...are major component in a four-stroke diesel engine. 1. Cylinder 2. Cylinder head 3. Piston 4. Piston rings 5. Connecting rod 6. Crank shaft 7. Piston pin 8. Inlet valve 9. Inlet manifold 10. Exhaust valve 11. Exhaust manifold 12. Cam and cam-follower 13. Fly wheel 14. Cam shaft 15. Push rod 16. Valve spring 17. Rocker arm 18. Fuel Nozzle 19. Fuel pump 20. Cam shaft drive mechanism 21. Crank case 22. Governor 23. Water Jacket TERMS COMMONLY USED: TOP DEAD CENTER (TDC): The top most position of the piston towards the cylinder head and the topside of the cylinder of the vertical engine are called top dead center position. BOTTOM DEAD CENTER (BDC): The lowest most position of the piston towards the crank end side of the cylinder of a vertical engine is called bottom dead center position. WORKING OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE: The working cycle of the engine is completed in four strokes and diesel oil is used as fuel. Therefore it is known as four-stroke diesel engine. The following are the four working stroke of the engine. SUCTION STROKE: The piston is at the top most position and is ready to move downwards. Inlet valve is opened and exhaust valve is closed. As the piston moves downwards Air enters the cylinder through the inlet valve due to the vacuum created. This continues closes. The downward movement of the piston is known as...
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...October 1, 2013 FlexCon Piston Decision Perform a quantitative insourcing/outsourcing analysis using the data provided. What qualitative issues might affect your final decision? Identify any costs or issues that are not part of your analysis that might affect your decision. What is your recommendation regarding what FlexCon should do with its family of pistons? Support your arguments with evidence gathered during your analysis. FlexCon is a company that prides itself on the quality of its pistons. Lately they have been relying on suppliers for major components while manufacturing simple items with relatively small differentiation. By doing this, too much of their talent is going to waste leaving them with a big decision of whether to keep outsourcing or to insource. They are already heavily dependent on suppliers for critical components. The cost it takes to insource is greater than the cost to outsource but deciding to outsource may jeopardize their quality. One critical issue that affects the decision to outsource is whether to jeopardize their quality. It was said that by cross-training employees and putting them in teams, there was a 30% increase in quality and 20% gain in productivity when making the pistons. Gaining quality and productivity are definitely reasons to continue insourcing. If they did decide to outsource it would leave room for developing new products or expanding an existing product. Stated in their 6 key trends that influence...
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...The type of drive depends upon the length of the stroke needed and loads on the ram. In this project we have applied to the hydraulic force for the angle forming machine. The Hydraulic drive is used when a very heavy pressures is required on the ram this is used for drawing and forming operation .System pressure can be generated in the form of any physical action which results in a compression over the Hydraulic system. CHAPRT-2 BASIC PRINCIPLE 2.1 PASCAL’S LAW Fig no:1 * Pascal’s law states that the pressure applied anywhere to a confined liquid it transmitted equally to every portion of the surface of the containing vessel. * Refer the above fig. When a force is applied to the liquid by a piston, the liquid transmits this force equally to all surfaces of the container. 2.2 HYDRULIC PRINCIPLES There are certain governing principles in a hydraulic system 1. All liquids are non-compressible and can be used to transmit power. 2. Any load to be lifted offers resistance to flow of liquid. This resistance to flow is pressure. 3. If the capacity of the pump is more, then it pumps out more liquid. If it pumps out more liquid, then it makes the hydraulic actuators (hydraulic cylinder) (or)...
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...Chapter 1: Overview of ETA CARS ETA Ascon Group ETA ASCON Group is primarily a Contracting firm in the U.A.E. with expertise ranging from Civil Construction to Electro Mechanical, Elevator Engineering and Facilities Management. Since its inception in 1973, the firm has numerous landmarks in the Emirates that stand as a testimony to the firm’s engineering capabilities. The company is a part of Al Ghurair Group of Companies, who are the most revered and leading business house in the United Arab Emirates. ETA ASCON has enumerable divisions in every sector related to the construction industry like Joinery and Interiors, Low Voltage Switchgear Panels, Elevators, Structural Steel fabrication, Composite Aluminum Cladding, Facility Management, Janitorial and Cleaning services, etc. These wide ranges of capabilities provide ETA ASCON the turnkey expertise to deliver a project from the drawing board to completion. ETA ASCON over the years has been involved in several commercial and residential projects in Dubai, where the Company owns premium Real Estates. In all, the company aims to bring in its in-house expertise in the construction business gained over the last 30 years to the advantage of its customers and deliver value for money. ETA CARS (Computerized Auto Repairs & Services, LLC) is an ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company basedinDubai,UAE. Established in the Year 1978 marked a single most important landmark in the automotive care business and was the first automobile...
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...E N G I N E E R I N G D E S I G N | By | | | | Gun Ken Hon * Gun Ken Hon * Toni Rosinol N1403135F Toni Rosinol N1403135F Zulqarnin U1120101c Zulqarnin U1120101c Muchsin Mohd U1123008L Muchsin Mohd U1123008L | MA4001 | School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering50, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Tel:65 790 5488 Fax:65 792 4062 | Table of Contents Content | Page | 1.0 Introduction | 4 | 1.1 Background and Objectives | 4 | 2.0 Conceptual Design | 5 | 2.1 Function Analysis | 5 | 2.2 Morphological Chart | 7 | 2.3 Design Concepts | 8 | 2.3.1 Design Concept A | 8 | 2.3.2 Design Concept B | 9 | 2.2.3 Design Concept C | 9 | 2.4 Concept Evaluation | 10 | 3.0 Embodiment Design | 12 | 3.1 Stability | 12 | 3.2 Spade Design | 12 | 3.3 Mode of Transport | 12 | 4.0 Detailed Design | 13 | 4.1 Hydraulics Selection4.2 Materials Selection | 13 | 5.0 Detailed Design Calculations | 13 | 5.1 General Data | 13 | 5.2 General Calculations | 15 | 5.3 Lifting | 17 | 5.4 Tilting | 18 | 5.5 Hydraulics Selection | 20 | 5.6 Pump Selection | 21 | 6.0 Cost Estimation | 22 | 6.1 Bill of Materials (BOM) | 22 | 6.2 Purchased Parts | 27 | 6.3 Manufactured Parts | 28 | 6.4 Overall Cost Estimation | 28 | 7.0 Conclusion | 29 | References | 30 | Appendix | 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.0 Introduction ...
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...MOTHERFUCKING STEAM ENGINES BITCH TOP INTRO Brief History of the Steam Engine One of the most significant industrial challenges of the 1700's was the removal of water from mines. Steam power was used to pump the water from the mines. Now, this might seem to have very little to do with modern steam-powered electrical power plants. However, one of the fundamental principles used in the development of steam-based power is the principle that condensation of water vapour can create a vacuum. This brief history discusses how condensation was used to create vacuum for operation of early steam-based pumps, and how James Watt invented the separate condenser. Although the cyclic processes presented in this history are not used in today's continuous flow steam turbines, current systems use separate condensers operating at sub-atmospheric pressure, adapting the principles explained here. Also, the stories of the inventors and their inventions offer insight into the process of technological discovery. One of the most important principles applied in the operation of steam power is the creation of vacuum by condensation. Savery Pump In the early days, one common way of removing the water was to use a series of buckets on a pulley system operated by horses. This was slow and expensive since the animals required feeding, veterinary care, and housing. The use of steam to pump water was patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and in his words provided an "engine to raise water by fire". Savery's...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study In this age of industrialization and globalization, the importance of electricity is unquestionable. Considered as one of the basic needs of mankind, it is essential not only in performing household tasks or maintaining livelihood activities, but also in improving people’s well-being. Through electrification, people have greater access to productivity and developments in technology, infrastructure, health, education, communication, and even modern and sustainable livelihoods. However, despite its importance there are still many households especially here in Mindanao which do not have connection to electricity. Based on the results of the 2008 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, two in every five poor Filipino families living in the urban or rural areas do not have electricity in their homes (National Statistics Office, 2008). The reason for this is the high cost of electricity.For the economically disadvantaged, electricity is considered a luxurious necessity. Another problem that confronts electricity utilization both in the urban and rural areas is the frequent power rate increase and the prevailing power shortages. Based on the situation here in Iligan City as of May 2013, insufficient power supply caused Iligan Light and Power, Inc. (ILPI) to purchase additional 10 MW from MPC (Mapalad Power Corporation). This resulted to increase in power cost from Php 6.53 per kWh to Php 7.67 per kWh. With the increase in demand, possibility...
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... TASK: 1 EXPLAN THE OPERATION OF MULTI POINT AND SINGLE POINT PETROL INJECTION SYSTEM USED ON MODERN FUEL INJECTED ENGINES THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF FUEL INJECTION: Multi point fuel injection Single point fuel injection Sequential fuel injection Direct injection Carburetor WHAT IS FUEL INJECTOR? It is the driver turns the ignition key on the energizes a relay that supplies voltage to the fuel pump The motor inside the pump starts to spin and runs for a few seconds to build pressure in the fuel system a timer in the pump will run until the engine starts Fuel is drawn into the pump through an inlet...
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...Simulation of a Stirling Engine Solar Power Generation System Using Simulink Mehdi Zareian Jahromi∗ , Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini Bioki† , and Roohollah Fadaeinedjad‡ , Member IEEE ∗† Electrical ‡ Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Kerman Graduate University of Technology, Kerman,Iran. and Computer Engineering Department, Kerman Graduate University of Technology, Kerman,Iran. Telephone: +98-3426226517, Fax: +98-3426226618, Email: rfadaein@ieee.org ‡ International Center for Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Kerman, Iran. could be especially useful in developing countries since they will run on any fuel, including biomass; or when incorporated in parabolic dish systems, they can use solar energy. Cogeneration is possible using the cooling water that maintains the cold sink, so heat-and-power systems for homes are provided. With higher efficiencies, their quiet vibration-free operation, very low emissions when burning natural gas, simplicity, and potentially high reliability could make the Stirling engines an attractive alternative in the near future [6]. Simulation and modeling can be used to evaluate the operation of the solar Stirling engine based power generation systems. Considerable research has been performed on the modeling and control of Stirling engine systems. Most of this research, however, has been done using mechanical and thermal models of Stirling engines that neglects the electrical parts of the system [5], [7], [8]. In this research...
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...Insourcing/Outsourcing Case: The FlexCon Piston Decision Instructor's Guide Instructor's Guide The following describes how to arrive at the key numbers required to complete Appendix 1-3. This case requires the participant to calculate insourcing and outsourcing costs on a per-unit basis. One objective of this case is to familiarize participants with the idea of total cost, and to become accustomed to allocating costs on a per unit basis. Total cost per unit cost allocation allows valid comparisons between insourcing and outsourcing options. INSOURCING COSTS Direct Materials Costs When calculating direct material costs, the key numbers involve last year's production, the cost per 50 lb. block, and the average semi-finished raw material required for each finished piston. First, 50 lb./1.1 lb. required for each piston = 45.45 piston yield per block (288,369 pistons produced last year)/45.45 pistons per block = 6,345 blocks 6,345 blocks x $195 per block = $1,237,275 total direct material costs for blocks to support previous year's production This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. This may not be resold, copied, or distributed without the prior consent of the publisher. ($1,237,275)/(288,369 last year's output) = $4.29 direct material alloy cost per piston. Since the team expects material costs to remain constant, this figure applies to Year One and Two. FlexCon also spent $225,000 last year on other...
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...Poppet or check shut off valves Pressure relief valve simulation Function Leak free sealing of flow in one direction. Allows flow in only one direction. Provides positive back pressure on a system when fitted with a spring. Also used as simple low pressure relief valves. Setting Fixed spring to control the opening or cracking pressure Fit valves without springs vertically Variations Pilot operated – can be opened by pilot pressure to allow flow back through valves. Can be used as leak free directional valves. Typically for low flow, high pressure situations or for very high flows where directional valves are expensive or not suitable. Directional control valves Function Stops/starts flow or directs flow into A or B service lines. Variations Manual or electrical operation. Spool centre positions vary depending on free flow path or pressure venting. Pilot or direct operated valves. Low flows generally direct acting but large flows require pilot operation. Pressure relief valves Function Limits the maximum pressure in a circuit. Setting Generally set 15 bar above the working pressure of system. Back pressure - Changes in pilot drain or backpressure will generally be added to the set pressure; making a sequence valve. Variations Direct acting - quick response, low flow, leak free. Pilot operated - high flow, internal or external leakage. Unloading valve - e.g. relief valve that switches to minimum pressure for start up. Flow control or throttle valves ...
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...Clean Automotive Technology Program Developing Cleaner and More Efficient Vehicles and Engines for Tomorrow 2006 Progress Report Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 What Is the Clean Automotive Technology Program? . . . . . . 3 Summary of Recent Key Accomplishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Program Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Advancing Promising Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Pursuing the Next Generation of Clean Engines . . . . . . . . 13 HCCI—Diesel Fuel Efficiency with Gasoline Emissions . . . 13 FPE—A Simpler, More Efficient Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Introduction Background ransportation and mobility are central to the American economy and way of life. While the world’s desire for personal mobility and commer cial transportation has evolved, so have the geopolitical and environmental landscapes. Global demand for oil is at an all-time high, driving up the price of gasoline and diesel fuel, and the environmental consequences of mobile source emissions have become more and more apparent. More than 100 million Americans live in coun ties that do not attain federal clean air standards for ozone (O3), sulfur...
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...BMW 3- & 5-Series Service and Repair Manual A K Legg Models covered 3-Series (E30) 316 (83 to 88), 316i (88 to 91), 318i (83 to 91), 320i (87 to 91), 325i (87 to 91). Also Touring and Convertible versions of these models 5-Series (E28) 518 (81 to 85), 518i (85 to 88), 525i (81 to 88), 528i (81 to 88), 535i (85 to 88), M535i (85 to 88) 5-Series (E34) 518i (90 to 91), 520i (88 to 91), 525i (88 to 91), 530i (88 to 91), 535i (88 to 91) Engines covered 1596 cc, 1766 cc, 1795 cc, 1990 cc, 2494 cc, 2788 cc, 2986 cc & 3430 cc Does not cover Diesel, dohc or V8 engines, or four-wheel-drive models LAE MIMI and Larry Warren (1948-256-11AA3) © Haynes Publishing 1997 A book in the Haynes Service and Repair Manual Series ABCDE FGHIJ KLMNO PQRST 123 Printed by J H Haynes & Co. Ltd, Sparkford, Nr Yeovil,Somerset BA22 7JJ, England Haynes Publishing Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset BA22 7JJ, England Haynes North America, Inc 861 Lawrence Drive, Newbury Park, California 91320, USA Editions Haynes S.A. 147/149, rue Saint Honoré, 75001 PARIS, France Haynes Publishing Nordiska AB Box 1504, 751 45 Uppsala, Sweden All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. ISBN 1 85960 236 3 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is...
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...AutoSpeak Welcome to AutoSpeakSM | Auto Terms A | Auto Terms B | Auto Terms C | Auto Terms D | Auto Terms E | |Auto Terms F | Auto Terms G |Auto TermH | |Auto Terms I | Auto Terms L | | Auto Terms M | Auto Terms O | Auto Terms P | Auto Terms Q| Auto Terms R | | Auto Terms S | |Auto Terms T | Auto Terms U | Auto Terms V | Auto Terms W | Dictionary of Automotive Terms Lost in a world of unfamiliar terms and jargon? Do you think your mechanic is speaking a foreign language when he explains what is wrong with your Buick? Well, he is really, if you don't have a grasp of the basic terms in the world of cars. We at AutoSpeak can help. We have gathered basic terms to help you understand better what is going on with your car. Auto Terms A Actual Cash Value The amount of money invested in the purchase and repairs of a used vehicle. Also known as ACV, this represents the amount of out of pocket expense a dealer or broker is "into" a car. Air Bag The air bag, also known as a Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System, is a passive safety device, supplemental to safety belts, that inflates to provide a cushion to absorb impact forces during moderate to severe frontal collisions. This system can help to lessen the chance of contact with the steering wheel, instrument panel and windshield. The air bag is actuated automatically by sensors located in the front of the vehicle. To maximize effectiveness, seat and shoulder belts must always be used in conjunction with this system Airfoil...
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...ANINDYA CHAKRABORTY E-Mail: jobanindya@gmail.com Mobile: +91 8058891965 Seeking assignments in Quality Assurance / Quality System with an Progressive Organization with 12 years experience SYNOPSIS A competent professional with over 12 years of experience in Quality Assurance, Quality Planning & Quality System, Presently working with M/S. Preciturn Pvt. Limited, Faridabad, Haryana as Manager QA. Adept at managing engineering operations involving Manufacturing Process, New product development, co-ordination with internal departments to Improve Quality Values of products. Excellent communication, interpersonal, analytical skills with strong organizational and team building abilities and achieve corporate targets easily by continuous developments & cost reduction in this field. AREAS OF EXPERTISE Quality Planning ← Analyzing and producing the technical requirements and specifications & recommending design modifications based on client requirements. ← Design Quality System Manual, SOP & format, all Inspection Standards & Control Plan. Quality Assurance ← Monitoring adherence to quality systems, comply with quality standards and maintaining requisite documents. ← Implementing quality systems in the organization to reduce the defects and ensure zero defect products by implementing various techniques (7QC Tools) for Problem Solving. ← Ensuring Capability Study & Inspections at defined frequency to ensure Product Performance. Quality Systems ←...
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