...Submission What Does Political Science Tell Us about Political Parties? Politics is a study that embroils both humanistic and scientific facets of socio-economic and political establishments. As a social science discipline, political science is concerned primary with the studies of states, nations, communities, parties, and policies that form them (Farrell, Webb, and Janda par. 2). Political Science advocates for a systematic, scientific, and fastidious efforts to explore human behavior and actions that have shaped political history and democratic processes. Moreover, political science as a study does not only prepare individuals for employment, but also for survival, given its efficacy in making informed citizenry who has the capacity to participate in the political processes within political parties or interest groups (Freeman par. 12). In addition, political science seeks to expand the scope of political advocacy. As a result, the study pursues community organization and service by the elected or appointed officials to the people. Therefore, political science is the power behind the formation of political parties, and its efficacy is usually instrumental in revealing the underlying relationships between political events and the conditions that generate them (Janos par. 7). In essence, political science seeks to construct the general principles for which societal politics works in line with political parties and the policies under which they operate. In practice, political science...
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...times. The African American community in America was pushing for equality; to fit in the society. Racial tension swept across the nation like wild fire. Regional phenomena became a nationwide aspect. The white majority kept the two races segregated, in all aspects of the society. The term "Separate but equal" made famous by the United States Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson remained instantiated as the law of the land in reference to racial policy. This concept of keeping both races segregated had permeated across the United States and was the prominent view of most white citizens during this period. Segregation was seen—from a white point-of-view—as a way for both races to live within the society without racial conflict and tension. Separation of blacks and whites stretched across all societal institutions, including the United States Military. African Americans did not receive the same rights and freedoms that their white counterparts did. Moreover, they were discriminated against, physically abused, and were seen as less than American; and even worse, less than human. Despite all of the injustices against them, they still served and remained loyal to their country. They sought both equality and victory during World War II. The Home Front African Americans had suffered profoundly in the Great Depression. Already at the bottom of the economic ladder when it began, the Depression reinforced the poverty of Black America. The black community people were mostly involved...
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...Newspaper coverage and its corresponding bias contribute to the perception of the black community in Los Angeles. First printed in 1881, the Los Angeles Times now boasts its title as the most widely distributed metropolitan newspaper in the United States. During the election and first term of Mayor Tom Bradley in 1973, the newspaper closely followed the historic developments. Authors grappled with the relationship between racism, prejudice, and indifference during this event, attempting to navigate the fine line between public opinion and target audience. Seen as a champion for black rights in Los Angeles, Bradley turned toward a gubernatorial campaign in the early 1980s, only to face a new set of racially-influenced criticisms at the hands...
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...Inheriting a Tradition: “Following in the Footsteps of Christ” in the Spirit of the Early Anabaptists For Arnold Snyder MTS 626A By Mary Lou Klassen 12 December, 2005 Inheriting a Tradition: “Following in the Footsteps of Christ”[1] in the Spirit of the Early Anabaptists. Introduction Walter Klaassen in a recent article posed the following question of Mennonites, “Should we call ourselves Anabaptist?”[2] That question has been an underlying current as we have explored the sea of early Anabaptist Spirituality in our course. Klaassen answers the question in the negative. His concern is to point out that the early Anabaptists “stood consciously against and challenged virtually everything their Christian culture took for granted.”[3] Yet, they were intent on reforming that culture, not separating from it. Besides lamenting that Mennonites have compromised with the current culture, he feels that our sectarian tendency is also misrepresenting the tradition. I am not as much interested in his emphasis on Christian unity as I am in the points he raises to develop his negative answer. His main point is that the early Anabaptists took a counter-cultural stance. He outlines that this position showed itself in four respects: a) A “[rejection of] all religious coercion” and a refusal that governments should have any role within the church”[4]; b) A “[rejection of] the emerging capitalist economic system … because...
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...Nhat Hanh: “Buddhism is already engaged. If it is not, it is not Buddhism.” Walpola Rahula: “Buddhism is based on service to others”…political and social engagement is the “heritage of the bhikkhu” and the essence of Buddhism. Robert Thurman: “The primary Buddhist position on social action is one of total activism, an unswerving commitment to complete self-transformation and complete world-transformation.” Stated in simplest terms, engaged Buddhism means the application of Buddhist teachings to contemporary social problems. Engaged Buddhism is a modern reformist movement. A practitioner is socially engaged “in a nonviolent way, motivated by concern for the welfare of others, and as an expression of one’s own practice of the Buddhist Way” (King Being 5). In this description Sallie B. King invokes the spirit of the Bodhisattva vow: May I attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. According to Ken Jones engaged Buddhism is “an explication of social, economic, and political processes and their ecological implications, derived from a Buddhist diagnosis of the existential human condition” (Kraft New). Jones emphasizes the social theory underlying engaged Buddhism. According to engaged Buddhists the “three poisons” of greed, anger and ignorance apply both to the individual and to “large-scale social and economic forces” (Kraft New); their remediation is therefore the collective concern of society. As the subject of numerous treatises, anthologies, lectures...
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...0Jan 15th Paradigm -What is paradigm? -Thomas Kuhn: “the structure of scientific revolution (1962) -he was interested in two things. He redefined the word “paradigm” to use in science -These paradigms I take to be universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners. -Provide models (in law, theory, instrumentation, application) from which spring particular coherent traditions of scientific research. -Ex. Copernician revolution, Newtonian dynamic (new version of the world-the change of paradigm ) -Ex. Theory of light -today (in the 1960): light is photon. Ie. Quantum-mechanical entities( Planck Einstein) -In the 19th century, light was transverse wave motion (young and Fresnel ) -during the 18th century, light was material corpuscles (Newton) -in each case, research proceed accordingly -Understanding assumptions -Ontological: what reality is -Epistemological: how to access to knowledge, how knowledge is defined -Define valid knowledge at a time- it is always link on social conventions. Knowledge is never pure knowledge. It is link to the time of what is the social context. -upon which, research problems and analysis are designed (the questions that we asked are always link to the two term) -accepted view of science, of scientific knowledge at a time and scientific...
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...EQUAL RIGHTS IN LAWS RELATING TO DIVORCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT PERSONAL LAWS IN BANGLADESH A Research Monograph Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of Master of Laws (LLM) Degree Submitted By: Examination Roll No. 08239085 Registration NO.3347 Examination: 2012 Session: 2007-2008 DEPATMENT OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF RAJSHAHI BANGLADESH DECEMBER 2012 DECLARATION The researcher, as a candidate for the degree of Master of Laws (LLM), is fully aware of the rules and regulations of the University of Rajshahi relating to the preparation, submission, retention and use of a research monograph. She acknowledges that the University requires the research monograph to be retained in the library for record purposes and that within Copyright privileges of the author it should be accessible for consultation and copying at the discretion of the library authority and in accordance with the Copyright Act 2000. I authorise the University of Rajshahi to publish an abstract of this research. The researcher also declares that this research monograph entitled ‘Equal Rights in Laws relating to Divorce: A Comparative Study of Different Personal Laws of Bangladesh’ is solely the outcome of her own efforts and research for the partial fulfillment of the degree of LLM. No part of this research monograph in any form has been submitted to any other department or institution for the award of any degree or diploma or to any journal for the purposes of publication. Researcher ...
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...and non-executive directors. Whilst the primary function of the Board has fundamentally been seen as one of accountability, monitoring and goal setting, there is large chasm of difference in Board performance, and this highlighted graphically by the numerous large scale Corporate collapses in the United States. Indeed the U.S economy has been severely affected by ‘avoidable’ corporate bankruptcies. As the United States comprises a large proportion of the largest corporations in the world, it is not surprising that it has suffered a large number of corporate failures of corporate governance (Blackmore, 2006). The speedy corporate meltdown of very large U.S corporations, the like of Lehman Brothers and Enron threw the entire U.S business community into turmoil, prompting the U.S and other governments to speedily regulate as a deterrent to all business owners. This approach is ‘rules based’ and relies heavily on legislation for business compliance and good corporate governance. Although there have been corporate failures in New Zealand, most recently these have generally been finance companies. The downside of these failures has seen large personal and institutional investments lost through poor management and sometimes through alleged fraudulent activity. Unlike the U.S, New Zealand’s corporate governance regime is predominantly ‘principle based’, although the first tier of company compliance for regulators is the Companies Act...
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...|HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION | |INTRODUCTION | Humanitarian intervention poses a hard test for any international society built on principles of sovereignty, non-intervention, and the non-use of force. Immediately after the Holocaust, the society of states established laws prohibiting genocide, forbidding the mistreatment of civilians, and recognizing basic human rights. These humanitarian principles often conflict with principles of sovereignty and non-intervention. Sovereign states are expected to act as guardians of their citizens’ security, but what happens if states behave as criminals towards their own people, treating sovereignty as a licence to kill? Should tyrannical states be recognized as legitimate members of international society and accorded the protection afforded by the non-intervention principle? Or, should states forfeit their sovereign rights and be exposed to legitimate intervention if they actively abuse or fail to protect their citizens? Related to this, what responsibilities do other states or institutions have to enforce human rights norms against governments that massively violate them? Armed humanitarian intervention was not a legitimate practice during the cold war because states placed more...
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...influences –people’s experiences –which are internalized and become part of a person’s thinking and motivations. (cont…) 4. * We are able to see the links between what people do and the social settings that shape their behavior. * 3. The sociological perspective enables us to analyze and understand both the forces that contribute to the emergence and growth of the global village and our unique experiences in our own smaller corners of this village. 5. Subject Matter of Sociology * Sociological analysis: An analysis of human society and culture with a sociological perspective. Also to analyze the factors & forces underlying historical transformations of society. * Study of primary units of social life: It is concerned with social acts and social relationships, individual personality, groups, communities, associations, organizations and...
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...operate; and nonprofits (sometimes called NGOs—nongovernmental organizations) emerge to do social good when the political will or the profit motive is insufficient to address society’s needs. Aggregated across society, each of these different organizations represents a powerful mobilization of resources. In the United States, for example, more than 595,000 social workers are employed largely outside the public sector—many in the nonprofit community and medical organizations—filling needs not met by either government or the private sector.1 Society exists, therefore, as a mix of these different organizational forms. Each performs different roles, but each also depends on the others to provide the complete patchwork of exchange interactions (products and services, financial and social capital, etc.) that constitute a well-functioning society. Whether called corporations, companies, businesses, proprietorships, or firms, for example, for-profit organizations also interact with government, trade unions, suppliers, NGOs, and other groups in the communities in which they operate, in both positive and negative ways. Each of these groups or actors, therefore, can claim to have a stake in the operations of the firm. Some benefit more, some are involved more directly, and others can be harmed by the firm’s actions, but all are connected in some way to what the firm does on a day-to-day basis. R. Edward Freeman...
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...Does Chinese Foreign Policy reflect the concerns of a status quo power or a revisionist power? INTRODUCTION Before addressing this question, it is essential to establish what is meant by a status quo or revisionist power. Hans Morgenthau described a status quo power as one that favours and aims to maintain “the distribution of power as it exists at a particular moment in history”,. Similarly, proponents of power transition theory use the concept of the “rules of the game” regarding nations’ power relations to define status quo and revisionist states, the latter desiring to “redraft the rules” out of a “general dissatisfaction” with their share in the system. Randall Schweller furthers this point by adding military force as a requisite of such ambitions to amend the status quo. For the purpose of this essay, whether a power is status quo or revisionist will be determined by whether its policies aim at acquiring a new power order in its favour. Using this yardstick, this essay will elaborate China’s current behaviour and underlying aspirations to argue that it would be inappropriate or at least premature to stamp the country ‘revisionist’. I will also incorporate Morgenthau’s viewpoint on a status quo’s ‘minor adjustments’ into my reasoning of China’s policy to argue that what could be currently perceived as evidence of Chinese aggressive ambitions are not attempts to reverse the current power relations but merely manifestations of a self-defensive behaviour and natural adjustments...
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...Journal of Management http://jom.sagepub.com/ What We Know and Don't Know About Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review and Research Agenda Herman Aguinis and Ante Glavas Journal of Management 2012 38: 932 originally published online 1 March 2012 DOI: 10.1177/0149206311436079 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jom.sagepub.com/content/38/4/932 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Southern Management Association Additional services and information for Journal of Management can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jom.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jom.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - May 29, 2012 OnlineFirst Version of Record - Mar 1, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from jom.sagepub.com at Sunway Education Group on April 23, 2014 Journal of Management Vol. 38 No. 4, July 2012 932-968 DOI: 10.1177/0149206311436079 © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav What We Know and Don’t Know About Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review and Research Agenda Herman Aguinis Indiana University Ante Glavas University of Notre Dame The authors review the corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature based on 588 journal articles and 102 books and book chapters. They offer a multilevel and multidisciplinary theoretical framework...
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...Frontiers in leadership research Spring 2010 Final paper Sofia Nilsson Altafi TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE INDIAN MICROFINANCE ORGANIZATION Introduction During the last two decades, microfinance has received considerable public and institutional attention – accumulating in the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 – and is today presented as the “magic bullet” for fighting global poverty. A country with a particularly interesting microfinance sector is India; in 2008, the total outstanding microfinance loans amounted to USD 8 billion, and more than 50% of all low-income households are covered by some form of microfinance product (Srinivasan, 2009). Yet, while Indian MFOs are assumed to help bring the country’s poor out of poverty, and thereby contribute to reaching the Millennium Development Goals, private capital is pouring into the sector and supporters have started to ask for financial returns on their funds. MFOs are hence expected to balance between having a social mission on the one hand, and running a profitable operation on the other. A first natural question is to ask whether the corporatized MFO manages to stay on track and deliver both on the social and on the financial side, if it is “mission drifting” or not. “Mission drift” is related to the performance of the MFO, mainly measured in how well the organization succeeds in reaching poor borrowers who lack access to formal financial institutions (Copestake, 2007). With an increased pressure from...
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...aim, the paper is going to begin with an introduction which is going to define key concepts identified. The main body will embark on the discussion at hand. The main body will begin by outlining the role of the law generally and will move on to look at the role of science generally. Thereon selected global treaties will be discussed in relation to their respective roles both at law and science. Lastly but not the least an elaborate conclusion will be given. Definition of Key Terms Environment: Environment refers to the totality of the surroundings within which humans live and exploit resources for their welfare and development. Main Body In order to effectively challenge problems that pose a threat to the earth, there is need for an effective approach which is backed by robust scientific evidence. This would ultimately usher into place a new and more powerful environmental law. In order to appreciate the relationship between the law and science, there is need for understanding of their respective roles towards the achievement of a more sustainable future. The Role of the Law The law has a fundamental role to play in the movement of protecting the environment towards a more sustainable future. In most jurisdictions in the absence of constitutional provisions and legislative enactments to promote the concept of sustainable development, the burden rests on the courts through judicial activism to rise to the challenge of ensuring that development is pursued in such a way...
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