...EXPERIMENT 9: KIRCHOFF’S RULES Introduction Kirchhoff’s Law is defined through two separate components which are Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. These two laws are collinearly related through its total summation being which is equal to 0, except that for Kirchhoff’s Current Law having its variables to be of currents flowing into and outward a node (fig.1), and for Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law having its variables in terms of the drops and rises of its voltages in a closed loop (fig. 2). ∑▒I_in +∑▒I_out =0 Figure 1: Kirchhoff’s Current Law ∑▒V=0 Figure 2: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law For experiment 9 entitled Kirchhoff’s Rules, the activity hoped to exemplify and prove Kirchhoff’s Law in mainly one aspect of his law which...
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...Kirchoff’s Laws Objective: To determine the laws of Gustav Kirchoff. How they are used to analyze an electronic circuit. To illustrate how the laws work. Introduction: In 1845, German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff first described two laws that became central to electrical engineering. The laws were generalized from the work of Georg Ohm. The laws can also be derived from Maxwell’s equations, but were developed prior to Maxwell’s work. The following descriptions of Kirchhoff's Laws assume a constant current. For time-varying current, or alternating current, the laws must be applied in a more precise method. Body: Kirchhoff's Current Law Kirchhoff's Current Law, also known as Kirchhoff's Junction Law and Kirchhoff's First Law, defines the way that electrical current is distributed when it crosses through a junction - a point where three or more conductors meet. Specifically, the law states that: The algebraic sum of current into any junction is zero. Since current is the flow of electrons through a conductor, it cannot build up at a junction, meaning that current is conserved: what comes in must come out. When performing calculations, current flowing into and out of the junction typically have opposite signs. This allows Kirchhoff's Current Law to be restated as: The sum of current into a junction equals the sum of current out of the junction. * the 1 st law or the junction rule: for a given junction or node in a circuit, the sum of the currents...
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...words, giving examples on the use of Kirchhoff’s Current Law. Kirchhoff's Current Law is one of two fundamental laws in electrical engineering, the other being Kirchhoff's Voltage Law. Kirchhoff’s Current Law is a fundamental law, as fundamental as Conservation of Mass in mechanics, for example, because Kirchhoff’s Current Law is really conservation of charge. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s Current Law are the starting point for analysis of any circuit. Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law always hold and are usually the most useful piece of information you will have about a circuit after the circuit itself. People and computer programs both use Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s Current Law for circuit analysis. Kirchhoff's Current Law is not as complex as it might seem. All one really needs to know is that charge is conserved, so Kirchhoff's Current Law is really based on one simple fact: Charge can neither be created nor destroyed. From that basic fact we can get to Kirchhoff's Current Law. Despite that simplicity, it is a fundamental, widely used law that you need to know to go very far in electrical engineering. The principle of conservation of electric charge implies that at any node in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node. The algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is zero. The law is based on the conservation of charge...
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...Node Voltage Analysis (NVA) applicable to linear networks NVA gives you a process for obtaining n equations in n unknowns. The unknowns are the node voltages. Once you have the node voltages, you can find any voltage or current anywhere in the circuit. Process: (Note the key words to remember each step.) 1. Draw Draw the circuit diagram indicating all element and source values. 2. Label Label a reference node, usually ground or a node with the most branches. Then label a node voltage for all the other nodes in the circuit. You must recall the definition of a node voltage: It is the voltage of the node with respect to the reference node. It is not the same thing as the voltage across a branch. In general, the voltage across a branch between nodes 1 and 2will be the difference of the two node voltages on either side: v12 = v1 – v2 3. Dependant Write the controlling quantity of any dependant source in terms of node voltages. You will need to look for the controlling quantity in the circuit to do this. 4. Super Identify all the supernodes. Then write the voltage of the source inside the supernode in terms of the node voltages on either side. You must recall the definition of a supernode: It is any voltage source with the two nodes on either side of it considered as one big node. Note: Any equations that you get in this step will be part of the n equations. 5. Kirchoff Apply...
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...electrical circuit. These relationships are determined by some basic laws which are known as Kirchhoff laws or more specifically Kirchhoff Current and Voltage laws. These laws are very helpful in determining the equivalent electrical resistance or impedance of a complex network and the currents flowing in the various branches of the network. These laws are first derived by Guatov Robert Kirchhoff and hence these laws are also referred as Kirchhoff Laws. We saw in the Resistors tutorial that a single equivalent resistance, ( RT ) can be found when two or more resistors are connected together in either series, parallel or combinations of both, and that these circuits obey Ohm’s Law. Sometimes in complex circuits such as bridge or T networks, we cannot simply use Ohm’s Law alone to find the voltages or currents circulating within the circuit. For these types of calculations we need certain rules which allow us to obtain the circuit equations and for this we can use Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law. These two rules are commonly known as: Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws with one of Kirchhoff’s laws dealing with the current flowing around a closed circuit, Kirchhoff’s Current Law, (KCL) while the other law deals with the voltage sources present in a closed circuit, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, (KVL). Kirchhoff’s Current Law is the 3 currents entering the node, I1, I2, I3 are all positive in value and the 2 currents leaving the node, I4 and I5 are negative in value. The term Node in an electrical circuit...
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...5 1.2.2 Node B 6 2.0 Thevenin’s Theorem 6 2.1 Application of Thevenin’s Theorem 6 3.0 Comparing and Analysis of Results 9 3.1 Results 9 3.2 Analysis 9 Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to analyse a DC circuit provided and ascertain certain properties within the circuit. To do this will require the application of Mesh Analysis, Thevenin’s Theorem and simple DC Theory... 1.0 Mesh Analysis Applying mesh analysis to the circuit will determine the currents that flow through each of the three meshes provided. From these current values, simple DC theorem will be applied using Ohm’s law in order to calculate the voltage of node A and node B with respect to the ground node. 1.1 Determining mesh currents The following steps will outline what will be required to calculate mesh 1, 2 and 3 currents. 1. Observing the circuit, use Kirchhoff’s voltage rule to determine each mesh into a formula resulting in three separate formulas. Mesh 1 20(i1-2) + 20(i1-i3) + 50(i1-i2) = 0 90i1 - 50i2 - 20i3 = 40 Mesh 2 50(i2-i1) + 25i2 + 26 = 0 -50i1 + 75i2 = -26 Mesh 3 30i3 – 25 + 20(i3-i1) = 0 -20i1 + 50i3 = 25 2. Once completed simplify each formula by dividing by 10 in order to make calculations much simpler. Mesh 1 9i1 - 5i2 – 2i3 = 4 Mesh 2 -5i1 + 7.5i2 = -2.6 Mesh 3 -2i1 + 5i3 = 2.5 3. 4. After that, construct a 3x3 matrix only using values of i1, i2 and i3. Using the resultant answer values, construct a 3x1 matrix. 4-2.62...
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...Physics 122 Lab 7: Circuits II Abstract: The main objective of this experiment was to test and verify Kirchhoff’s two rules: the loop rule and junction rule in a complex circuit. The voltage and current of each of the six resistors in the circuit were measured using a DMM. These values were then used to calculate the resistance of each resistor. The calculated resistor values were compared to the measured DMM values and the nominal values. By doing so, Ohm’s Law was proved because the values were consistent. The second part of the experiment involved using the current and voltage values obtained in part 1 to prove Kirchhoff’s loop and junction rule. The results, although were not zero, complied with Kirchhoff’s two rules within experimental error supporting Kirchoff’s rules regarding the voltage and circuit in a closed DC circuit. Ruby Bahniwal Partner: Jesse Olson 2011-07-25 T.A. Ali Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to assemble a circuit properly, Figure 1 below, using the equipment provided and to experimentally verify Kirchhoff’s rules by measuring the voltage or potential drop across each resistor along with the current for each branch in the circuit constructed. Electric circuits have the ability to direct and control the flow of electricity and the energy conveyed. It can be constructed using various combinations of batteries, resistors and capacitors. These circuits are found in common...
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...PHYSICS 205L – S.Y. 2014-2015 * TOPIC 6 * Ohms Law * Kirchhoff's Law * Direct Current Circuit * Current * A current (I) of electricity exists in region when a net electric charge is transported from one point to another in that region. * If a charge is transported through a given cross section of the wire in a time, then the current through the wire is I = q/t. * Where: q is in COULOMBS, t is in SECONDS and I is in AMPERES (1A = 1C/s). * BATTERY * A battery is a source of electrical energy. * If no internal energy losses occurs in the battery then the potential difference between its terminals is called the ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf) of the battery. * The unit for emf is the same as the unit for potential difference, the VOLT. * RESISTANCE * The resistance of wire or other object is a measure of the potential difference that must be impressed across the object to cause a current of one ampere to flow through it. * R = V/I * The unit of resistance is OHMS (Ω), 1Ω = 1V/A. * OHM’s LAW * Ohm’s Law originally contained two parts. * The defining equation for resistance, V = IR, also stated the R is a constant independent of V and I. * The relation V = IR can be applied to any resistor, where V is the potential difference between the two ends of the resistor, I is the current through the resistor, and R is the resistance of the resistor under those conditions. * GEORG SIMON OHM * 1787-1854 ...
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...Criminal Procedure Policy Order and liberty are two areas within criminal procedure that have tension among one another (book). Order is a stronger approach toward the criminal justice system than liberty. Liberty concerns an individual’s rights to due process, which means everybody deserves the same rights when arrested regardless of the circumstances such as poor person versus a rich person. The two models that were developed by Herbert Packer were the crime control model and the due process model (book). Both models have similarities as well as differences and not one is “good” and the other “bad” according to Packer. The two primary goals within the criminal justice system are the need to enforce law and maintain social order and the need to protect people from injustice (defenseinvestigator). The fourth, fifth, sixth, and fourteenth amendments play a signifigant role when analyzing both the due process model and the crime control model. This paper will further explore both models as well as how the models view the fourth, fifth, and sixth amendments and how the fourteenth amendment gives the same rights on a state level as well as federal. Crime Control Model The crime control model is a stern approach to the criminal justice system. As described by Hubert Packer, “the crime control model is like a conveyer belt, moving cases starting from arrest to conviction in a swift and fast process (Book).” Fact finding is what defines this model. If an officer makes an...
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...that breaks the Immigration Law should be punished, even if they are not citizens of the country. According to Perez (2001), “In 1986 Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act that, among other things, granted amnesty to illegal immigrants who could demonstrate continual residence in the United States prior to 1982” (Perez, 2001). Because of this law, millions of illegal immigrants can use this act to become citizens of the United States. | According to Mirram-Webster (2012), “amnesty means that the act of an authority (as a government) by which pardon is granted to a large group of individuals” (Mirram-Webster, 2012). Therefore, amnesty is unfair and unconstitutional because all of the illegal immigrants that come into the United States are pardon after they have violated the laws in this country. Why do we continue to allow these illegal immigrants to go unpunished? If it were some of the U.S. citizens breaking this law they would not be granted amnesty; they would be treated differently, so why illegal immigrants should be pardoned? Robert Byrd (2001), a West Virginia senator, says, “Illegal immigrants who have worked for many years in the United States should not be granted amnesty” (Byrd, 2001). Illegal immigrants who work in the United States should be punished because they do not have green cards or permission from the United States to come to America. Although amnesty is an approved law, many peoples do not agree with this law. On the other hand, some Americans...
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...Few good man Time from time you may hear stories of abuse by the military justice "system". There are multiple destroyed and financially devastated families out there suffering heartbreak and loss at the hands of an uncaring, unfeeling and unjust process which makes a mockery of our Bill of Rights. Military justice for the majority is prefabricated according to the wishes of the local Commander, and the "trial" or "court-martial" is tantamount to a pre-ordained verdict of GUILTY. How could any court proceeding be considered fair when the "convening authority," by right of title, is given the power to select the judge, the jury and defense and prosecution attorneys? It may go "unsaid," but the implication is very clear - if the convening authority "sees fit" to bring about a court-martial, then the accused can be assumed to be guilty. What's special, or even topical, about A Few Good Men movie is it speaks to how military honor can be so readily suborned by the authoritarian impulse. And second, how the same honest pride - not to mention competence - is necessary to bring such posturing would-be tyrants to justice. The main issue the movie touches upon is military justice. A good marine abides by the following code: 1. Unit 2. Corps 3. God and 4. Country For this code to be at its effective best, it must be governed by truth and justice. What happens when truth and justice fail to be active participants of this code? Justice has been defined in many ways...
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...Akhil Kaushal P According to The Transparency International 2006 Corruption Perceptions Index: • Most honest countries – Finland, New Zealand, Iceland, Denmark and Singapore • Most corrupt countries – Haiti, Guinea, Myanmar, Iraq, Bangladesh, Chad, Congo and Sudan • China, Brazil, Ghana, Senegal, Peru, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, India and Egypt all rank in the middle Lack of resources Explosive population growth Need stronger and more effective institutions Lack of democracy Ineffective judiciary Unfair elections Lack of free media From The Bulging Pocket and the Rule of Law: Corruption, Inequality, and Trust Inequality –> Low generalized trust & High in-group trust –> Corruption –> Inequality The dilemma of low trust in strangers and high trust only in your own group Inequality and in-group trust lead to clientelism This pattern is difficult to break Two types of inequality: Economic inequality Unfair legal system Makes it more difficult for the poor to have access to the legal system Shielding people at the top Democratic institutions are not sufficient to curb corruption Media consumption, centralization, federalism, the nature of the electoral system, the level of wages paid to officials also don't matter Structural reforms may not matter much for corruption, however: • Democratic countries are far less corrupt than nondemocracies • Countries with strong democratic...
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...Stand Your Ground Gerald Makey SOC 205 Strayer University The “Stand-your-ground law validates a person in using any physical force including deadly force, when they are not involved in illegal activity and is in a place where he or she has the right be, they have no obligation to haven and have the right to stand their ground. A quick breakdown of this law is that it give a person legal cover in the event that they find themselves in a certain situation in which their survival, or the preservation of their family necessitates them to stand their ground and use a weapon for defense. This law can be referenced back to the Supreme Court case Beard v. United States, 158 U.S. 550 (1895). It is defined in this case that, “A man assailed on his own grounds, without provocation, by a person armed with a deadly weapon and apparently seeking his life is not obliged to retreat, but may stand his ground and defend himself with such means as are within his control; and so long as there is no intent on his part to kill his antagonist, and no purpose of doing anything beyond what is necessary to save his own life, is not guilty of murder or manslaughter if death results to his antagonist from a blow given him under such circumstances (www.justia.com). In Houston, Texas a “Stand-your-ground” case has brought a lot of attention, but also a lot of controversy. In this case Raul Rodriguez was found guilty of killing his neighbor over a dispute over loud music. Rodriguez who was a retired...
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...Jacob Frederick 5-29-12 Buller Composition II Marijuana: Medicine or Menace? I have had strong feelings about this issue before it was even brought up as a topic for debate in our class. My opinion on the topic has not changed in the slightest, but I did learn a lot of interesting details concerning it. I have always felt that marijuana should be legalized, or at the very least, people with serious medical conditions should have access to it. And marijuana doesn’t even have to be legalized in my opinion, but it should definitely be decriminalized. I don’t think anyone who wants to smoke a plant that they grow themselves should have to suffer consequences, considering they are responsible in their recreational smoking. I do feel that if it were legalized, that there should be an acceptable age limit to buy and/or consume marijuana, comparable to that of alcohol. There are beneficial as well as harmful effects concerning marijuana, but that goes for a lot of things people do in everyday life. And I feel that a lot of time has been spent shining the spotlight on the harmful effects of marijuana, while little research has been done or even allowed, on the benefits of marijuana. While preparing for the debate, I encountered many sources on each end of the spectrum; including some in the middle. Many of the sources I looked at seemed rather credible, but others were most definitely biased. One example of a blatantly biased comment was, "Most pot smokers drink alcohol heavily...
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...that shape the decisions people or organisations make(Termpaper warehouse,2012).http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Ethics-In-International-Marketing/53994. Today, law suits are filed against erring companies found wanting or in bridge of ethical standards which has increased the need of cautiousness in the way most companies project their image . It summarizes the natural rights and universal values of the equality of all men and women to the law of the land. It also covers concern for the natural environment, health and safety. Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ethics.html#ixzz28xWPwQco Ethics in marketing are the basic principles that governs the business practice of those involved in promoting their products to or services to consumers(Business dictionary.com). Sound marketing ethics however are those practices that do not impact negatively on the consumers. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/marketing-ethics.html Ethics has always been the bane of moral studies and value and has been in practice since the ancient times. (Napoleon,1804) in his 36 codes of conduct, noted that all citizens in France, irrespective of place of birth or social status is entitled to fair and equal treatment. As a branch of philosophy, ethics deals with established laws that guide human relationship and behaviour with emphasis on good sense of judgement. Scholars like Aristotle identified character as ''ethos'' which he described as the...
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