...KNOWLEDGE VS BELIEF Kimberly Johnson Introduction to Philosophy Dr. Nwonye AIU 02/24/2013 Abstract: How do we decide on what to believe when someone tells you one thing but the evidence shows differently? When someone tells us they love us how do we really know what to believe? Are our thoughts based on what we know or what we choose to believe? We are taught that one of life’s greatest treasures is a freedom of knowing. Introduction Human knowledge has attained great heights and established a body of knowing facts for beyond the capacity of any person to master. Plato philosophy, stated in order to have knowledge, one must also have justified true belief (anayambaker.hubpages.com). One person I know and believe that loves me is my parents. In this paper, I will argue the difference in knowledge and belief. I will submit evidence and logic reason to support my arguments. After going thru the evidence, the reader will understand why I maintain my original cauterization of knowledge and belief. The theory of knowledge can guide us in deciding what to believe what to ignore, what to question, and what we don’t know (emotionalcompetency.com). I know without a doubt that my mother loves me. do know and believe my parents love me, as people we learn about physical objects empirically, by means of the senses: we look at them, taste them, listen to them, and so on. Only thing we don’t have real knowledge of the visible world jut mere opinion. Good allows us...
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...when viewing religion and his beliefs. Manichaeism was a type of gnostic belief founded in the third century by Mani of Persia. Mani was influenced highly by other gnostic beliefs in the area. Early on in Augustine’s life he was fascinated by Manichaeism, and practiced Manichaeism beliefs for roughly ten years. Upon realization of the falsity behind Manichaeism, Augustine decided to convert to Christianity. Augustine began his life attracted to Manichaeism, and through many experiences noticed its flaws and converted to Christianity. Book III of The Confessions describes different Manichaeism beliefs and how they conflict with respective Christianity beliefs. By explaining the differences within each belief system, Augustine also describes the way his beliefs changed while in the process of converting from Manichaeism to Christianity. The first belief described in Book III that the Manichees have is the idea that God is not omniscient and omnipotent, yet he lives in a battle against evil. This idea is one of the biggest concerns Augustine has once he has converted to Christianity. How can one ignore the presence of evil if God is all knowing? This belief of evil vs. good goes...
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...Nature vs. Nurture There is an issue that has been conferred upon by philosophers in the past and still so by scientists today. This issue is whether heredity or environment plays a greater role in the determining or shaping of an individual's behavior. It is known as the nature versus nurture debate. Numerous generations before us have deliberated on the reasons behind the development of human behavior. There have been many theories formulated to explain why humans behave the way they do. The surviving theories for behavior derive from physiological and sociological explanations. However, the two explanations have not always been compatible with each other. The famous nature vs. nurture debate over human behavior resulted from conflicting views between proponents of the physiological (nature) and sociological (nurture) explanations. Throughout history, research has swayed popularity back and forth between the theories. Yet, theorists have broken down the line separating nature and nurture. As of today, people utilize both explanations to explore human behavior. Way before our time, early philosophers endeavored to understand the human behavior. As early as 350 BC, such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle tried to understand behavior. The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. Plato believed behavior and knowledge was due to innate factors. Author Fiona Cowie states, "The claim that the character of our mental furniture is to...
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...Catholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole.[1][2] For many the term usually refers to Christians and churches belonging to the Roman Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See.[3] For others it refers to the churches of the first millennium, including, besides the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East.[4][5] And for others again it refers to "adhering to the catholic faith as it has been inherited from the earliest Christians ... seeking to restore the faith and order of the primitive church",[6] as claimed by the Anglican Communion, various Lutheran churches,[6][7][8] and other Reformation and post-Reformation churches.[9][10] The Catholic claim of continuity is based on, among other factors, Apostolic succession, especially in conjunction with adherence to the Nicene Creed.[11] In the sense of indicating historical continuity of faith and practice, the term "catholicism" is at times employed to mark a contrast to Protestantism, which tends to look solely to the Bible as interpreted on the principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation as its ultimate standard.[12] It was thus used by the Oxford Movement.[13] This contrast, however, is not so clearcut for Anglican theologians such as Alister McGrath: "Anglicanism is not...
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...experience. A few million years ago our ancestors were driven by survival to learn how to outlive the rest of the species by learning to adapt and develop the skills they need and pass on the knowledge to their successors. The learner is the most important component in the educative process and so he or she is the center in the educational system hence it is necessary for us to discuss his or her traits in order for us to devise ways to enhance his or her ability to assimilate learning. There are many factors that influence the learner’s learning and how we can become nurses that are effective educators. Objectives: By the end of the report, the students will be able to: • Describe the learner. • Enumerate the characteristics of a learner. • Identify the elements of the learner • Differentiate the Types of learners. Nature of the Learner The learner is an embodied spirit. He is the union of sentient body and a rational soul. His body experiences sensations and feels pleasure and pain. His soul is the principle of spiritual acts, the source of intellectual abstraction, self-reflection, and free rational volition. Body and soul exist in mutual dependence. (Kelly, 1965) The Learner n 1: someone (especially a child) who learns (as from a teacher) or takes up knowledge or beliefs [syn: scholar, assimilator] 2: works for an expert to learn a trade [syn: apprentice, prentice] Fundamental Equipment of the Learner The learner has the power to see, hear, touch...
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...The Summary of Plato According to Plato’s definition of a rhetorician, a rhetorician will always prevail over someone with truth on their side. If you can be persuaded that something is just through belief, then knowledge is not needed. There is the argument that Plato suggests about the doctor vs the rhetorician where he claims that the rhetorician will always get the belief of others just because he is a rhetorician. The doctor may know how to perform the procedure better and have so much more access of knowledge than the rhetorician but the doctor is still at a disadvantage because it is not about the knowledge, but rather it is about convincing others you have that knowledge. Therefore a rhetorician will beat out anyone even if they are better for the job. Plato does not believe that this practice is honest or noble. The counterfeit practice of rhetoric is a false representation of truth. It is understood that a rhetorician is able to persuade a multitude of people using the language of discourse. The language of discourse (rhetoric) can cause any man or woman to make decisions just upon belief or emotion instead of facts or knowledge. Because of the fact that through rhetoric peoples opinions are based on belief and emotion plato believes that rhetoric is a “ignoble” practice. This summary shows the meaning of rhetoric and the opinion of plato toward the language of discourse (rhetoric) while showing different sides of the argument against or for...
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...the pressure for convergence or integration may in fact create an equal, if not stronger pressure for divergence or fragmentation. o E.g. protests against learning English as second language in Switzerland, different neighborhoods in NYC (Chinatown, Little Italy etc.). o Executives across Europe are reading many of the same publications, but still more often they read national magazines and newspapers. Management is management • Management is management, consisting of a set of principles and techniques that can be universally applied. • However, different practices (such as management) are shaped by its cultural origins, and so is management. • Also, different notions of organizations (relationships vs. tasks) and different HRM practices based on motivations of employees (intrinsic vs. extrinsic). • Good management is culturally sensitive management: best fit between people’s motivation and tasks. • Sensitivity towards invasion of foreign companies and their business ideologies and practices. 2. Despite technological & economic forces for integration/convergence, there are equal or greater forces for fragmentation, one of them being culture. Culture as a source of competitive advantage/disadvantage • Culture can provide source of competitive advantage (Michael Porter): availability of resources, size and sophistication of the market, nature of government intervention and type of strategic linkages/networks. Culture & institutional...
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...Running Header: Secularism vs. Religion 1 Secularism vs. Religion Patricia Nash HIS 104 World Civilizations II Instructor: Kristy Nelson May 18, 2013 Secularism vs. Religion 2 It took the courage of one man to change the way religion was looked upon along the way for others to see that there was more of a choice out there for them. Religion was and is the way one has their own beliefs, what to them is truth, to which way they should be lead in. Each religion believes in something different from another and most of them all believe in one God, only a few does not. The world had outgrown just one religion therefore, when Martin Luther and King Henry decided to separate themselves from the church many more had emerged. Secularism identifies it’s self as something called 'religion' and separate it from the domains of the state, the economy and science. Secularism is the realization that God’s will be done plus the natural evolution of universal morality. Christianity was the spiritual identity of one’s soul, beliefs, spirituality, social, and political foundation. Then those from other countries believed that Christianity provided spiritual connections, organizing principles, and inspirations for their identity. Believers were united by their faith as well as...
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... no matter we as human realized the differences or not. Culture is the full range of learned behaviour patterns that are acquired by people as members of a society like in a family. A culture is a complex, interrelated with anything that consists of the knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, skills, and habits learned from parents and others in a society. Culture is the basis of transparent material of adaptation for humans. The word culture itself comes from the Latin term pronounce as cultura, which is related to cult or worship. In general, the term refers to the feedback of human interaction. Culture is knowledge that acquired that people use to interpret experience and generate social behaviour. This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behaviour. Somehow, culture also has the characteristics of being learned, shared, trans-generational, symbolic, patterned, and adaptive. There are also many dimensions of cultural diversity, which is focus on centralized vs. decentralized decision making, safety vs. risk, individual vs. group rewards, informal vs. formal procedures, high vs. low organizational loyalty, cooperation vs. competition, short-term vs. long-term horizons, and stability vs. innovation area in this assignment. This assignment will focus on central and decentralized decision making, individual and group reward, high and low organizational loyalty as well as cooperation and competition in US, German and Japan. ...
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...1. Cultural Relativism: Culture relativism is the view that all cultures are equal. Regardless of the cultural differences, no culture is better than another. Each culture sets their own moral and ethical standards to live by. An example of Cultural Relativism would be how in some cultures they believe women’s bodies, hair, and face must be covered at all times outside of the home when other cultures do not. Not every culture has the same beliefs. 2. Aristotle’s theory of Hylomorphism: The theory of Hylomorphism is Aristotle concept of people being both form and matter. Aristotle thought of form as the physical appearance (body) and the matter to be what the object consists of (soul). An example would be pavement. The unhardened clay would be the matter. The matter changes form when the clay hardens. 3....
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...Self NATURE OF THE SOCIAL SELF * Begins with William James and his book “The Principles of Psychology” (1890) * Coined term “social me” to refer to the parts of self-knowledge that are derived from social relationships (Ex. You w/ soccer buddies vs. you w/ romantic partner) * Three primary components of the self * Individual self – Person’s beliefs about his or her unique personal traits, abilities, preferences, tastes, talents, etc (Ex. What sets you apart) * Relational self – Sense of oneself in specific relationships (Ex. Black sheep) * Collective self – A person’s identity as a member of the groups to which he or she belongs (Ex. Irish Canadian, Libertarian) * Also includes beliefs about the roles, duties, and obligations we assume. * Prominence of different self-beliefs varies according to a person’s culture of origin. * Americans describe themselves in terms of personal attributes (individualist) * Japanese defined themselves in terms of relationships (collectivist) ORIGINS OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE * Family and Other Socialization Agents * Symbolic interactionist notion that we come to know ourselves through imagining what others think of us (Cooley 1902 – looking glass self) * Reflected self-appraisals – Our beliefs about others’ appraisals of us * We internalize what we think others appraise us, not how they actually do * Medial prefrontal cortex heightened during self-referential...
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...Planned change as a cyclic process * Research = guide to action * Action = Information = Research * Process requires considerable collaboration among interested parties * Problem focused change * Heavy emphasis on data gathering and diagnosis prior to action planning and implementation… and evaluation of results after action * Two focus areas * Help specific organizations implement planned change * Developing more general knowledge that can be applied to other settings * Main application is on planned change * Eight Steps 1. Problem identification * When problem(s) identified from higher level * Who is defining the problem? Is this the real problem? * What are the intentions behind the defined problem? * Who are the players? * What do they get out of the change project? * Is it genuine, political, or filler? 2. Consultation with Behavioural science expert * Appraisal of beliefs, assumptions, values to create understanding and level playing field * How do you identify/define competence of the OB expert? * How is alignment between OB expert and Business achieved? * Time requirements/limits to understand influences, positive and negative 3. Data gathering and preliminary diagnosis * Usually completed by OD practitioner * Gathering appropriate information and analysis *...
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...Characteristic of Man. The Concept of Din and its Significance to Economic Activity. Islamic Worldview vs. Secular Worldview. Implications of Different Worldviews on Man’s Way of Life Definitions of Islam: Iman, ‘Amal, Ihsan. Concepts of Tawhid, Khilafah, Adalah. Concepts of accountability, transparency and trustworthiness 2 . What do you understand by the Worldview? INCEIF 3 WORLDVIEW Worldview explain how man perceives this world. It denotes “a set of implicit or explicit assumptions about the origin of the universe and the nature of human life”. INCEIF 4 SECULAR WORLDVIEW Every community or system is controlled or influenced by its own worldview. different worldviews among communities or among systems lead to dissimilar end means of human life. The MAN’S WAY OF LIFE FROM SECULAR VIEW Separation between religion and other aspects of life, Materialistic, Individualistic, Less socio-economic justice, Less public relations, less concern with the Hereafter life. 6 INCEIF MAN’S WAY OF LIFE IN ISLAM Belief in a dual worldviews: this world & the hereafter. Religion is part of his/her daily life. Maslahah of the ummah (public benefit), Accountability, Trustworthiness, Transparency etc. 7 INCEIF WHY ALLAH (SWT) CREATED MAN? INCEIF 8 CONT. WHY ALLAH CREATED MAN?. According to Islamic belief, Allah has created man (and jinn)only to worship Him. INCEIF The word worship here encompasses...
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...proposition in relation to two areas of knowledge. “Don't count your chickens before they hatch”. This idiom is a warning that man should not assume that something would impend and plan accordingly, for it might get foiled due to some unfortunate circumstance. The idiom portrays the nature of assumptions, that it cannot be ascertained. The proposition given revolves around the aspect of how there is an existence of limitations or assumptions when attempting to widen the scope of knowledge. Assumptions can be defined as a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof. In light of the definition, it is observed that assumptions cannot be tested to procure empirical knowledge hence they are assumed to remain true or perhaps not true in some cases. But, what is this knowledge? It is the association with facts, truths, or principles as from study or investigation. If knowledge is in conjunction with empirical truths, then do assumptions barricade the deepening of our knowledge since they are omnipresent and cannot be tested? This definition lends information that an attempt to know the world requires reasoning and a logical understanding without which it is hard to establish truths and facts. However, since any form of reasoning is based on a set of assumptions then in view of the above discussion, truths can never be produced. Hence, truth could in fact be produced with assumptions. This will be discussed in two areas of knowledge, Mathematics and Ethics respectively...
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...Review for OB Chapter 1 1.Define Organizational Behaviour (OB) • the study of what people feel think and do in and around organizations • organizations: groups that work interdependantly towards a purpose. • must have structure 2.Explain the foundations of OB theory and knowledge and its research methods • OB is multidisciplinary relates to psychology, sociology, anythropology etc • Three units of analysis: individual, group, orginization • Research Methods : • field studies : real life organizations • case studies : in depth studies of situations • laboratory studies : in controlled environments • survey studies : questionnaires and interviews • meta-analysis : statistics 3.Describe the “systems approach”, the “contingency approach”, and the levels of analysis in understanding behaviour in organizations • Systems approach : • organizations depend upon the external environment • transform inputs into outputs efficiently and effectively • subsystems --> transformation process--> feedback • Contingency approach : OB involves complex relationships, it does not have right or wrong answers just makes hypotheses and uses consistencies to predict behaviour • Levels of Analysis • individual • task performance : goal directed behavior • organizational citizenship : helpfulness above job requirements • counterproductive work behaviours: potentially harms the...
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