 m3 28.317 103 cm3 16.387 10 6 m3 16.387 cm3 0.16387 0.16387 10 mm 10 4 m3 5 3 Coefficient of consolidation: Force: 1 in.2/sec 1 in.2/sec 1 ft2/sec 1 lb 1 lb 1 lb 1 kip 1 U.S. ton 1 lb 1 lb/ft 1 lb/ft2 1 lb/ft2 1 U.S. ton/ft2 1 kip/ft2 1 lb/in.2 1 lb/ft3 1 lb/in.3 1 lb-ft 1 lb-in. 1 ft-lb 1 in.4 1 in.4 6.452 cm2/sec 20.346 103 m2/yr 929.03 cm2/sec 4.448 N 4.448 10 3 kN 0.4536 kgf 4.448 kN 8.896 kN 0.4536 10 3 metric ton 14.593 N/m 47.88 N/m2 0.04788 kN/m2 95.76 kN/m2 47.88 kN/m2 6.895 kN/m2 0.1572 kN/m3 271.43 kN/m3 1.3558 N · m 0.11298 N · m 1.3558 J 0.4162 0.4162 106 mm4 10 6 m4 Area: Stress: Volume: Unit weight: Moment: Energy: Moment of inertia: Section modulus: Hydraulic conductivity: 0.3048 m/min 30.48 cm/min 304.8 mm/min 0.3048 m/sec 304.8 mm/sec 0.0254 m/min 2.54 cm/sec 25.4 mm/sec CONVERSION FACTORS FROM SI TO ENGLISH UNITS Length: 1m 1 cm 1 mm 1m 1 cm 1 mm 1m 1 cm2 1 mm2 1 m2 1 cm2 1 mm2 1m 1 cm3 1 m3 1 cm3 1N 1 kN 1 kgf 1 kN 1 kN 1 metric ton 1 N/m 3 2 3.281 ft 3.281 10 3.281 10 39.37 in. 0.3937 in. 0.03937 in. 2 Stress: 2 3 ft ft 1 N/m2 1 kN/m2...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Removal of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium and copper from aqueous solution is necessary because of the hazardous effect it does on the environment ,thereby making environmental protection important, however waste solutions containing heavy metal elements need treatment systems that can remove these contaminants effectively (Harvey and Chantawong, 2001). Frequent appearance of these metals in waste streams from many industries, including electroplating, metal finishing, metallurgical, tannery, chemical manufacturing, mining and battery manufacturing. This problem has received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the concern that those heavy metals in waste streams can be readily adsorbed by marine animals and directly enter the human food chain, thus presenting a high health risk to consumers (Lin et al., 2000). A number of technologies for treating contaminated effluents have been developed over the years. The most important of these techniques include chemical precipitation, filtration, ion- exchange, reverse osmosis and membrane systems. However, all these techniques have their inherent advantages and limitations in application. In the last few years, adsorption has been shown to be an alternative method for removing dissolved metal ions from liquid wastes (Bayat, 2002). The removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastes using different adsorbents is currently...
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...SEPERATION PROCESSES II DESIGN PROJECT COAGULATION & FLOCCULATION PROCESSES IN THE PRODUCTION OF POTABLE WATER SUBMISSION DATE: 14 August 2012 COURSE COORDINATOR : Dr. Netatollah Rahmanian GROUP MEMBERS’ NAMES: Derek Lai Chai Zern 14233 Derek Lai Chai Zern 14233 Sean Suraj Jeremiah 14286 Nabila Syahira Bt Azizuddin 14295 Hazwan Farid B Muhammad Puzi 14382 Karrthik S/O Subramaniam 15450 Kiveeyashini D/O Govindasamy 17252 INTRODUCTION Human settlements have always been centred around sources of clean drinking water. As the population increases and the quality of fresh water declines, it has become an engineering challenge to supply sufficient potable water to the meet demands. Of the many unit processes and operations used in water treatment, coagulation and flocculation required a unique combination of chemical and physical phenomena for producing water acceptable for human consumption. Aggregation of fine particulate matter into larger particulates by the use of coagulation and flocculation facilities permits cost-effective removal in subsequent solid separation processes. Particulates inorganic origin such as clay, silt, and mineral oxides generally enter surface water by natural erosion processes and can decrease the clarity of the water to an unacceptable level. Organic particulates, such as colloidal humic and fulvic acids are a product of decay and leaching of organic debris and litter which have fallen in the water...
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...NILAI KARBON HUTAN ALAM DAN TANAMAN MENURUT STRUKTUR TEGAKANNYA (Kasus di PT Berau Coal, Kabupaten Berau, Propinsi Kalimantan Timur) SKRIPSI Oleh : AL FURQANY WIDHA WARDHANA 05/185000/KT/5640 JURUSAN MANAJEMEN HUTAN FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA YOGYAKARTA 2010 NILAI KARBON HUTAN ALAM DAN TANAMAN MENURUT STRUKTUR TEGAKANNYA (Kasus di PT Berau Coal, Kabupaten Berau, Propinsi Kalimantan Timur) SKRIPSI Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada untuk Memenuhi sebagian dari Syarat-Syarat Guna memperoleh Derajat Sarjana Kehutanan Oleh : AL FURQANY WIDHA WARDHANA 05/185000/KT/5640 JURUSAN MANAJEMEN HUTAN FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA YOGYAKARTA 2010 HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN Ucapan terimakasihku untuk ... [Syukur alhamdulillah] kupanjatkan kepada Allah SWT yang menguasai langit dan bumi beserta seluruh isinya, tanpa kurang sedikit pun, yang mengatur hidup dan matiku, yang membuatku berdiri dan tetap bernafas dari perjalanan panjang 22 tahun sejak aku keluar dari rahim ibuku ... izinkan aku untuk membahagiakannya bersama ayahku yaa Rabb ... [Shalawat serta salam] untuk junjunganku, nabiku, yang membawakan cahaya islam kepada dunia yang gelap di dalam bola bernama bumi ini ... Rasulullah Muhammad SAW ... semoga kelak aku dapat menjadi golongan dari umat yang engkau berikan syafaat wahai nabi.. Bapak Ibu , kalian adalah tujuanku untuk hidup di muka bumi ini , tanpa kalian hidupku hampa , disaat ada masalah hanya...
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...ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY- 2013 Draft v4 7-3-12 1. DESCRIPTION: Understand the anatomy and physiology of the nervous, excretory and digestive system. A TEAM OF UP TO: 2 APPROXIMATE TIME: 50 Minutes 2. EVENT PARAMETERS: Each team may bring only one 8.5" x II" two-sided page of notes that contain information in any form from any source and up to 2 non-programmable, non-graphing calculators. 3. THE COMPETITION: Students should know the basic anatomy and physiology of the nervous, excretory and digestive systems and how aging and specific diseases affect them. Process skills expected may include data collection, making observations, inferences, predictions, calculations, analyses and conclusions. The test may include various formats (e. g., timed stations, written test, PowerPoint slides, anatomical specimens, etc.) for the following topics: a. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - All levels should know: 1. Functions ofthe digestive system 11. Basic anatomy of the component parts of the alimentary canal and accessory organs of digestion iii. Anatomy of the four layers ofthe wall of the alimentary canal IV. Comparison of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine v. Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion vi. Physiology of chemical digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates vii. The effects of exercise on the digestive system viii. The diseases on each level from the cell to the whole person as listed: stomach & duodenal ulcers, cancers of the digestive...
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...NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water Micro & NaNo TechNologies series editor: Jeremy ramsden Professor of Nanotechnology Microsystems and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Materials Cranfield University, United Kingdom the aim of this book series is to disseminate the latest developments in small scale technologies with a particular emphasis on accessible and practical content. these books will appeal to engineers from industry, academia and government sectors. for more information about the book series and new book proposals please contact the publisher, Dr. Nigel hollingworth at nhollingworth@williamandrew.com. http://www.williamandrew.com/MNt NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water edited by Nora savage Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and (in alphabetical order) Mamadou Diallo Materials and process simulation center, Division of chemistry and chemical engineering, california institute of technology Jeremiah Duncan Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison anita street Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign richard sustich N o r w i c h , N Y, U S A copyright © 2009 by William andrew inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying...
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...BRE Building Elements Foundations, basements and external works Performance, diagnosis, maintenance, repair and the avoidance of defects H W Harrison, ISO, Dip Arch, RIBA P M Trotman BRE Garston Watford WD25 9XX Prices for all available BRE publications can be obtained from: CRC Ltd 151 Rosebery Avenue London, EC1R 4GB Tel: 020 7505 6622 Fax: 020 7505 6606 email: crc@construct.emap.co.uk BR 440 ISBN 1 86081 540 5 © Copyright BRE 2002 First published 2002 BRE is committed to providing impartial and authoritative information on all aspects of the built environment for clients, designers, contractors, engineers, manufacturers, occupants, etc. We make every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of information and guidance when it is first published. However, we can take no responsibility for the subsequent use of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain. Published by Construction Research Communications Ltd by permission of Building Research Establishment Ltd Requests to copy any part of this publication should be made to: CRC Ltd Building Research Establishment Bucknalls Lane Watford, WD25 9XX BRE material is also published quarterly on CD Each CD contains BRE material published in the current year, including reports, specialist reports, and the Professional Development publications: Digests, Good Building Guides, Good Repair Guides and Information Papers. The CD collection gives you the opportunity to build a comprehensive library...
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