...5. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES IN SOUTH AFRICA Challenges of Sustainable development like in any other country are also faced in South Africa. At the moment we are facing a major crisis in the electricity department where demand of electricity has exceeded what South Africa can supply. Numerous interventions have been implemented by South Africa but it does not seem that those were enough. Some of the challenges may be seen below: “A target of 10 000 GWh” of contribution of renewable energy contribution to energy consumption by year 2013 (The White Paper policy, 2003). The challenge is that the policy did not specify the percentage target credited to municipalities and other sectors and therefore municipalities and other sectors...
Words: 1459 - Pages: 6
...INFRASTRUCTURE & GOVERNMENT Power Sector in India White paper on Implementation Challenges and Opportunities For release at the Energy Summit, Nagpur - January 2010 KPMG IN INDIA Table of Contents 1 Indian Power Industry - Current Scenario & Opportunities Ahead 2 2 Central and State Utilities Dominate the Industry 3 3 Challenges and Risks 4 4 Project Management Principles to Address Challenges 10 5 Summary and Conclusion 12 1 Executive Summary While the power sector in India has witnessed a few success stories in the last 4-5 years, the road that lies ahead of us is dotted with innumerable challenges that result from the gaps that exist between what’s planned versus what the power sector has been able to deliver. This document highlights and quantifies some of these gaps and attempts to analyze the problem. The document builds on the risks prevalent in the industry, some prominent hurdles that the power sector has already crossed, and more importantly - others that various players have to overcome. Understanding these core issues & risks of the power sector help in identifying the opportunities that lie ahead; for example why is private sector participation an important requirement. A short peek at our past performances indicate that during the last three five year plans (8th, 9th and 10th), we have barely managed to achieve half of the capacity addition that was planned. As we enter the third year of the 11th five...
Words: 5188 - Pages: 21
...a look at Coal in India: current status and outlook The world cannot do without coal. This energy source covers more than one-quarter (28.4% in 2006) of all primary energy consumption and is used to generate nearly 40% of all electricity consumed worldwide. All scenarios and forecasts agree that coal consumption will be growing substantially, driven mostly by China and India. According to the IEA reference scenario (World Energy Outlook 2007), these two countries are expected to account for 82% of the increase in global coal demand by 2030. The outlook for India gives cause for concern: despite a strong domestic coal industry, it could eventually become a major importer. If so, what will the economic, industrial and environmental consequences be? India ranks Number Six in the world for the consumption of primary energy (432 Mtoe in 2006). Its appetite for energy is growing extremely rapidly: it averaged 6.7% a year between 2003 and 20061. Given the demographics, consumption per capita is one of the lowest in the world (512 kgep per capita in 2003), but this figure is steadily increasing. Fig. 1 - Trends in the consumption of commercial primary energy and coal in India 450 400 350 Millions of toe Consumption of primary energy Consumption of coal 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Consumption rising fast Coal continues to dominate India's energy portfolio Reporting a figure of 238 Mtoe for 2006, India was the Number Three coal consuming country...
Words: 2401 - Pages: 10
...exporter and second largest importer of goods in the world. The country's per capita GDP (PPP) was $7,544 (International Monetary Fund, 94th in the world) in 2010. The provinces in the coastal regions of China tend to be more industrialized, while regions in the hinterland are less developed. As China's economic importance has grown, so has attention to the structure and health of that economy. China’s population can be divided into roughly 3 parts: farmers (about 700-800 million), rural migrants (150-250 million) and urban residents (250-350 million). Demographically and politically, China’s rural sector is the most important. The Chinese Communist Party owes its initial success to rural residents; Mao Zedong depended heavily on soldiers from rural areas in his battles against both the Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang) and invading Japanese soldiers. Biggest Challenges to China’s economy Since 1978 the Chinese economy has maintained economic growth at an average of nearly 8%. By western standards this is remarkable. The UK, by contrast, has grown at an average rate of 2.5%. However, despite the impressive figures there are many serious economic problems resulting from economic growth. 1. Pollution/ Environmental Degradation/ Corruption/ Massive internal migration/ bureaucracy The growth rate combined with a population of over 1 billion in China has caused serious environmental problems and in many industrialized cities. Some of the serious environmental problems...
Words: 3286 - Pages: 14
...Indian economy up to 1947: * Low use of technology * Dependent on imports * Exporter or raw materials, mainly to England * Completely destroyed traditional industries * Nascent stages of development of a small group of capitalists Debate on type of economic system to be adopted: * Capitalist v/s socialist * Bombay plan of 1944 * USA v/s USSR * Prevailing socio economic conditions Beginning of FYPs * Borrowed the concept from USSR * Tweaked it according to prevailing situations * Nehru Mahalanobis model * Emphasis on self reliance, PSUs, and vibrant SMEs * Trickledown effect and strong basic industries * Criticism Some important events: * 1948- Pakistan war * 1962- China war * 1965- Pakistan war * 1971- Liberation of Bangladesh * 1970s- oil and energy crises * 1975- Emergency * 1991- BOP crisis From 1947-1979: * First FYP 1951-1956- emphasis on Agriculture * Second FYP 1956-1961- emphasis on industry * Third FYP 1961- 1966 – balance between both * Three yearly plans from 1966-1969 * Nationalization of banks 1969 * Up to now most of the banks except SBI were owned by private individuals * 14 banks were nationalized. They had about 85 percent of the total deposits * Fourth FYP 1969-1974- emphasis on social justice * Whatever liberal measures initiated since independence were reversed * Recall the events discussed earlier *...
Words: 988 - Pages: 4
...with respect to sector has been continuously changing in India. 5 2.1.1 Agricultural sector 5 2.1.2 Industrial sector 5 2.1.3 Domestic Sector 5 3 Supply of power 5 4. Indian Power sector Growth – Recent and Future 5 5. Transmission and Distribution – 6 5.1 National Power Grid 7 5.2 Losses in T & D 7 5.3 Measures that can be taken to reduce losses are: 8 5.3.1 For Technical losses: 8 5.3.2 For Commercial losses: 8 6. India’s energy mix – Future investment required 8 7. Environmental issues 9 8. Sources of power 9 8.1 Coal 9 8.2 Natural Gas 10 8.3 Hydro power 10 8.4 Nuclear sources of power 10 8.5 Renewable sources of power 11 8.5.1 Solar power 11 8.5.2 Wind power 11 8.5.3 Biomass power 11 9. Regulatory changes 12 10. Disinvestment & consolidation 12 11. Challenges: 13 Appendix: 14 Appendix I 14 Appendix II 14 Appendix III 15 Appendix IV 16 Appendix V 16 Appendix VI 16 Appendix VII 17 References: 18 Executive Summary Availability of power is one of the important ingredients for industrial growth. It is an important infrastructure facility without which any industrial activity cannot be thought of in modern times. In the report, the main parameter used is the increase in the demand of power in India. Assuming a growth of 8%, the projected energy demand will be about 3600 billion kWh, almost 5 times the current demand. Based on the demand growth and the energy mix proposed in the next five year plan and assuming private sector participation of...
Words: 5972 - Pages: 24
...COMMERCE PROJECT -INDEX -INFO: SAIL -Paper With an annual turnover of 49350 crore (US$8.2 billion) (FY 2012-13). It is a public sector undertaking which trades publicly in the market is largely owned by Government of India and acts like an operating company. Incorporated on 24 January 1973, SAIL has 101,878 employees (as on 31-Mar-2013).[2] With an annual production of 13.5 million metric tons, SAIL is the 24th largest steel producer in the world. -Formation: The Ministry of Steel and Mines drafted a policy statement to evolve a new model for managing industry. The policy statement was presented to the Parliament on 2 December 1972. On this basis the concept of creating a holding company to manage inputs and outputs under one umbrella was mooted. This led to the formation of Steel Authority of India Ltd. The company, incorporated on 24 January 1973 with an authorised capital of 2000 crore (US$330 million) -Objectives: Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel-making company in India. It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defence industries and for sale in export markets. SAIL is also among the seven Maharatnas of the country's Central Public Sector Enterprises. SAIL manufactures and sells a broad range of steel products, including hot and cold rolled sheets and coils, galvanised sheets, electrical sheets, structurals, railway...
Words: 3072 - Pages: 13
...Policy Brief S E N A T E E CO N O M I C PL A N N I N G O F FI C E December 2013 PB-13-02 Realizing the Philippines’ Mining Potential Given the country’s mineral wealth, the mining industry can be a key driver of economic growth. However, the industry is hounded by various issues and challenges. These include the social and environmental costs, a revenue sharing agreement that is seen as unfair and inequitable, the overlapping and weak enforcement of mining laws, and other problems relating to the mining sector. Unless these are addressed through a clear, consistent and competitive mining policy, the sector’s huge potential to bring economic benefits will unlikely be realized. The SEPO Policy Brief, a publication of the Senate Economic Planning Office, provides analysis and discussion on important socioeconomic issues as inputs to the work of Senators and Senate Officials. The SEPO Policy Brief is also available at www.senate.gov.ph. Introduction The mining industry has a great potential to be a key growth sector in the Philippines given the country’s vast and rich mineral resource deposits. Mining can spur economic growth and generate employment opportunities in local communities as mining companies invest in infrastructure, utilities and other facilities within the mining sites. It can likewise contribute to the country's foreign-exchange earnings through exports and bring much needed revenues to the government through taxes and fees paid on mining and other related activities...
Words: 6400 - Pages: 26
...was created by the merger of two companies, BHP Ltd (An Australian mining company) and Billiton PLC (An UK based Company). BHP Billiton has created long time share holder value through the discovery, acquisition and development of natural resources. In the last few years, BHP Billiton has faced some governance challenges in conducting their business around the world. For overcoming those challenges several strategic drivers has been taken by BHP Billiton. This report mainly focused on external and internal environment, strength and weakness, Governance challenges and strategic drivers of BHP Billiton. Overview of BHP Billiton: BHP Billiton is a Dual Listed Company (DLC) comprising BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc. BHP Billiton was created through the DLC merger of BHP Limited (now BHP Billiton Limited) and Billiton Plc (now BHP Billiton Plc), which was concluded on 29 June 2001. BHP Billiton is a leading global resources company. The purpose is to create long-term shareholder value through the discovery, acquisition, development and marketing of natural resources. BHP Billiton are among the world’s largest producers of major commodities, including aluminum, coal, copper, iron ore, manganese, nickel, silver and uranium, and have substantial interests in oil and gas. The headquarters of BHP Billiton Limited, and the global headquarters of the combined BHP Billiton Group, are located in Melbourne, Australia. BHP Billiton Plc is located in London, United Kingdom. Both...
Words: 7470 - Pages: 30
...(3825) ABSTRACT Electricity Crisis in Pakistan is one of the severe challenges the country is facing today. Electricity is essential part of our daily life and its outage has severely affected the economy and overall living of ours. Thousands have lost their jobs, businesses; our daily life has become miserable. Pakistan is currently facing upto 18 hours of electricity outage a day, is expected to face more if not dealt with in time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the nature of this crisis and to propose some short-term as well as long-term solutions to this problem. This study is exploratory in nature. We have done our best to conclude and sketch up some recommendations in the light of identified hurdles in the way of implementing the appropriate solution to our problem. Our study finds some major wholes in our system if they are covered up we can not only overcome the deficiency of electricity in our systems but also we can be able to export it to our neighboring countries. The basic flaws that our study identified are related to circular debt, and the inadequate capacity of our electricity production and distribution systems. Also we emphasized on some prospective alternatives to our electricity production that are cheaper and they provide more clean electric energy as compared to fossil fuel run energy plants. INTRODUCTION * Background of the study: Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last few years. The problem becomes...
Words: 4670 - Pages: 19
...the improvements through Industrial Revolution and the very high demand during the Cold War periods to the Modern economic scenario where new power houses in the form of China and India have pushed the Steel industry, it is observed that there has been one constant in the journey of the Steel Industry: the increasing demand for steel. The demand for Steel has always been comfortably placed on a growing curve and so has the improvements in Steel production. World crude steel production has increased from 851megatonnes (Mt) in 2001 to 1,527 Mt in 2011 from 28.3 Mt in 1900). The industry directly employs 2 million people worldwide, with a further 2 million contractors and 4 million in supporting industries. Considering steel’s position as the key product supplier to industries such as automotive, construction, transport, power and machine goods it is safe to assume that steel helps in employment of more than 50 million people. World average steel use per capita has steadily increased from 150 kg in 2001 to 220 kg in 20101. While the usage of Steel has increased over the years, recent data show a peculiar trend where the demand for Steel in 2012 in developing countries far out-weighed the requirement in developed countries. Developing countries such as India, Brazil, Korea and Turkey have all entered the top 10 steel producers list in the...
Words: 4707 - Pages: 19
...for FY13 budget is challenging given the context of slowing growth, lack of investment momentum and a difficult fiscal scenario of subdued tax and non-tax revenue generation even while various subsidy burden are ballooning. Toping these is a much weaker Central government after recent state elections debacle of Congress party, which weaken its ability to take critical reform measures § Multiple priorities amid rising structural imbalances: Fiscal imbalances and falling domestic savings pose significant structural challenges. We will look for a credible commitment towards fiscal consolidation, ways to raise tax revenue (200bp hike in excise duty or expanding the tax base by including more services), reduction in subsidy burden by raising prices of public utilities and services, ways to address the recurring deficits across multiple public sector undertaking and departments and most importantly providing the focus on capital spending and infra sectors. While implementation of GST is most ideally suited in the current context we think it is unlikely to happen in this budget. Broadly, there can be some progress towards meeting the recommendation of direct tax code (DTC) § Enablers more important than budget itself: While we expect some progress, expecting lot of reforms from the budget may be optimistic. Given that the government has failed to deliver on the promised fiscal consolidation in FY12, measures taken out of the budget to enable budget...
Words: 5760 - Pages: 24
...monetary fronts has been at the very core of the recovery witnessed. However, the recovery process has not been uniform and has varied in speed & strength across countries and regions, with emerging economies leading the way. While the recovery has been early, it is still nascent and fragile and the key risks and destabilising factors continue to exist. This calls for further reforms in the financial markets and controlling fiscal deficits in the light of rising commodity prices & high unemployment rates. The recent debt crisis in Greece has only highlighted the fragility of the recovery process and raised questions on the credibility of the economic recovery and the stability of financial markets. Indian Economy Indian economy has been amongst the first economies to emerge out of the grips of recessionary forces in a incredible recovery led by the industrial and services sectors. The acceleration in the growth of the manufacturing sector from 3.2% recorded in 2008-09 to 10.8% during 2009-10 has been particularly remarkable, especially in the automobiles, plastics & chemicals sub-sectors. Besides, the turnaround witnessed in the infrastructure sectors such as electricity, telecom, coal, roads etc. has also been particularly encouraging. Trade flows, which had been one of the...
Words: 3379 - Pages: 14
...Faculty of Science and Engineering Department of Mining and Engineering and Mine Surveying Western Australia School of Mines 12585 - Mine Planning 532 Research Paper 1 – Mine Planning Process and the Carbon Tax Due Date : Friday 19-8-2011 Word Count: 2470 Abstract On 15 December 2008, the Federal Government launched its 2020 target for greenhouse gas emissions and its White Paper on the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) as the start of the policy and legislation process. The mining sector in Australia has been cited as being a major contributor to greenhouse gases. The introduction of the CPRS means carbon emissions of a mining project should be considered from the initial stages of mine planning. The traditional approach to mine planning involves consideration of technical and economic data as inputs to the process. This paper considers the effect of the CPRS on various technical and economic factors related to the mine planning process. The results of this paper imply that the introduction of the CPRS makes it is imperative for mining companies to assess the impact of carbon emissions on a mining project during mine planning. Introduction Climate change has become an increasingly topical issue in recent times. Mounting scientific evidence suggests that human activities are causing a buildup of greenhouse gases and that this in turn is causing changes to the world’s climate (Gregorczu, 1999). Further complicating the issue, there are economic costs, scientific...
Words: 2496 - Pages: 10
...resources, and saving money 3. Global Perspective OECD Countries OECD Countries through energy efficiency address the risks of climate change, an increasing number of countries, mainly from the OECD, have embarked on ambitious programmes, with energy efficiency often as the main pillar. Energy efficiency enables countries to alleviate the financial burden of oil imports on their balance of trade and also improves energy supply security [pic][pic] 4. Developing Countries In developing countries the energy efficiency enables a reduction in overall investmentinto energy sector and will help to make the best use of assets to improve the energy access. Improving efficiency in use of electricity has two benefits: X Supplying more customers with the same Using the same electricity production capacity, thus providing electricity access for more people to s, which is often the main objective challenge in many countries of Africa and Asia. X Slowing down electricity demand growth, and so reducing the investment needed for expansion of the electricity...
Words: 3077 - Pages: 13
