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Religion repetition – Islam

GENERELLE BEGREBER

Myte gør den brugbar i prædikener. Skabelsesmyter, dommedagsmyter, oprindelsesmyter. Indefra:begrunder et liv. Udefra: til at skabe normer. Liminel kontekst de normale regler gælder ikke – ord kan skabe, dyr kan tale. Kaos bliver omformet til kosmos – det største tema i myterne – der skal skabes orden.

Ritual
Overgangsrite: de tre faser – initialfase, liminalfase(liminal=et skel ml. Verdener), finalfase. Ritual: Handlinger m. Symbolsk betydning. Adskillelse ml. Handling og mål. Overgang fra noget til noget andet – altid et mål. En bestemt rækkefølge, altid en masse regler – gentagelser evt. Myter og ritual hører ofte sammen. Pilgrimsrejse= man gentager handlinger fra myter. Bekræftelse af fællesskab – fredagsbøn. Der er ofte en autoritet for at tjekke, at ritualet er foregået korrekt – præst, imam.
Overgangsrite: fra barn til voksen, ind i fællesskabet.

Helligt/profant: profant: den ”normale” verden.
Axis mundi: det allermest centrale i religionen. I islam: den sorte sten, Kabaen. Det allerhelligste.

Eksegese: fortolkning
Eskatologi: læren om de sidste tider / dommedag/ tekster om de sidste tider.

Frelsesreligion: handler om noget efter livet – at man kommer i himlen. Livet efter døden. Mange religioner bevæger sig mod frelsesreligion, da mange har gode vilkår(behæver ikke at bede om noget til livet nu, men bekymrer sig mere om, hvad der sker bagefter.
Velsignelsesreligion: man ofrer noget for at få noget lige nu og her – få en god høst. Når man beder om hjælp til noget i sit liv nu her.

Monoteisme: èn gud
Polyteisme: flere guder.

profet: gudens talerør, sendebud, har intet med guds søn at gøre. Muhammed – ikke hellig, ikke gud, bare guds talerør.

Assimilation/integration/segregation
Majoritet/minoritet: man kan se i DK, at Islam er en minoritet – man bygger ikke mange flotte moskeer, men de får gamle lagerbygninger til rådighed.

Sharia:
Lov, guds vej, vejen til kilden

Søjlerne:
1. Trosbekendelsen, Shahada: ”der er ingen anden gud end allah og muhammed er hans profet.”
2. Bøn, salah
3. Fasten, Ramadan, saun
4. Almisse, zakat
5. Valfarten, Hadj= overgangsrite. Man går i profetens fodspor, bliver bagefter Hadji. Man skal gøre det én gang i sit liv.
6. Hellig krig, Jihad. Lidt i parentes. Stor Jihad og lille Jihad. Stor=indre krig, indre anstrengelser. Lille= krig, den man hører om.

Koran og Hadith= fundamentet for søjlerne og for Sharia
Koran= Guds ord og KUN Guds ord.
Hadith= fortællinger om Muhammeds liv. Sunna. Muhammed som rollemodel.

SHARIA:
Koran
Hadith
Konsensus = Muftier bliver enige
Aalogi: Lighed – er der nogle steder i Koranen eksempelvis, som siger noget om noget lignende?

Forskellige lovskoler – de meget konservative går kun ud fra Koranen og Hadith

Fatwa, man spørger en Mufti – kan man også bruge til Sharia.

Før-islamisk:
Polyteisme – Muhammed samler guderne til én.
Stammer
Stridigheder nomade-samfund Patriarkalsksamfund Mandsdomineret
Lederne af samfundet laver reglerne
Baseret på tradition og vane velsignelsesreligion Muhammed: vil gerne ændre på dette Kun én Gud, Allah alene
Monoteisme – går imod polyteisme – især i hans prædikener.
Allah laver reglerne, kun han bestemmer
Frelsesreligion – livet efter døden – Allah dømmer, når man er død.
Ikke så meget nomadesamfund – økonomisk opsving/tryghed i Medina – ikke stridigheder ligesom i Mekka.
I Medina tror man på, at Muhammed har sandheden.

Muhammed= født i 570. Hører til Quraish-stammen i Mekka, den dominerende stamme. Kender til kristendommen. Profeternes segl – den sidste profet – lukker profetrækken.
Analfabet, men myten, miraklet er, at han lige pludselig kan læse og skrive –> derfor ved man også, at det er Guds ord.

De sataniske vers: Muhammeds åbenbaring ”man må gerne tilbede Allahs døtre også” polyteisme. Dette blev senere trukket tilbage og bliver derfor kaldt de sataniske vers.

Islam:
Tidsregningen starter i 622.
Muhammed rejser fra Mekka til Medina. Bryder med sin stamme og danner et religiøst fællesskab.
Umma starter også her i 622 Broderskabet/fællesskabet. Dét, man er en del af, når man er muslim.
Indholdet i Muhammeds prædikener/åbenbaringer ændres, når han kommer til Medina. Her handler de mere om religionsdogmerne/reglerne/normerne.

Koran:
= recitation – skal læses højt der er noget magisk i at sige orderne højt.
Allahs evige og uskabte ord.

Meget præcis: hvad må du ikke spise, gøre, hvordan må du ikke slagte
En lovbog – så behøver man nemlig ikke fortolke på den – ingen diskussioner.
Bogen er centrum, ikke Muhammed. Det er Guds ord, der er det hellige.

Shirk= når man sætter nogen eller noget på samme status som Allah – den største synd af dem alle!

De længste sura, kapitler, afsnit kommer først. (lige udover det allerførste)
Koranen er altså ikke opbygget kronologisk.
114 suraer.
Det er en kalif, der har samlet koranen – har udvalgt nogle kapitler og valgt andre fra. 20 år efter Muhammeds sidste åbenbaring bliver den sammensat.

Burka: faktisk før-islam, men passer til det, koranen siger, derfor har man beholdt den.

Yngste/ældste religion
Indefra vil man sige, at det er den ældste religion, men at andre indtil bare har misforstået eller mistolket budskabet.
Udefra vil man sige, at det er den yngste.

Kvindesyn/feminisme:
Ligeværd, ikke ligestilling
Kvinder vil hellere bruge Koranen, mænd vil helst bruge Hadith-fortællingerne.
Muhammed som en kvindefrigører

Perpektiviering:
Monoeisme – kristendommen
Polyteisme: hindu
Udvikling fra velsignelsesreligion til frelsesreligion
Sammenligning af jesus og muhammed
gudsopfattelsen

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