...understanding that the Earth being the center of the universe began to change as scientists (Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler) researched, used mathematics and physics. The findings of there work led to the belief that the Sun was the center of the Universe (Heliocentric model). Copernicus used mathematics (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) to form the Heliocentric model of the universe. Galileo used physics (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems) to support Copernicus’ Heliocentric theory. Kepler mathematics (laws of planetary motion) and his expertise in optics (inventing an improved version of the refracting telescope (Keplerian Telescope) and gave credit to Galileo for his telescopic discoveries) to support the Heliocentric model. The Heliocentric model was accepted as the structure of the Solar System because of the work of these ancient scientists and the work of those that came after them. In the mid-to-late 20th century supremacy in space exploration between the Soviet Union and United States began. This is now known as the “Space Race”. During this tense time known as the “Cold War” both the Soviet Union and the United States felt that being first in space exploration was necessary for national security and a symbol of their superiority. The Space Race let to the launching of artificial satellites and the race to put a manned spacecraft on the moon. On July 20, 1969 the United States landed the first humans on the moon. This accomplishment effectively...
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...PRACTICE 2: Writing Paraphrases Original Passage 1 Source: Page 18 of a three-page article in the October 15, 2003, issue of Space Science magazine. The title of the article is “Manned Mars Flights: Impossible Dream?” The author is Patrick Clinton, a NASA physician. A second major problem is maintaining astronauts’ mental health. Being confined for long periods of time in dark and hostile space undoubtedly produces anxiety. Loneliness and boredom are other psychological concerns. NASA physician Patrick Clinton states that keeping the astronauts mentally healthy is a second problem. The lengthy time in space may lead to anxiety as well as loneliness and boredom. Original Passage 4 Source: Page 48 of a nine-page magazine article written by Jeffrey Klunger. The article appeared on page 42-50 in the January 26, 2004, issue of Time magazine. The title of the article is “Mission to Mars: First the Rover Lands, and Now Bush Wants to Send People. We Can Do It Even Faster Than Planned, but Here Is What It Will Take.” Speed is everything on the way to Mars and not only because a seven-month trip in a confined space can be torturous. The bigger problem is that it can be lethal because of radiation exposure in deep space, where the absence of Earth’s magnetic field leaves astronauts for more exposed to deadly cosmic energy than they are in orbit or on the way to the moon. An article by Jeffrey Klunger said going to Mars needed high in speed. The big challenging is the radiation...
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...The topic of Mars has long been of interest to astronomers and science fiction enthusiast alike. The premise of another planet supporting life excites people like no other. In 2004, The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, began preliminary science experiments and instrument proposals for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) and a robotic space probe mission to Mars. After long testing and development stages, the mission birthed a rover, Curiosity, which was launched in November 2011 and subsequently landed August 6th 2012. As we speak Curiosity is collecting invaluable data for our understanding of mars including: habitability, climate and geology, and possibly setting up a manned mission to mars in the future. The possibilities that this new information can bring are the main reason that scientist and nonscientists alike are so excited for this pivotal mission. The Curiosity project began development in 2004. Astronomers and engineers worldwide entered their instrument proposals to NASA so they could hopefully be a part of the final mission. These components were sifted thoroughly and select components were developed for four years. By 2008, they were mostly finished with the hardware and software developments and they carried on testing. This extensive testing delayed liftoff, which was originally slated for September 2009, until November 2011. NASA then administered a poll on their website to decide the name of the rover, with Curiosity ultimately...
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... Humans had dreamed about exploring and colonizing space since the early ages, it's been a fantasy until now. “I don't think the humans race will survive the next thousands year, unless we spread into space. There are too many accidents that can be befall life on a single plante. But i'm an optimist. We will reach out to the stars.” Stephen Hawking. The daily telegraph, October 16, 2001. Humankind will one day have to relocate from earth due to overpopulation and pollution but we still have a long way to conquer the stars. Humans had come a long way since we first landed in the moon but we still got a longer way to colonizing new planets. Space Exploration started after war world two when united states and soviet union created their missile program and started a competition between both countries marking the beginning of the cold war. Both countries were competing on who had the best technology. On october 4, 1957, soviet union was the first to put an artificial satellite named sputnik 1 into space kicking off the space race. Space Race was a conflict between united states and soviet union that regarded the achievement in the field of space exploration. The space race made the united states want to reach the stars. On april 12, 1961, Lt. yuri Gagorin a soviet men became the first human in space, Gagarin reached an altitude of 202 miles.Shortly after US sent the first American into space as well. Soviet union continued winning the space Race until John F. Kennedy, the former...
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...several other pilot decorations. In 1957, after serving in the Korean War, John Glenn was appointed to a naval test pilot program where he completed the world’s first supersonic transcontinental flight from Los Angeles to New York in just 3 hours and 23 minutes. This mission, later nicknamed “Project Bullet,” secured Glenn’s reputation as one of the country’s top test pilots, increasing his popularity and drawing the attention of NASA, who was in the process of recruiting astronauts for a new mission—Project Mercury. Regardless of their peaked interest and Glenn’s distinguished credibility as a pilot, he would still have to complete a series of tests before they would go on to choose him as the pilot aboard Mercury-Atlas 6 Friendship 7 spacecraft....
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...moon, Miranda; it also discovered Neptune’s second-largest moon, Neveid. The Star V838 Monocerotis, I found to be interesting because it was a simple cream like swirled color and just the middle was a distinct red spot. This Nebula stood out to me because my favorit color is green and this is a very bright green formation. The Mars Polar Lander/ Deep Space 2 had a mission target of landing on Mars. The mission ended on December 03, 1999. The instruments that the spacecraft carried were: 1. Mars volatiles and climate surveyor (MVACS) 2. Mars descent imager (MARDI) 3. Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) 4. Mars microphone These instruments were used to dig for water ice with a robotic arm. Although it was accomplished, contact was lost with both the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 about a year after launch. This was the first spacecraft to land on a polar region of Mars. It is still a mystery to what happened with the communication loss and ultimate fate of the spacecraft. Work Cited Mars Polar...
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...Name Course Tutor November 19th 2015 Dark They Were With Golden Eyes Ray Bradbury’s Dark They Were and Golden Eyed is about Harry Bittering and his family’s attempt to escape war on earth by building a colony on Mars. This suspense tale shows the effects of the Bittering’s odd new surroundings on Mars. Bradbury’s description of Mars and the Bittering family’s reactions to it give warning that something could go wrong. The atmosphere is one of foreboding and apprehension. Slowly, the circumstances tighten around Harry. The author uses character and plot to express the theme that fear creates resistance to change. I feel that this story is a parable, showing the ways that individuals respond to change, particularly to the environments in which they find themselves. The Bittering family; Cora, Harry, and their three children David, Laura and Dan has arrived on Mars. Initially from Boston, the Bittering family has moved to Mars via rocket so as to avoid the antedated destruction from the war occurring on Earth. However, Harry feels out place on Mars, his new home. His unease is so intense that he wants to return to Earth with his family. He thinks that Mars should only be inhabited by Martians, humans should be back on earth and don’t belong. When a war on earth destroys all space ships and prevents his return, he is determined to build a ship for himself if he is to return to Earth. Bradbury expresses the theme that fear creates resistance to change. From the start of...
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...GIS and GPS is a very important application in my field of work. I work for an aerospace company that launches rockets to space and sends spacecrafts to orbit either for satellites or for supplying and returning cargo from the International Space Station (ISS). Geographical information systems is a necessity for my company. Everything is precise and has to work perfect in order for a mission to be successful. We rely on GIS to navigate our rocket and time perfectly where we will end up and at what time. Global positioning systems (GPS) is at the same time, just as important. Actually, my company puts these satellites that are used for GPS into orbit so everyone can have the ability to know exactly what is going on. Knowing location, time, weather anywhere on earth is a huge contribution to flying rockets in space. All of it factors in. There are many fields in my company that allow you to expand on issues of Geography. Many engineers deal with telemetry and things of that sort. If the training relates to work, which in this case it does, then my company will provide it. GIS and GPS is a must within the industry. I think it would be cool to locate where our spacecraft is and track it, then recover it or check if there are any issues with geography such as weather or objects in the sky that might be harmful to our mission. GIS and GPS is advancing more and more every day and the technology we have in today’s world is allowing us to do things we’ve never done before...
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...The artifact. “Ok this should be it.”I said. “Years and years and I have finally found it.” “I just hoped I wouldn't have to get wet.” I was on the moon. It was the year 2018. I am astronaut James Armstrong. I am a relative to the famous Neil Armstrong. The mission is apollo 18. I have been the only one here for Months. When the other crew left I was collecting my final samples. Well now i'm here...all alone. I walked to a concrete circle in a patch of water. Now you might be thinking. There is no water on the moon. But for some reason there is just this one little patch. I took in my deep breath and jumped in. SPLASH!! I was diving now trying to find it. Just then,a little green light popped...
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...It surely needs courage to jump in free fall from space. Felix Baumgartner made history in 2012 when he jumped out of his capsule from 120 000 feet of altitude. Was this an important event that we need to remember? In this essay, I will argue that this mission was not so important. Some people object that he broke a record and has break the speed of sound in free fall, but I will argue that it has not changed a lot of things in the world. First of all, this event, for me, is not very important because it has not had a big repercussion in the world. What I mean is that yes we have talked about this mission for a short period of time after he realised it, but after we did not hear about this. How does this action affect the world? It did not help for other missions or scientists research. For other people, this event is important because he has broken a record and broke the spead of sound. They say it is a very impressive event and that he has succesfully finished his mission while a lot of other people failed. I agree with these points but for me this event can’t be placed in the major events of 2012 because if we compare this event to the curiosity land rover, this achievement is much less important for the future. There are way more things that we can discover with the curiosity rover on Mars than a jump from the space. This event was a good one for the show, but it won’t help more the planet and the humanity in the future. This is why I think that in the 2012 year, the stratos...
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...MISSION TO MARS Nearly two decades after the Viking was successfully launched and put in Mars, NASA were ready to launch their second major mission to Mars with Mars Observer (MO) at a cost of nearly 1 billion dollars and more than a decade of preparation. This was a complete disaster after the controllers lost contact with the spacecraft three days prior to its deceleration into Mars’ Orbit. The losses incurred were of gigantic proportions and NASA could not afford any more failures. This made them rethink their approach towards space exploration and they eventually came up with the philosophy of FBC (Faster, Better, Cheaper). The aim of this approach was to change the way they worked on space exploration. Instead of spending billions of dollars and decades of effort in coming up with one spacecraft which has a lot of functionalities, FBC aimed at creating smaller and specific missions with strict constraints in money and time. The idea was to diversify the risk across multiple smaller projects rather than laying all the eggs in a single basket. This approach forced the developers to come up with innovative, out of the box solutions to cut down the costs. Another advantage in this approach is that the failure of a mission will not be as catastrophic as before. This really paid off on the first mission when Pathfinder was successfully launched into Mars within the specified constraints. However, things started getting awry when the challenge bar was raised too high....
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...India in 21st Century By: Huma Fatima The Republic of India consists of 28 states and seven union territories. After more than 60years of independence India is emerging as one of the largest growing economies in the world. India is advancing in many fields like Science and technology, IT etc to name a few. In today's world where values are eroding fast India is still holding onto its values and culture while still developing. India is among the top countries when it comes to the information technology. The IT sector has seen a lot of growth in the last decade. The software development companies in India are becoming popular because of the performance. The last few years have been very good for the IT sector in India due to the research and development in these fields. There has been a lot of awareness in Indians in the 21 century due to the emergence of electronic and television media. Mobile phones and broadband internet has become very common and inexpensive due to that people can communicate easily with the rest of the world. As a result people have become more informed about what is going on in the world. And that is creating a lot of change in the society. The society in India is changing rapidly many evil social practices like sati, child-marriage, dowry etc no longer exists .The literacy rate of the women is also increasing at a fast pace as a result women are also contributing to the countries progress. In every walk of life there contribution is being appreciated .In...
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...Apollo 13; Inner Teachings Lusalu Daniel Academic writers Online The Apollo 13 is NASA’s seventh Apollo space mission taking human beings into the outer space. The launch of the Apollo 13 space craft took place at the Kennedy Space center on 11th April 1970. On the second day of the mission the service Module was crippled by an explosion of the second oxygen tank. As a result the mission was aborted and the crew working in conjunction with the astronauts back on earth maneuvered strategically to safely return on earth. The team had to overcome insurmountable hardships occasioned by loss of power and water, lack of proper food and the freezing condition inside the space ship to land successfully on earth, that the mission was dubbed a successful failure (Shayler, 2013). The Apollo 13 has been turned into a successful film and presents lots of great teachings on surviving a crisis. The following are the vital inner teachings drawn from the Apollo 13 mission. The first lesson learned from the Apollo 13 mission is prioritizing and communication in a crisis. After the second oxygen tank exploded the priority was to return the crew safely on earth. Thus the projected lunar landing was quickly abandoned and every effort was concentrated on the safe return of the crew to the earth. Without prioritizing activities and effective communication this would not have been possible (Holden, 2012). Training is mandatory for every mission...
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...Scientific literacy NASA has remained the world number one source of knowledge and information regarding various characteristic of the earth and the space. From scientific literacy NASA has been in the frontline to ensure knowledge has been impacted to various platforms all over the world concerning the inner and outer space. NASA has enabled acquisition of scientific knowledge on various issues concerning the earth and the inner space by impacting the knowledge on various learning platforms by humans’ .Scientific literacy has been impacted to by the Nasa through various documentaries, Posts on the websites, articles and books. The scientific literacy evolution has therefore played a major role in ensuring that humans can effectively be transformed and made to understand and try to conquer space in their zeal for the protective role among many other roles it plays for NASA. Communication about NASA NASA has over the time communicated with various parties primarily through the satellite. NASA sent the first satellite on the earth’s orbit which was a major boost in enhancing communication globally. NASA as an integral part of the world communication primarily bases its communication on the basis of messages travelling via space in a similar manner as radio waves. NASA communicates its information primarily through the satellite which has a wider coverage. This is because NASA communicates information far and wide from both the inner and the outer space. Through the various activities...
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...1. Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Why did humans thought of space travel. Humans have dreamed about spaceflight since antiquity. The Chinese used rockets for ceremonial and military purposes centuries ago, but only in the latter half of the 20th century were rockets developed that were powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital velocities that could open space to human exploration. 2. Sputnik (Pronounced as Sputnak in English, pronounced as Sputnik in Russian). The first artificial Earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union on October 4 1957. Vostok, translated as the East. It was used to launch the first artificial satellite and the first manned spacecraft in history. Mercury-Redstone 3 or Freedom 7 was the first human spaceflight by the United States on May 5, 1961. It is called Freedom 7 to honor the seven members of NASA’s Astronaut Group 1. Vostok Pronounced as Bastok translated as East. The first human spaceflight in History was accomplished on this aircraft on April 12, 1961 by Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Making Yuri Gagarin the first person in space and the first person to orbit the earth 3. The Saturn V (spoken as "Saturn five") was an American human-rated expendable rocket used by NASA between 1966 and 1973. The three-stage liquid-fueled launch vehicle was developed to support the Apollo...
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