a. Authority- the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience. b. Responsibility- the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone. c. Organisational charts- An organizational chart is the most common visual depiction of how an organization is structured. It outlines the roles, responsibilities and relationships between individuals within an organization. d. Levels of hierarchy- Pyramid-like ranking of ideas, individuals, items, etc., where every level (except the top and the bottom ones) has one higher and one lower neighbor. Higher level means greater authority, importance, and influence. e. span of Control- the area of activity and number of functions, people, or things for which an individual or organization is responsible. f. Chain of Command- a system in a military or civil organization by which instructions are passed from one person to another. g. Delegation- is the assignment of responsibility or authority to another person (normally from a manager to a subordinate) to carry out specific activities. It is one of the core concepts of management leadership h. Communication flow- Communication is generally regarded as an essential part of the inner workings of an organization, as it involves the flow of information between the organization and its external and internal publics i. Centralisation- is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location j. De-centralisation- is the process of redistributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location or authority. k. Operatives or shop floor workers- Lowest position in a team, low paid and low skilled jobs. For example: Bag packers