...Kyoto Protocol and Global Warming Evaluation Jennifer Marshall ECO/370 September 2, 2013 Ronda Jantz The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty that was proposed to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions with legally binding signatures and expectation of ratification by industrialized countries especially. However, being an international treaty, compliance or ratification is not required but suggested in order to mitigate the global climate change that is occurring. Climate being the characteristic condition of the earth’s atmosphere over a specific area of the planet for a long period of time can be in fact altered by activities of man-kind that consist of burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuels and other greenhouse gas emissions such as methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone depleting substances have increased in the atmosphere to the point of altering the composition and increasing the global temperature by “about 1.1 degree F over just the last 30 years” (New England Aquarium, 2013). This is the concept of global climate change. The increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases need to be mitigated. “In 2007, the IPCC published a series of scenarios ranging from “business as usual/no actions taken” to “aggressive actions taken” to reduce climate change. Models based on these scenarios from the IPCC 2007 report predict that average global surface temperatures will likely...
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...Introduction From man’s basic understanding of existence, he acknowledges that his presence is but a fraction in time in relation to the longevity of the Earth’s existence. This attests to the time period in which the Earth functions. Man’s calculations of year to year changes in the Earth’s atmosphere are meager at best in determining the cycle for such an entity. Man’s oldest data dating back from ice core samples from Antarctica can not trace back further than a minute percent of the history of the billions of years that the Earth has existed. (Relatively) recently, Earth has endured "naturally occurring" Ice Ages, meteorological disasters, and the evolution of man and his technology. So the question is raised, is mankind bold in thinking that anything it does collectively will scar the Earth beyond repair? Man might change the Earth’s surface, man might obliterate his own existence, but man will not change the propensity for nature to allow the continuation of life. Debate on Global Warming So, what is man doing for mankind? There is a general concensus that one of the greatest dangers man is imposing upon himself is that of a global change in the atmosphere, causing the average temperature on Earth to increase. Before any discussion can begin on how to go about fixing the problem of global warming, it is improtant to point out that the problem is more basic than otherwise understood. The problem is not global waring, it is how to deal with the possible existance...
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...Research Paper EN 102 Climate Change – Global Warming Climate change has become really important for the whole world due to its drastic change, because of the release of carbon dioxide and other gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. The climate on Earth has always been a subject of change. From history we know that there was an ice age on the planet Earth that ended about 10,000 years ago. The time has passed; “people have developed advanced industry, and technology, discovered fossil fuels and the very effective way of using them by turning them into heat, transportation, and the basis for manufacturing and construction” (Global Climate Change.) That has changed the world forever for all of us. What are the fossil fuels? “In general, fossil fuels are a legacy bequeathed to us by the biosphere of the distant past.” Basically, on an ancient Earth existed a high concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. There also existed photosynthetic organisms that were able to absorb CO2 and produce plentiful organic material. When these organisms died, they were buried deep within the earth and slowly turned into coal and oil, and now they are presenting the fossil fuels (Global Climate Change). Since the 1800s the usage and burn of the fossil fuels has been increasing in order to power the developing technological and global civilizations. As a result of burning the fossil fuels there has been a huge release of the CO2 back into the atmosphere, increasing the atmospheric...
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...environmental warming and resulted in an increase of 0.74 degree for past 100 years. Rising global temperatures will cause sea level to rise and alter local climate conditions, affecting forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It may also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand and some of our countryside may be permanently altered. This concern has drawn World attention towards Carbon Management. The last 20 years have witnessed increasing momentum for international environmental policy efforts in order to avoid 'dangerous' anthropogenic climate change. Major achievements in the process so far have been the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 1997, which entered into force in 2005. Carbon Management Carbon management is the control of carbon emissions within the economic, social, and technical and policy constraints through the reductions of carbon sources and the enhancements of carbon sinks. When implemented effectively, CPM techniques can reduce operating costs, realizing gains in brand equity, competitive advantage and stakeholder value. It basically focuses on developing break-through technologies for the large scale reduction (e.g. alternative, low carbon, energy sources), removal (e.g. gas separation from flue emissions) and sequestration (e.g. long term storage in geological, terrestrial, and ocean systems) of CO2. By its nature, climate change is...
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...The weather is changing and the scientists discovered that the climate is changing too. The climate is the average weather over a period of time. Climate will not stop changing if the factors that impact on are happening. The climate change is defined as one of the environmental problem. The climate is change in the global level by the number of heat which enter to the system or the number of the heat which comes out of the system. The climate change will happen if the factors that change the amount of the heat or the energy that enter or comes out happened. There are many indicators which prove the climate change and which we know through that the climate change is happening. Noticed increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, snow and ice melt, and the rising of the sea level. Responses to climate change come from planet and animals throughout observing the warmth and the natural and managed environment. Climate change is made by human activities and the nature. The warming that happening know is caused by the human activity like; fossil fuels burning process and the transformation for forestry and agriculture land. The human influence on the climate system have increased significantly and started while the industrial revolution time. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the command product of fossil fuel calcinations. Since the industrial revolution the overall effect of human activities was a warming effect. This effect was due to the release of carbon dioxide...
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...Carbon Credit How company’s Generating profit An Interactive Research Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH by Aamir Malik(B 43) Anuj Dubey(B 55) MBA (G) 2013-2015 October 2013 __________________________________________________ INDEX S.No | Topic | Page No. | 1. | Acknowledgement | 4 | 2. | Abstract | 5 | 3. | Introduction | 5-6 | 4. | How carbon credit Trading works | 7 | 5. | Global Scenario | 8 | 6. | Analyzing Indian Scenario | 9 | 7. | Benefits for India | 10-11 | 8. | Financing Up port in India | 11-12 | 9. | Business Mechanism and Carbon exchange | 12-13 | 10. | CDM process and carbon Trading | 14 | 11. | Accounting and Tax treatment In different Countries | 15-17 | 12. | CASE 1: Buddhil Hydro Electric Power Ltd. | 18-20 | 13. | CASE 2: Greenply Industries Ltd. | 21-22 | 14. | CASE 3: Reliance Power | 23 | 15. | Future Of Carbon Trading | 24-25 | 16. | Conclusion | 26 | 17. | References | 27 | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to Ms. Lakhwinder Kaur Dhillon Mam for their guidance and constant supervision...
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...Economics of Climate Change Sachin Sharma 11060221060 Research Supervisor: Mrs. Sukalpa Chakrabarti A Dissertation Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics (2011 - 2014) Symbiosis School of Economics CONSTITUENT OF SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (Established Under Section 3 Of The UGC Act 1956, By Notification No F9-12/2001-U.3 Of Government Of India) EXAMINERS’ CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation titled ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE submitted by has been assessed and graded towards the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Science (Economics) in the academic year 2011-14. ____________________________ (Signature) Name of Internal Examiner: _________________________________________ ____________________________ (Signature) Name of External Examiner: _________________________________________ Date: Time: Place: Symbiosis School of Economics CONSTITUENT OF SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (Established Under Section 3 Of The UGC Act 1956, By Notification No F9-12/2001-U.3 Of Government Of India) Submission Checklist | Tick the field on the left of the list | | INITIAL PRECONTENT MATTER | | Filled in all fields on the title page. | | Filled in the acknowledgments page. | | Filled in the executive summary page. Dissertation abstract is fewer than 350 words. | PAGE NUMBERS | | No page number...
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...interdependency in Kyoto One of the standing points of Kyoto business style is the uniqueness in relations among government, industries and educational institutions. This kind of partnership is well-used in Japan and it is called San-gaku-kan (産学官). San-gaku-kan defines a partnership among those three above-mentioned sectors. In each section of partnership, Kyoto’s San-gaku-kan is different from that of other cities in Japan. For example, academia part of San-gaku-kan is so strong, because there are good opportunities to study and execute a research in Kyoto. If you compare the number of colleges and universities in Kyoto as a percentage of population to the number of those in other parts of Japan, Kyoto will be at the top of the list. It boasts the largest concentration of higher education institutions in Japan. That shows how big Kyoto’s academia part of San-gaku-kan in terms of quantity. Moreover, in terms of quality, six of 12 Japan’s Nobel Prize laureates were from Kyoto University and this fact proves the originality of Kyoto. Another example for the uniqueness of Kyoto business practices in San-gaku-kan is the industry part of the partnership. An employee from Shimadzu Corporation, Koichi Takeda, won Nobel Prize in 2002, without being affiliated to any higher education or research center. This also shows the Kyoto business style is full of passionate people who pursuits whatever they do. One of the reasons for why San-gaku-kan relationship in Kyoto is developed...
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...to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The conference reached its objective, to for the first time achieve a global agreement on reduction of greenhouse emission in the Paris Agreement, which was adopted with acclamation by nearly all states. The agreement will become legally binding if at least 55 countries that represent at least 55 percent of global greenhouse emissions become a party to it through signature followed by ratification, acceptance, approval or through accession in New York between 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017. It is expected to take effect in 2020. According to the organizing committee, the expected key result was to limit the global warming, by 2100, compared to pre-industrial to below 2 degrees Celsius. The goal to limit temperature increase with 2 degrees was however supplemented in the adopted version of the Paris Agreement, with the statement that parties "pursue to" limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. A 1.5°C goal will require a zero level in emissions sometimes between 2030 and 2050 according to some scientists. However, no detailed time plan or country-specific goals for emissions were stated in the final version of the Paris Agreement - as opposed to the previous Kyoto protocol. A zero level should be reached during the second half of the century according to the agreement. In this context, this paper basically tries...
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...The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement which is mainly linked to ‘the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)’ and thus it has set international State Parties to reduce green house emissions, based on premise that man-made carbon dioxide and global warming have caused it.It is thus a climate control protocol that controls the world’s economy and the power of the United Nations by ensuring that all the industrialized nations have submitted to restrictions on the production of carbon dioxide.`In essence its believed that it is the developed countries which are mainly responsible for the very high levels of the emissions due to the many years of industrial acivities that have been rampant in the countries. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objectives of the UNFCCC, which was to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to a level that would prevent anthropogenic interference with climate system. Climatic Change Convention is not all about pollution abatement and conversation in usual sense of those terms but it is mainly about the transformation which in essence brings about greater efficiency in the use of resources and also a greater equity in accessing them. It is not this convention on global environment; it is rather the convention on the sustainable development of the global economy and also the scientific community that has put it clear that we are in bq,/;l;’jle. This is a global issue that...
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...Reduce emissions in Sweden with 40 per cent by 2020 – and finance the same amount of reductions in developing countries This position paper focuses on goals and targets in the Swedish national climate policy. Church of Sweden will present a position paper on climate and development in 2008, which will discuss support to climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. Introduction The position of Church of Sweden on climate policy has its starting point in a long-standing commitment to the climate issue within the framework of the World Council of Churches (WCC). The WCC has a consultative status to the United Nations (UN) and has participated as an NGO-representative in the negotiations within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since the Convention was signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Church of Sweden has on several occasions participated in the WCC delegation at these meetings. The position is also based on the Guidelines for the international department’s work on climate issues and on statements delivered by Church of Sweden to the Swedish government. 1 As will be seen from these documents Church of Sweden believes that Sweden should act from a perspective of global justice in decisions and negotiations concerning climate change. Further, Church of Sweden stresses the urgency for Sweden to pursue a forceful climate policy nationally, as well as internationally, and that early action in the climate issues are of decisive importance. Church...
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...Climate Change and Corporate Environmental Responsibility Dewan Mahboob Hossain (1) Jahangir Alam Chowdhury (2) (1) Dewan Mahboob Hossain Assistant Professor Department of Accounting & Information Systems University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Email: dewanmahboob@univdhaka.edu (2) M. Jahangir Alam Chowdhury, PhD (Stirling, UK) Professor, Department of Finance, and Executive Director Center for Microfinance and Development University of Dhaka Dhaka - 1000, Bangladesh. Email: mjac_dubd@yahoo.com Introduction Abstract Climate change, as an international environmental issue, is getting a lot of attention. The negative effects of climate change have become one of the most talked about issues among Governments, scientists, environmentalists and others. It is said that business activities are affecting the climate negatively. In order to minimize the negative effects of climate change, the activities of the businesses should be controlled and encouraged to perform in a socially responsible manner. The article focuses on the responsibilities and the responses of businesses on climate change issues. The article first highlights on two prominent issues: Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Then the article introduces climate change as an international environmental concern. Then, by going through several published literature, the article highlights various responsibilities of business towards climate...
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...Introduction From man’s basic understanding of existence, he acknowledges that his presence is but a fraction in time in relation to the longevity of the Earth’s existence. This attests to the time period in which the Earth functions. Man’s calculations of year to year changes in the Earth’s atmosphere are meager at best in determining the cycle for such an entity. Man’s oldest data dating back from ice core samples from Antarctica can not trace back further than a minute percent of the history of the billions of years that the Earth has existed. (Relatively) recently, Earth has endured "naturally occurring" Ice Ages, meteorological disasters, and the evolution of man and his technology. So the question is raised, is mankind bold in thinking that anything it does collectively will scar the Earth beyond repair? Man might change the Earth’s surface, man might obliterate his own existence, but man will not change the propensity for nature to allow the continuation of life. Debate on Global Warming So, what is man doing for mankind? There is a general concensus that one of the greatest dangers man is imposing upon himself is that of a global change in the atmosphere, causing the average temperature on Earth to increase. Before any discussion can begin on how to go about fixing the problem of global warming, it is improtant to point out that the problem is more basic than otherwise understood. The problem is not global waring, it is how to deal with the possible...
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...Table of Contents Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol 2 ASEAN and Copenhagen Conference 3 Climate Change as an Issue 4 Sustainable Development 5 Impact of Kyoto Protocol on ASEAN 7 Challenges faced by ASEAN under Kyoto Protocol 9 Conclusion 11 Referencing 12 Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol In 1992, countries coupled together for an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. However, by 1995, countries realized that provisions of emission reductions in the Convention were insufficient. Due to this reason, they launched negotiations to reinforce the global response to climate change. These negotiations lead to the adoption of an agreement known as Kyoto Protocol (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2013). The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference held in Denmark raised climate change policy to the highest political level. 115 world leaders attended this high-level segment, building it one of the major gatherings of world leaders ever outside UN headquarters in New York. More than 40,000 people that represent governments, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, media, faith-based organizations UN agencies applied for accreditation (UNFCCC, 2013) The Copenhagen Accord enclosed numerous key elements on which there was strong union of the views of governments. This incorporated the long-term goal of limiting the maximum global average temperature...
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...second article, “Bio-bin composting” Global warming has led to season shifting, changing I hope that the newsletter will serve the landscapes, rising sea levels, increased risk of drought and floods, stronger storms, increase in heat purpose of understanding the above subjects in a related illness and diseases all over the world. This better and proficient manner. has resulted due to emissions of Green House Gases – Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu (GHG’s) from various anthropogenic activities. Since the inception of Kyoto Protocol in the year 1997, Carbon Credits in India countries all over the world have become more Our earth is undoubtedly warming. This concerned about ‘Global Warming’. Industrialized warming is largely the result of emissions of countries are the major contributors to these emissions carbon dioxide and other Greenhouse Gases compared to the developing countries. India being one (GHG’s) from human activities including industrial of the developing countries has ratified the Kyoto processes, fossil...
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