...What is an IPO and why is it such a big deal? Is this a good idea for JetBlue? Explain. When a privately held company makes its stock available to the general public for the first time on a securities exchange, this is known as the company’s Initial Public Offering (IPO). The IPO can consist of an initial issue of either debt or equity. The IPO process is also referred to as a private company “going public”. There are numerous benefits associated with going public. IPO benefits include enlarging and diversifying a company’s equity base, allowing cheaper access to capital, improving public image, attracting better management and employees through stock options, enabling transfer of company ownership through mergers/acquisitions, and providing increased financing opportunities (through equity, convertible debt, bank loans, etc.). IPO Process Executing an IPO is an extensive, time-consuming, and complicated process for the senior management team of a company. The main steps of the process are outlined below: • Hire an investment bank as an underwriter—the underwriters’ purpose is to negotiate ways to raise capital (by either debt or equity) and interface with the public. (In JetBlue’s case, the underwriter was Morgan Stanley.) • Begin to negotiate with the underwriters about all the required information that will be contained in the underwriting agreement. This information includes the amount of capital the company wants to raise, types of securities that will be issued...
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...IPO When a company decides to go public it is viewed as no longer been owned by a set of private individuals, but instead, it is viewed as now being owned by those individuals as well as by members of the public (or shareholders). This ownership is acquired by shareholders through the purchase of shares in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) or even after an IPO. “An Initial Public Offering (IPO) may be defined as the first sale of stock by a private company to the public. IPOs are often issued by smaller, younger companies seeking the capital to expand, but can also be done by large privately owned companies looking to become publicly traded.” The principal participants in the IPO process are the company’s management, board of directors, counsel, independent accountants, and pre-IPO stockholders; the managing underwriters, research analysts, and underwriters’ counsel; and, of course, the SEC just to name a few. A private company may decide to go public in order to raise additional capital to fund its business and or take advantage of an investment opportunity which will not only benefit the company but also its shareholders. There are many sound reasons for private companies wanting to go public. For instance, equity capital obtained from an IPO is considered a permanent form of capital since there is no interest to be paid on the equity, and it is not repayable like debt. Therefore, funds generated by a public offering are considered a relatively safe form of capital...
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...Summary - The Google IPO The presentation will demonstrate the different types of fund raising process, and focus on the Dutch Auction as why Google chose such method and why our study object chose such method, then illustrate the result by comparing the latest stock price with the original offering price and demonstrating the purpose of raising the equity with the current performance of the company. Case background and Introduction to IPO Google started out as a research project of determining the importance of a website’s based on the number of pages, importance of those pages and number of backlinks by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1996. By 1998, the two genius incorporated Google as a privately held company. Along the years of rapid growth of the company, Google decided to go public and released IPO in 2004. IPO process can be divided into 6 stages namely preparation, planning, pre-marketing, marketing, IPO and aftermarket stage. In preparation and planning stage, issuing firm hires an investment bank as a lead underwriter which aligns with other firms to form syndicate in order to bear the risk. During the pre-marketing stage, underwriter put together a prospectus which describes full business disclosure, management team and strategy of the firm as a key document when marketing the firm. The IPO price and share allocation occurs once the key investors’ expressed their interest in terms of their intended price and quantity of shares. During the IPO stage, underwriter...
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...IPO pricing and allocation: a survey of the views of institutional investors * Tim Jenkinson Said Business School, Oxford University and CEPR Howard Jones Said Business School, Oxford University Abstract Despite the central importance of investors to all IPO theories, relatively little is known about their role in practice. In this paper we survey institutional investors about how they assess IPOs, what information they provide to the investment banking syndicate, and the factors they believe influence allocations. Although the theoretical IPO literature has tended to focus on information revelation, the survey raises doubts as to the extent of incremental information production and whether bookrunners are, in practice, able to infer investors’ valuations from their bids. We find that investor characteristics, in particular broking relationships with the bookrunner, are perceived to be the most important factors influencing allocations, which supports the view that IPO allocations are part of implicit quid pro quo deals with investment banks. JEL classification: G23, G24 Keywords : IPO, institutional investors, survey * Corresponding author: Tim Jenkinson, Saïd Business School, 1 Park End Street, Oxford OX1 1HP, UK. e: tim.jenkinson@sbs.ox.ac.uk; t: +44 1865 288916; f: +44 1865 288805. We are very grateful to the Investment Management Association, in particular Tina Johnson, Jane Lowe, and Gordon Midgely, and the Alternative Investment Management Association, in...
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...Legal Environment of Business This paper is written as an informational document for business executives on the economic and legal factors that affect company transitions from private to public ownership. Mason (2011) stated there are three top reasons that business entities transition from privately owned to publically owned are as follows: (1) Boatloads of cash. (2) Brand awareness. (3) Playing with the big dogs. When a company goes public, it is really trading for a large amount of cash for profitability and growth. The initial public offer (IPO) is the instrument that represents stock or the representation of what a person or entity puts up as cash for the funding of the company’s desire to make more money. The issuance of an IPO changes the company’s culture that now it must focus on long-term results that previously the focus was on short-term returns. The cost of IPO issuance is very expensive. The cost include the satisfaction of the accounting and legal costs associated with being publicly-traded. When a company decides to go public, it gets an enormous amount of press, consumer awareness and exposure for new products relating to brand awareness. Brand awareness is a primary factor for the success of the decision to becoming publically owned. Business Week lists just 33,000 public companies around the world (Mason, 2011). After an IPO, a company is free to use that cash however it sees fit, and it never has to repay a penny. However, the costs is so high, few companies...
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...IPO Pricing for Boston Beer Company Inc. Case Summary We address the following key questions regarding Boston Beer Company (BBC) to explore the issues surrounding its Initial Public Offering. First of all, we determine the fair value of BBC to be $211 million based on a DCF valuation of projected future cash flows and explain our key assumptions and potential problems arising from those assumptions. Second, we find BBC’s fair value to be $314 million by relative valuation and discuss how differences in operating strategies might translate into differences in financial ratios. Third, we determine BBC’s IPO price to be $15 per share. Finally, we look at the craft brewer industry as a whole and we find that it may be overvalued by the market. PART I: DCF Valuation In our intrinsic valuation approach, Boston Beer Company’s future free cash flows of the next ten years are projected in the spreadsheet. Present value of the company at the end of 1995 is calculated by discounting ten year’s free cash flows and terminal value by weighted average cost of capital. As we can see from the spreadsheet, the company fair value is $210.78 million. Subtracting the debt level of $1.95 million, the equity value is therefore $208.83 million. Appendix 1 includes the full valuation model we used. The key assumptions we made and the calculation methods we used are listed as follows: BBC’s annual sales growth rates from 1992 to 1994 are 63.55%, 60.14% and 48.84% respectively. The unaudited...
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...FIN 516 – Advanced Managerial Accounting IPO Paper The Fresh Market, Inc. June 9, 2013 Fresh Market, Inc. Company Overview The Fresh Market is a high-growth specialty retailer focused on creating an extraordinary food shopping experience for its customers. Since opening the first store in 1982, the company has offered high-quality food products, with an emphasis on fresh, premium perishables and an uncompromising commitment to customer service. The Fresh Market seeks to provide an attractive, convenient shopping environment while offering its customers a compelling price-value combination. As of October 28, 2010, The Fresh Market operated 100 stores in 20 states, primarily in the Southeast, Midwest and Mid-Atlantic United States (Nasdaq, 2013). The business is characterized by the following key elements: • Differentiated food shopping experience. The Fresh Market provides a differentiated shopping experience that generates customer loyalty and favorable word-of-mouth publicity. We combine fresh, carefully-selected, high-quality food products focused on perishable categories, with a level of customer attention that the company believes is superior to conventional grocers, and it strives to create a “neighborhood grocer” atmosphere. • Smaller-box format and flexible real estate strategy. The stores average approximately 21,000 square feet, compared to the approximately 40,000 to 60,000 square foot stores operated by many conventional supermarkets. Within this...
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...IPO Pricing for Boston Beer Company Inc. Case Summary We address the following key questions regarding Boston Beer Company (BBC) to explore the issues surrounding its Initial Public Offering. First of all, we determine the fair value of BBC to be $211 million based on a DCF valuation of projected future cash flows and explain our key assumptions and potential problems arising from those assumptions. Second, we find BBC’s fair value to be $314 million by relative valuation and discuss how differences in operating strategies might translate into differences in financial ratios. Third, we determine BBC’s IPO price to be $15 per share. Finally, we look at the craft brewer industry as a whole and we find that it may be overvalued by the market. PART I: DCF Valuation In our intrinsic valuation approach, Boston Beer Company’s future free cash flows of the next ten years are projected in the spreadsheet. Present value of the company at the end of 1995 is calculated by discounting ten year’s free cash flows and terminal value by weighted average cost of capital. As we can see from the spreadsheet, the company fair value is $210.78 million. Subtracting the debt level of $1.95 million, the equity value is therefore $208.83 million. Appendix 1 includes the full valuation model we used. The key assumptions we made and the calculation methods we used are listed as follows: BBC’s annual sales growth rates from 1992 to 1994 are 63.55%, 60.14% and 48.84% respectively...
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...James Holliday April 3, 2011 FI516 IPO Paper Identify the company and its industry. Pandora Media, Inc. is an internet streaming radio service used by more than 80 million listeners. Pandora, which has a catalog of 800,000 songs from more than 80,000 artists, has roughly half the market for Internet radio in 2010, according to a study published in November by Ando Media. Though the service is wildly popular, it has yet to make a profit. The Internet radio station generates playlists based on a user's favorite artist or song. As part of the company's Music Genome Project, songs are analyzed according to musical features -- including details of instrumentation, harmony, lyrics, melody, rhythm, and vocals. Users enter the name of a song, and Pandora creates a playlist of songs with similar characteristics. Pandora's service, free to its more than 80 million registered users and available only in the US, is supported by local and national advertising. Pandora chief strategy officer Tim Westergren founded the company in 2000 and it filed for an IPO in 2011. Discuss important financial and other facts about the company from its SEC filings. In its papers filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Pandora reported a $16.8-million loss on $55.2 million in revenue for its fiscal year ended Jan. 31, 2010. From Feb. 1, 2010 through Oct. 31, Pandora narrowed its losses to $328,000 on $90.1 million in revenue. Because Pandora is largely a free service, only 9% of its...
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...financial and social success, and a proven business model led by a strong management team are all key factors in determining the success of a microfinance operation. This differs from traditional banking in that the target market is much more destitute, the goal is more socially oriented, and the focus of the funded projects must be more closely analyzed for microfinance operations. 2. At the lower level, microfinance lending rates must compete with those offered by the “curb market”, which consists of loan sharks. Proceeding up the ladder of a microfinance operation, one can expect that efficiencies resulting from economies of scale and scope should translate into lower lending rates. As a financial operation, microfinance banks must produce an acceptable return to remain viable. The return on equity can be decomposed into a product of leverage, asset turnover, and return on sales. Each of these metrics must be adjusted to simultaneously maintain an acceptable return on equity and level of social improvement. 3. They went public to garner a higher level of financial resources to more significantly reduce world poverty. An immediate reason was to cash in the value of Compartamos so that it could be redeployed in other microfinance projects. Number of active clients, loan portfolios, and net income surged while net interest margin and return on equity decreased as a result of the IPO. 4. Access to public markets and lower cost of funds are important for increasing the scope...
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...directly to the company. Once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares via a secondary offering. Usually, these kinds of public offerings are made by companies wishing to refinance, or raise capital for growth. This ability to quickly raise large amounts of capital from the market is a key reason many companies seek to go public. Visa Inc. is a global payments technology company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world. Visa does not issue cards, extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers; instead, Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit, debit, prepaid and cash-access programs to their customers. Visa has operations across Asia-Pacific, North America, Central and South America, Caribbean, Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Middle East. Visa’s industry is Financial Services which includes a broad range of organizations that deal with the management of money. Visa’s initial public offering took place three years ago on March 18, 2008. This paper will analyze the process followed by VISA in its IPO in addition to the reasons and their current situation after going public. Company History Visa’s history begins in mid-September 1958 when Bank of America launched its original BankAmericard credit card program...
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...use of this presentation or its contents or otherwise arising in connection therewith. This presentation contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements which involve risks and uncertainties. These statements include descriptions regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of the Company with respect to the consolidated results of operations and financial condition, and future events and plans, of the Company. These statements can be recognized by the use of words such as "expects", "plans", "will", "estimates", "projects", or words of similar meaning. Such forward-looking statements do not guarantee future performance and actual results may differ from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors and assumptions. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which are based on the current view of the management of the Company on future events. The Company does not undertake to revise forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances. No assurance can be...
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...Rebeka Ramos Panther ID - 1948265 ACG – 6175 Case 3: United Parcel Service’s IPO 1. How is UPS performing? Back up your assessment with your financial analysis. What factors are driving this performance? Since it first opened for business 1907, UPS has proven to be a worthy competitor and more importantly a threat to be taken seriously. By 1999, after almost a century in business, UPS had captured 51% market share of the $43 billion dollar US package delivery industry. That same year they were named “Company of the Year” by Forbes and the “World’s Most Admirable Global Mail, Package, and Freight Delivery Company” by Fortune. They reported over $25 billion in revenue, which they attributed to their loyal employees, extensive geographical reach, and strong customer relations. They had become the largest parcel delivery company in the world, daily having contact with over 1.8 million customers, picking up 13 million packages, and making delivers to over 6 million business and residential addresses worldwide. Several key factors played a considerable role in UPS’ exceptional performance and industry success. For starters, UPS has always been committed to innovation, beginning as early as 1920 with its invention of the first ever-mechanical sorter and conveyor built system. UPS is also been credited with breaking new ground in delivery logistics, after creating the model for and implementing the practice of consolidating deliveries based on neighborhood groupings. However...
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...be shed on the internal and external environments of Adnexus. Then, discussion will be made on the company’s current status and available solutions. Finally, recommendation and action plans will be devised on the best route for Adnexus. The company competes in the biotechnology industry. A large portion of the market (65%) is controlled by fewer players. The market is characterized by high R&D spending. Adnexus had a successful strategic partnership with Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), and leadership was considering weather to further negotiate an acquisition deal with them or instead, go public. One of Adnexus key problems was the struggle to generate a study revenue stream. This is why the company has to decide on an exit route that will generate high liquidity and preserve its mission. Recommended course of action is to take the acquisition exit route. First, on average an IPO can generate up to $52.6 million, which is not enough for Adnexus expenses and operations needs. Prior to acquisition offer, BMS offered Adnexus a deal of $1.5 billion. This is why for an acquisition the company might be welling to pay more. Going public is a costly process, and public companies obligated to comply with higher regulatory standards. With a well devised multi-phase integration and implementation plan, the acquisition will be more favorable. Adnexus can sell 48% of its share and maintain the controlling part of the shares to preserve its purpose. The acquisition will provide a combined leverage...
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...1 Best practice recommendations for emerging markets IPOs Published by Deutsche Börse AG in collaboration with Deutsche Börse Listing Partners 2 Preamble Preamble The following recommendations and suggestions are designed to help issuers as well as participating banks and advisors to address the special characteristics of an emerging markets company’s initial public offering (IPO) and thus to contribute to a successful IPO. They do not constitute mandatory procedures for conducting an emerging markets IPO. The specific features of each issuer should always be taken into account. Therefore, the following recommendations should not be treated as a comprehensive list of the issues to be considered in emerging markets IPOs. For the purpose of these recommendations, emerging markets IPOs are IPOs of companies whose management, ownership structure and operations are predominantly located in an emerging markets country. Additional information Details on financing options and access to the capital market through Deutsche Börse can be found at www.xetra.com/listing_e. The Listing Center also offers an index of expert capital market specialists: Deutsche Börse Listing Partners. These independent service providers can also be searched by area of business and region: www.xetra.com > Listing > Listing Partners Your contact at Deutsche Börse Listing & Issuer Services Phone +49-(0) 69-2 11-1 88 88 E-mail issuerservices@deutsche-boerse.com Finance your future. Made in Germany ...
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