...violated the Global warming Pact called the “Kyoto Protocol”. “The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking. Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.” The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that places necessary responsibility on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing "dangerous" anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system. According to the UNFCC website, the Protocol "recognises that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, and places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities'." There are 192 parties to the convention, including 191 states (all the UN members, except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan and the United States) and the European Union. The Protocol was adopted by Parties to the UNFCCC in 1997, and entered into force in 2005. Peter Kent, Canada’s Environment Minister announced that Canada will withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol. It was said that the decision...
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...The Original Poem from ‘Kagero Diary’ (P. 333) The one who should Cry joining voices with mine, The warbler, Can it be he knows not the new year is already here. This poem is written by Michitsuna’s Mother, the author of Kagero Diary who is a noble lady during Heian period of Japan. She suffers from a shattered marriage as her husband neither visits nor sends her any message for months. As an attempt to overcome the solitude and emptiness of her disappointing marital life, the author leaves for a pilgrimage to Kamo Shrine. However, the pilgrimage is meaningless - if not miserable - and the New Year comes without any change to the situation. Half of the first month of the New Year passes without any contact from the husband. On the fifteenth night, her son’s servants build a bonfire, and the author steps out to gaze the fire and the mist covered moon and mountain background. At first, she finds the scene beautiful, but eventually it reminds her of her solitude. This prompts her to compose this poem in order to express her present feelings in words. To paraphrase the poem: He, who is supposed to be, but is not weeping by me, the little bird, might he be oblivious that the date has passed long ago. The poem consists of two parts. The first three lines express the author’s deep desolation and sorrow. The first part mainly expresses her current emotions. The first line, “the one who should,” implies that she expects and wishes for someone to be with her, and the second...
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...Takae Iiyama Professor: Nitza Llaldo ESL53B-6700 November 13th, 2014 Amazing Days “Three Days to See” by Helen Keller is about what she would like to see if she were given her sight back for three days because she wishes to see as much she can. In her first day, she wants to see her companions whom have made her “life worth living”. Most people can recognize and distinguish their friends. She would see her friends’ face, her loyal dogs, and young child. Also, in the afternoon, she will stroll through the hidden paths of the forest and admire the color of the sunset. On the second and third days, she continues to narrate the events for her sightseeing. The second day, she will awake to be awake to be in the awe of the daybreak. If I were blind and had three days to see, I would visit important people, and spend in some countries. On the first day, I would visit every important people to me from early morning to evening. I would visit my family in the morning to afternoon. I’ll talk with them and I want to extend ‘Thank you for helping every times”. Also, I want to record on the tape by voice about their facial characteristics and communications in their house. Then, during the lunch, I want to take lots of pictures of us with smile to give these pictures to them because I want they will remember that I could see everything in three days whole my life. Also, I’ll give handwritten letters to them. In the afternoon, I would visit my dear friends in Japan. Frist of all, I’ll...
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...(GOLDEN PAVILION) 1 Kinkakujicho, Kita Ward, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture 603-8361, Japan Tel: +81 75-461-0013 Website: shokoku-ji.jp Operating Hours: Mon-Sun, 9AM-5PM Admission: ¥400 (roughly USD 4) Suggested Length of Visit: 2 hours HOW TO GET THERE: Kinkaku-ji can be accessed from Kyoto Station by direct Kyoto City Bus number 101 or 205 (40 minutes, ¥230). Alternatively, you can take the Karasuma Subway Line to Kitaoji Station (15 minutes, ¥260) and from there take a taxi (10 minutes, ¥1000-1200) or bus (10 minutes, ¥230, bus numbers 101, 102, 204 or 205) to Kinkaku-ji. CLICK HERE for more information. 2. FUSHIMI INARI SHRINE 68 Fukakusa Yabunouchicho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture 612-0882, Japan Tel: +81 75-641-7331 Fax: +81 75-642-2153 Website: inari.jp Operating Hours: Always open Admission: FREE Suggested Length of Visit: 1-4 hours (depends on how many toriis you want to walk through) HOW TO GET THERE: Fushimi Inari Shrine is located just outside JR Inari Station, the second station from Kyoto Station along the JR Nara Line. The shrine can also be reached via a short walk from Fushimi Inari Station along the Keihan Main Line. CLICK HERE for more information. 3. ARASHIYAMA BAMBOO GROVES Togetsukyo, Saga, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture 616-8383, Japan Operating Hours: Always open Admission: FREE Suggested Length of Visit: 30 mins – 1 hour HOW TO GET THERE: The fastest way to get to Arashiyama from Kyoto Station is by the JR Sagano Line (15 minutes...
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...KYOTO Asians are always proud to have a long-standing culture and majestic natural scenery. Other than the light of Paris and Venice’s waterfront, Kyoto has its own way to become a romantic city with the wonder of nature and the beauty of indigenous people Kyoto was the capital of Japan for over a millennium, and carries a reputation as its most beautiful city. in 1868, Kyoto was known for a short time as Saikyō (西京, meaning "Western Capital"). Heiankyo (平安京, "tranquility and peace capital"), became the capital of Japan in 794. years later, the city was renamed Kyoto. Kyoto remained Japan's capital until the transfer of the imperial court to Tokyo in 1869(Some believe that it is still a legal capital) Kyoto Tower is an observation tower The steel tower is the tallest structure in Kyoto with its observation deck at 100 metres (328 ft) and its spire at 131 metres (430 ft) contains souvenir shops, restaurants and a hotel, as well as a public bath in the basement. Fushimi Inari Taisha The shrine sits at the base of a mountain also named Inari which is 233 metres above sea level, and includes trails up the mountain to many smaller shrines which span 4 kilometers and takes approximately 2 hours to walk up Since early Japan, Inari was seen as the patron of business, and merchants and manufacturers have traditionally worshipped Inari. Each of the torii at Fushimi Inari Taisha is donated by a Japanese business. First and foremost, though, Inari is the god of rice. The main...
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...When people think of Kobe and Yokohama, they would probably find many things in common. Although these two cities are located 700 km away, belong to different cultural sphere, both of two cities have big trading port which make similarities. Yokohama port opened in 1859, which is a bit older than Kobe port. Since then two cities have been following the same history. Kobe and Yokohama were the cities to open for trade with the Western countries following the end of policy of seclusion. These two cities had been contributing to the modernization of Japan. Yokohama port was opened in 1859, eight years older than Kobe port. Being trading port cities and foreign settlements, Kobe and Yokohama have been known as cosmopolitan cities. There are Western styles of buildings, China town, and foreign cemeteries in both of the cities. Now Kobe and Yokohama are popular among young people because they have fashionable atmosphere which enable people to feel as if they were in foreign countries. It can be said that these two cities are remarkably similar. However there are big cultural differences between two cities. Yokohama lies in east part of Japan, which is called “Kanto area”. In contrast, Kobe belongs to “Kansai area”. There are big differences between two worlds such as food, language, fashion, and personality. Kobe is a bit larger than Yokohama city. However, when it comes to population, Yokohama is much greater than Kobe, which means Yokohama is densely populated. Kobe...
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...International Law: Kyoto Protocol The United States, although a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, has neither ratified nor withdrawn from the protocol. In 1997, the US Senate voted unanimously under the Byrd–Hagel Resolution that it was not the sense of the Senate that the United States should be a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. In 2001, former National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice, stated that the Protocol "is not acceptable to the Administration or Congress". The United States, along with Kazakhstan, have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. The protocol is non-binding over the United States unless ratified. Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and (As of June 2011) Barack Obama did not submit the treaty for ratification. In October 2003, the Pentagon published a report titled An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security by Peter Schwartz and Doug Randall. The authors conclude by stating, "this report suggests that, because of the potentially dire consequences, the risk of abrupt climate change, although uncertain and quite possibly small, should be elevated beyond a scientific debate to a U.S. national security concern." Description | English: Kyoto Protocol participation map (commitment period: 2013-2020) Parties; Annex I & II countries with binding targets Parties; Developing countries without binding targets States not Party to the Protocol Signatory country with no intention to ratify the treaty, with no...
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...TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS AND THE PROBLEM OF ANARCHY IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY By: Ma. Hazel Joy M. Faco BA Political Science – 2 "Freedom in a common brings ruin to all." As proposed by Garrett Hardin, the “Tragedy of the Commons” is an inevitable result of the exploitation of a shared resource by rational and egoistic individuals who solely seek to maximize their own consumption. It is predicted that there will come a time when the supply of that resource will no longer be able to keep up with the rapidly growing demand. This is where the tragedy comes into the picture. This apathetic and nonchalant consumption will eventually lead to the irreversible depletion and degradation of that particular common resource. To avoid this ultimate tragedy, there is no technical solution that we can possibly adopt. No amount of science or technology can reverse this damage. The only way that we can possibly preclude this destruction is by undergoing a dramatic re-examination and transformation of our conscience and fundamental conceptions of ethics and morality. But the real question is this: Is that even possible? Hardin’s pessimistic parable is widely and almost universally accepted as an all-encompassing, catchall framework in explaining the ecological crisis that currently confronts commonly-held goods such as the earth’s atmosphere, fisheries, grasslands, water, forests, roads and even population growth. However, in this essay, I am going to analyze this tragedy by...
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...Kyoto Protocol and Global Warming Evaluation Jennifer Marshall ECO/370 September 2, 2013 Ronda Jantz The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty that was proposed to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions with legally binding signatures and expectation of ratification by industrialized countries especially. However, being an international treaty, compliance or ratification is not required but suggested in order to mitigate the global climate change that is occurring. Climate being the characteristic condition of the earth’s atmosphere over a specific area of the planet for a long period of time can be in fact altered by activities of man-kind that consist of burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuels and other greenhouse gas emissions such as methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone depleting substances have increased in the atmosphere to the point of altering the composition and increasing the global temperature by “about 1.1 degree F over just the last 30 years” (New England Aquarium, 2013). This is the concept of global climate change. The increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases need to be mitigated. “In 2007, the IPCC published a series of scenarios ranging from “business as usual/no actions taken” to “aggressive actions taken” to reduce climate change. Models based on these scenarios from the IPCC 2007 report predict that average global surface temperatures will likely...
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...greenhouse gases in the ozone layer, thus trapping the sun’s heat in the earth’s atmosphere. These greenhouse gases result from human activities like fossil fuel burning, and deforestation. By this, we cans see results like the melting of glaciers, permafrost, extreme weather events, species extinctions, changes in nature, and etc. Upon seeing this, it turned out to be a wake-up call for me. It made me cautious about this topic, making me anxious for instant help to our Earth. I hope people will also feel what I feel for this problem. For this is the problem that is the hardest for us because it signifies all existing living things are in danger. It’s good to know what is stated on the movie, that many governments and countries supported the Kyoto Protocol’s aim at...
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...The weather is changing and the scientists discovered that the climate is changing too. The climate is the average weather over a period of time. Climate will not stop changing if the factors that impact on are happening. The climate change is defined as one of the environmental problem. The climate is change in the global level by the number of heat which enter to the system or the number of the heat which comes out of the system. The climate change will happen if the factors that change the amount of the heat or the energy that enter or comes out happened. There are many indicators which prove the climate change and which we know through that the climate change is happening. Noticed increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, snow and ice melt, and the rising of the sea level. Responses to climate change come from planet and animals throughout observing the warmth and the natural and managed environment. Climate change is made by human activities and the nature. The warming that happening know is caused by the human activity like; fossil fuels burning process and the transformation for forestry and agriculture land. The human influence on the climate system have increased significantly and started while the industrial revolution time. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the command product of fossil fuel calcinations. Since the industrial revolution the overall effect of human activities was a warming effect. This effect was due to the release of carbon dioxide...
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...Research Paper EN 102 Climate Change – Global Warming Climate change has become really important for the whole world due to its drastic change, because of the release of carbon dioxide and other gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. The climate on Earth has always been a subject of change. From history we know that there was an ice age on the planet Earth that ended about 10,000 years ago. The time has passed; “people have developed advanced industry, and technology, discovered fossil fuels and the very effective way of using them by turning them into heat, transportation, and the basis for manufacturing and construction” (Global Climate Change.) That has changed the world forever for all of us. What are the fossil fuels? “In general, fossil fuels are a legacy bequeathed to us by the biosphere of the distant past.” Basically, on an ancient Earth existed a high concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. There also existed photosynthetic organisms that were able to absorb CO2 and produce plentiful organic material. When these organisms died, they were buried deep within the earth and slowly turned into coal and oil, and now they are presenting the fossil fuels (Global Climate Change). Since the 1800s the usage and burn of the fossil fuels has been increasing in order to power the developing technological and global civilizations. As a result of burning the fossil fuels there has been a huge release of the CO2 back into the atmosphere, increasing the atmospheric...
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...The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement which is mainly linked to ‘the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)’ and thus it has set international State Parties to reduce green house emissions, based on premise that man-made carbon dioxide and global warming have caused it.It is thus a climate control protocol that controls the world’s economy and the power of the United Nations by ensuring that all the industrialized nations have submitted to restrictions on the production of carbon dioxide.`In essence its believed that it is the developed countries which are mainly responsible for the very high levels of the emissions due to the many years of industrial acivities that have been rampant in the countries. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objectives of the UNFCCC, which was to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to a level that would prevent anthropogenic interference with climate system. Climatic Change Convention is not all about pollution abatement and conversation in usual sense of those terms but it is mainly about the transformation which in essence brings about greater efficiency in the use of resources and also a greater equity in accessing them. It is not this convention on global environment; it is rather the convention on the sustainable development of the global economy and also the scientific community that has put it clear that we are in bq,/;l;’jle. This is a global issue that...
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...Peoples Attitudes towards Climate Change A group paper is presented to the faculty of Mindanao University of Science and Technology – Jasaan Campus presented by Steven Castino, Geneth Caturan, Marjohn Deleon, John Henry Mercado, Julan Aricayos, Kimbert Pacana, Joseph Sumayang, June Rey Tarpin, Richard Nacua, Joel Cabelto, and Rey Carlou Cailing. I. Introduction Climate Change or Global warming is the increase of the average temperature of earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and landmasses. Scientists believe earth is currently facing a period of rapid warming brought on by rising levels of heat-trapping gases, known as greenhouse gases, in the atmosphere (Harvey, 2012). Ironically, “It is not climate change that is our problem, but the attitude of people that should be addressing the problem” (Fernandez, 2012). Most previous studies evaluating the cause of awareness to the people towards the climate change is the effects of people’s attitude towards climate change (Gallup, 2008; Barret & Dannenberg, 2012). Most of the studies confirm the explicit and implicit attitudes towards climate change suggest targeting hidden thoughts a better way to change people’s behavior (Corner, 2010; Kormos & McIntyre, 2011). There are also findings that proved the countries to firm one another to build human activities towards climate change. This paper is intended to transport cognizance on the necessary ideas on what are the people’s perception towards climate change that have been...
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...GLOBAL WARMING Global warming simply put is the warming of the Earth including its atmosphere and oceans. Scientists have opposing viewpoints about why this may be happening. Some believe that it occurs naturally and is a part of a normal cycle over time and it is not significantly affected by human activities. Others believe that human activities have profound effects on the warming of the Earth. The global warming hypothesis originated back in 1896 when Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist, developed a theory that carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels would cause global temperatures to rise by trapping excess heat in the earth’s atmosphere. He understood that the earth’s climate is heated by a process known as the greenhouse effect. About half of the solar radiation reaching the earth is reflected back into space. The remainder is absorbed by land masses and oceans, warming the earth’s surface and atmosphere. This warming process radiates energy, most of which passes through the atmosphere and back into space. However, small amounts of greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide convert some of this energy to heat and either absorb it or reflect it back to the earth’s surface. These heat trapping gases work like a greenhouse – sunlight passes through, but a certain amount of radiated heat remains trapped. The greenhouse effect plays an important role in preventing the planet from entering a never-ending ice-age. Without...
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